第2次國家報告英文版 Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of — CRC 官方文件

國家報告及審查

第2次國家報告英文版 Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child-Second Report(ROC)

區塊國家報告及審查

所屬目錄117_第二次國家報告

子目錄國家報告

屆別第 2 次審查

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📑 目錄(35 個章節)

34_20220426151248_5167733.pdf
I. Profile of the Nation Submitting the Reports
100.00 12.01 16.79 32.01 39.20
56.11 6.31 9.31 18.06 22.41
43.89 5.53 7.74 14.07 16.55
100.00 11.85 17.05 32.13 38.97
55.76 6.33 9.32 18.02 22.10
44.24 5.53 7.83 14.18 16.70
100.00 11.86 17.14 32.20 38.79
55.58 6.36 9.29 17.92 22.00
44.42 5.54 7.86 14.26 16.76
100.00 11.90 17.15 32.19 38.76
34.21% to 37.33% and grew year by year.
34_20220426151427_9307524.pdf
I. Child and Youth Rights and Enterprises
I. Illicit Transfer and Nonreturn of Children and Youth
34_20220426151747_297158.pdf
16.94% 16.55% 16.02% 15.69% 15.35%
10.41% 10.34% 10.24% 10.12% 9.99%
VI. Assessing commissions for placement
VII. Indicators for investigation and assessment
IX. Placement and treatment
X. Placement conclusion and follow-up counseling
III. Family System
IV. Community Support System
91.55 94.15 93.75
92.57 94.95 94.15
92.57 93.65 88.06
91.14 93.82 87.94
90.83 93.73 93.37
91.28 94.17 93.33
91.44 93.66 93.59
91.90 93.93 93.38
90.54 93.31 92.12
91.73 93.65 91.86

來源 PDF: 34_20220426151248_5167733.pdf

Table of Contents

Common Core Document Forming Part of the Reports....................................................... 1

I. Profile of the Nation Submitting the Reports ..................................................................... 1

A. Demographic, Economic, Social, and Cultural Characteristics ...................................... 1

Demographic Indicators...................................................................................................... 1

Living Standards among People of Varying Social, Economic, and Cultural Status ....... 10

Right to Health Indicators ................................................................................................ 15

B. Constitutional, Political and Legal Framework of the Reporting Nation .................... 19

Constitutional, Political and Legal Framework.............................................................. 19

Political System Indicators ............................................................................................... 23

Crime and Justice Indicators............................................................................................ 28

Media Coverage ................................................................................................................. 32

Nongovernmental Organizations ..................................................................................... 32

II. General Framework for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights .................. 35

C. Acceptance of International Human Rights Standards ................................................. 35

Approval of Major International Documents on Human Rights .................................. 35

D. Legal Framework that Serves to Protect Human Rights at the State Level ................ 35

The Constitution ................................................................................................................ 35

Human Rights Conventions Included in Domestic Legislation ..................................... 36

Domestic Laws Protect Rights Enshrined in the International Covenant on Civil

and Political Rights............................................................................................................ 38

Domestic Laws Protect Rights Enshrined in the International Covenant on

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ............................................................................. 38

Domestic Laws Protect Rights Enshrined in the CRC ................................................... 39

Domestic Laws Protect Rights Enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of

Persons with Disabilities ................................................................................................... 39

Domestic Laws Protect Rights Enshrined in the Convention on the Elimination of

All Forms of Discrimination against Women .................................................................. 39

Legislative Departments.................................................................................................... 39

Judicial Departments ........................................................................................................ 40

Administrative Departments ............................................................................................ 40

Citation of the CRC ........................................................................................................... 41

Remedies for Rights Violations......................................................................................... 41

E. Legal Framework that Serves to Enhance Human Rights at the State Level .............. 41

Relevant Training and Advocacy of CRC and Human Rights Instruments ................ 44

Measures Taken to Enhance Social Involvement in Human Rights Protection ........... 48

International Cooperation, Development, and Assistance ............................................. 50

F. Reporting Procedures at the National Level .................................................................... 54

III. Information on Nondiscrimination, Equality, and Effective Relief Measures ........... 57

G. Nondiscrimination and Equality ...................................................................................... 57

Inequality Caused by Economic and Social Conditions ................................................ 57

Protection of the Rights of Various Disadvantaged Groups .......................................... 59

Other Specific Measures for Attaining Equality ............................................................. 61

Various Educational Programs Advanced by the Government and Associated

Promotional Activities ....................................................................................................... 63

List of Tables

Table 1 Population, Population Growth, Sex Ratio, and Population Density ............... 2

Table 2 Demographic Statistics.......................................................................................... 3

Table 3 Life Expectancy ..................................................................................................... 5

Table 4 Regional Demographic Statistics ......................................................................... 5

Table 5 Distribution of the Indigenous Population over the Age of 15 .......................... 6

Table 6 Population of Indigenous People by Region........................................................ 7

Table 7 Number of Persons with Disabilities .................................................................... 8

Table 8 Analysis of the Disability Levels of Persons with Disabilities ........................... 8

Table 9 Average Annual Compensation of Employees and Current Transfer

Receipts per Household ....................................................................................... 11

Table 10 Overview of Low-Income/Low-to-Middle Income Households Before and

After Amendment of the Act ............................................................................... 12

Table 11 Student-Teacher Ratios in Public Schools ......................................................... 13

Table 12 Labor Force Participation Rate and Unemployment rate ............................... 14

Table 13 Employment Rate ................................................................................................ 14

Table 14 Labor Unions and Members ............................................................................... 15

Table 15 Macroeconomic Overview .................................................................................. 15

Table 16 Deaths and Mortality Rate for Most Common Cancers in 2020..................... 17

Table 17 Statistics on Notifiable Communicable Diseases .............................................. 18

Table 18 Number of Elected Local Administrators, Chiefs of Villages, and Local

Representatives .................................................................................................... 24

Table 19 Number of Eligible Voters in Central and Local Public Official Elections .... 25

Table 20 Election of Legislators—Number Elected and Gender Distribution .............. 25

Table 21 Election of Local Public Officials—Number Elected and Gender

Distribution .......................................................................................................... 26

Table 22 Election of President and Vice President—Number and Gender

Distribution of Eligible Voters/Votes Cast ......................................................... 26

Table 23 Election of Legislators—Number of Eligible Voters/Votes Cast ..................... 26

Table 24 Election of Local Public Officials—Number of Voters and Gender

Distribution .......................................................................................................... 27

III

Table 25 Applied and Approved Cases of Crime Victim Compensation ....................... 29

Table 26 Average Number of Days Required for Closing a Case at Different Court

Levels .................................................................................................................... 30

Table 27 Average Number of Days Required for Closing a Case in Intellectual

Property Court..................................................................................................... 30

Table 28 Percentage of Defendants, Inmates, and Detainees Granted Free Legal Aid

Relative to Total No. of Applicants..................................................................... 31

Table 29 Mortality Rates of Detainees in Custody ........................................................... 32

Table 30 UN Human Rights Conventions and Covenants Ratified, Adopted, or

Incorporated into Domestic Legislation in Taiwan .......................................... 65

Table 31 Other UN-related International Human Rights Conventions Ratified,

Adopted, or Incorporated into Domestic Legislation in Taiwan ..................... 67

Table 32 International Labor Organization Conventions Signed, Ratified, or

Acceded to by Taiwan.......................................................................................... 68

Table 33 Relevant UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

Conventions Signed, Ratified, or Acceded to by Taiwan ................................. 69

Table 34 Hague Conference on Private International Law Conventions Signed,

Ratified, or Acceded to by Taiwan ..................................................................... 69

List of Figures

Figure 1 Number of Births and Deaths ............................................................................... 4

Figure 2 System of Government of the Republic of China ............................................. 19

Figure 3 Illustration of the Single-district Two-votes System ......................................... 24

Figure 4 Operating Flowchart for the Drafting of the National Reports on Core Human

Rights Covenants and Organization of International Review Meetings ............ 70

Figure 5 Task Assignment for the Drafting of the National Reports on Core Human

Rights Covenants and Organization of International Review Meetings ........ 71

Common Core Document Forming Part of the Reports

I. Profile of the Nation Submitting the Reports

A. Demographic, Economic, Social, and Cultural Characteristics

1. Taiwan is a culturally diverse and prosperous democracy. Its people realize freedom of worship

through the practice of a variety of religions. The country boasts diverse terrain features and

environments. People of different ethnic backgrounds and national origins have been attracted

to this land for hundreds of years. Taiwan’s history and culture have been significantly

influenced by Chinese and Austronesian culture. The cultural legacy of the colonial regimes of

the Netherlands, Spain, and Japan, as well as of new immigrants from Asia, have also

influenced Taiwan to varying degrees. This is reflected in Taiwan’s cuisines and languages.

2. The Republic of China (ROC) was founded in 1912 and was the first democratic republic in

Asia. In December 1949, the ROC government relocated to Taiwan and has since held control

over Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, the Tungsha (Pratas) Islands, the Chungsha

(Macclesfield Bank) Islands, the Shisha (Paracel) Islands, and the Nansha (Spratly) Islands,

all of which hereinafter will collectively be referred to as “Taiwan.” The total area under the

country’s jurisdiction is 36,197 square kilometers.

Demographic Indicators

3. Han Chinese currently comprise the largest ethnic group in Taiwan, accounting for 96.2% of

the island’s total population. Of the remainder, 2.4% consists of the indigenous people of

Taiwan and immigrants with household registration account for 1.4%1 of the total population.

Intermarriage between ethnic groups is common, and different groups have converged

gradually over time. According to the Ministry of Culture, people of Mongolian origin

currently total 446 in 210 households in Taiwan, whereas people of Tibetan origin total 639 in

342 households. According to a survey conducted in 2016, the Hakka population (whether by

descent or identification, as defined in the Hakka Basic Act) totaled approximately 4,537,000,

representing 19.3% of the total population.

4. As of 2020, there were 875,830 foreigners residing in Taiwan with valid Alien Resident

Certificates (ARC), 410,671 (46.89%) of whom were male and 465,159 (53.11%) of whom

were female. The majority consists of migrant workers, totaling 704,781 (80.47%). The

1 Throughout the document, percentages are rounded off and so may not add up to 100.

number and ratio of migrant workers has continued to increase over the years. The next largest

categories of foreigners were dependent immigrants 66,805 (7.63%), students 48,837

(4.66%), professionals 28,823 (3.29%), investors 320 (0.04%), missionaries 1,538 (0.18%),

and others 32,726 (3.74%).

5. The most common language remains Chinese (Mandarin). The monolingual policy adopted by

the ROC in the past has led to the severe loss of languages of certain groups. To protect and

revive the natural languages used by the different ethnic groups in Taiwan and Taiwan Sign

Language, the government established (amended) the Indigenous Languages Development

Act, Hakka Basic Act, and Development of National Languages Act from 2017 to 2019 and

drafted the Hakka Language Development Act in 2020. These acts grant equal status to

languages of all ethnicities and Taiwan Sign Language before the law.

6. The ROC population continues to increase. However, the population growth rate has fallen from

2.03‰ in 2016 to -1.77‰ in 2020, whereas the sex ratio has also declined in recent years. The

population density has also declined due to negative population growth Table 1 shows Taiwan’s

total population, population growth, sex ratio, and population density between 2016 and 2020.

Table 1 Population, Population Growth, Sex Ratio, and Population Density

Unit: persons; ‰; persons/square kilometer

Item Total population Population Population

Sex ratio

Year Total Male Female growth density

2016 23,539,816 11,719,270 11,820,546 2.03 99.14 650

2017 23,571,227 11,719,580 11,851,647 1.33 98.89 651

2018 23,588,932 11,129,913 11,876,019 0.75 98.63 652

2019 23,603,121 11,705,186 11,897,935 0.60 98.38 652

2020 23,561,236 11,673,765 11,887,471 -1.77 98.20 651

Source: Ministry of the Interior

7. Between 2016 and 2020, the population aged 0-14 fell from 3,141,881 to 2,963,396

(representing 12.58% of the total), whereas the population aged 15-64 decreased from

17,291,830 to 16,810,525 (representing 71.35% of the total) and the population aged 65 and

above increased from 3,106,105 to 3,787,315 (representing 16.07% of the total). This shows a

gradual decrease in the number of younger people and a gradual increase in the number of

older people.

8. The dependency ratio (measuring the percentage of the population aged 14 and below and 65

and above relative to the population aged 15-64) was 36.13 in 2016, 36.95 in 2017, 37.89 in

2018, 38.96 in 2019, and 40.16 in 2020. This means that every 100 people of the working

population are supporting 40.16 dependents. The dependence ratio continues to increase.

Demographic statistics for the period 2016-2020 are presented in Table 2.

Table 2 Demographic Statistics

Unit: persons; %; ‰

Marital status of

Item

Age Births Deaths population aged 15 Percentage of households with

and above (%)

female head aged 15 and above

Dependency ratio Total fertility rate

Age 65 and

Crude birth rate (‰) Crude death rate (‰)

(%)

0-14 15-64

above

Births Deaths Unmarried Married Divorced Widowed Average no. of people per

Population Ratio (%) Population Ratio (%) Population Ratio (%) household

Year

2016 3,141,881 13.35 17,291,830 73.46 3,106,105 13.20 36.13 208,440 8.86 172,405 7.33 34.52 50.18 8.20 6.46 1.17 2.75 42.08

2017 3,091,873 13.12 17,211,341 73.02 3,268,013 13.86 36.95 193,844 8.23 171,242 7.27 34.46 50.61 8.39 6.53 1.12 2.73 42.42

2018 3,048,227 12.92 17,107,188 72.52 3,433,517 14.56 37.89 181,601 7.70 172,784 7.33 34.36 50.45 8.59 6.60 1.06 2.70 42.75

2019 3,010,351 12.75 16,985,643 71.96 3,607,127 15.28 38.96 177,767 7.53 176,296 7.47 34.26 50.29 8.78 6.67 1.05 2.67 43.06

2020 2,963,396 12.25 16,810,525, 71.35 3,787,315 16.07 40.16 165,249 7.01 173,156 7.34 34.16 50.11 8.98 6.75 0.99 2.64 43.40

Source: Ministry of the Interior

Note: Birth and death statistics are based on date of registration; total fertility rate is based on date of occurrence.

9. The number of new births decreased from 208,440 in 2016 to 165,249 in 2020. The crude birth

rate, on the other hand, decreased from 8.86‰ in 2016 to 7.01‰ in 2020. It is evident that the

nation is currently seeing low fertility rates. Meanwhile, the number of deaths was 172,405 in

2016, 171,242 in 2017, 172,784 in 2018,176,296 in 2019 and 173,156 in 2020. The crude

death rate in the last five years was 7.33‰, 7.27‰, 7.33‰, 7.47‰ and 7.34‰, respectively.

The number may be shifting but mortality rates are low, as shown in Figure 1.

Source: Ministry of the Interior

Figure 1 Number of Births and Deaths

10. The percentages of unmarried, married, divorced, and widowed people aged 15 and above

relative to the total population aged 15 and above and children born to married couples or out

of wedlock between 2016 and 2020 are explained below: The percentage of unmarried people

fell from 34.52% to 34.16%, the percentage of married people fell from 50.18% to 50.11%,

the percentage of divorced people increased from 8.20% to 8.98%, and the percentage of

widowed people also increased from 6.46% to 6.75%. The percentage of children born to

married couples was 96.08% and the percentage of children born out of wedlock (including

children without competent parent or guardian) was 3.92%, which fluctuated.

11. The fertility rate of women at childbearing age from 2016 to 2020 was 1.17, 1.13, 1.06, 1.05

and 0.99, respectively, which put the nation among those with low fertility.

12. The average number of people per household also decreased from 2016 to 2020, numbering

2.75 persons, 2.73 persons, 2.70 persons, 2.67 persons, and 2.64 persons.

13. Table 3 shows life expectancy between 2016 and 2020.

Table 3 Life Expectancy

Unit: years

Gender Total Male Female

Year

2016 80.00 76.81 83.42

2017 80.39 77.28 83.70

2018 80.69 77.55 84.05

2019 80.86 77.69 84.23

2020 81.32 78.11 84.75

Source: Ministry of the Interior

14. Regional demographic statistics covering the period 2016-2020 are presented in Table 4.

Table 4 Regional Demographic Statistics

Unit: persons; %

Item

Total Sex Age 65 Aging Indigenous

0-14 15-64

population Percentage ratio Percentage Percentage and above Percentage index population Percentage

Year and region of total of total of total of total of total

2016 23,539,816 100.00 99.14 3,141,881 13.35 17,291,830 73.46 3,106,105 13.20 98.86 553,228 2.35

2017 23,571,227 100.00 98.89 3,091,873 13.11 17,211,341 73.02 3,268,013 13.86 105.70 559,426 2.37

2018 23,588,932 100.00 98.63 3,048,227 12.92 17,107,188 72.52 3,433,517 14.56 112.64 565,561 2.40

2019 23,603,121 100.00 98.38 3,010,351 12.75 16,985,549 71.96 3,607,127 15.28 119.82 571,427 2.42

2020 23,561,236 100.00 98.20 2,963,396 12.58 16,810,525 71.35 3,787,315 16.07 127.80 576,792 2.45

Northern region 10,745,030 100.00 95.92 1,417,223 13.19 7,646,188 71.16 1,681,619 15.65 118.66 205,714 1.91

New Taipei City 4,030,954 100.00 95.55 482,286 11.96 2,930,407 72.70 618,261 15.34 128.19 57,407 1.42

Taipei City 2,602,418 100.00 90.98 344,525 13.24 1,762,254 67.72 495,639 19.05 143.86 17,131 0.66

Taoyuan City 2,268,807 100.00 98.52 331,764 14.62 1,644,984 72.50 292,059 12.87 88.03 77,662 3.42

Keelung City 367,577 100.00 99.67 37,499 10.20 265,671 72.28 64,407 17.52 171.76 9,492 2.58

Hsinchu City 451,412 100.00 97.24 76,360 16.92 315,940 69.99 59,112 13.09 77.41 4,374 0.97

Yilan County 453,087 100.00 101.90 52,865 11.67 322,020 71.07 78,202 17.26 147.93 17,664 3.90

Hsinchu County 570,775 100.00 104.25 91,924 16.11 404,912 70.94 73,939 12.95 80.43 21,984 3.85

Central region 5,797,752 100.00 100.97 747,559 12.89 4,140,802 71.42 909,391 15.69 121.65 85,302 1.47

Taichung

2,820,787 100.00 96.72 394,806 14.00 2,041,377 72.37 384,604 13.63 97.42 35,836 1.27

City

Miaoli County 542,590 100.00 106.48 65,571 12.08 383,908 70.75 93,111 17.16 142.00 11,409 2.10

Changhua County 1,266,670 100.00 103.53 160,083 12.64 895,705 70.71 210,882 16.65 131.73 6,025 0.48

Nantou County 490,832 100.00 104.68 52,375 10.67 346,914 70.68 91,543 18.65 174.78 29,384 5.99

Yunlin County 676,873 100.00 107.41 74,724 11.04 472,898 69.87 129,251 19.10 172.97 2,648 0.39

Southern region 6,324,945 100.00 99.73 721,901 11.41 4,522,993 71.51 1,080,051 17.08 149.61 112,408 1.78

Tainan City 1,874,917 100.00 99.34 223,484 11.92 1,342,162 71.59 309,271 16.50 138.39 8,406 0.45

Kaohsiung City 2,765,932 100.00 97.61 323,231 11.69 1,981,308 71.63 461,393 16.68 142.74 35,756 1.29

Chiayi City 266,005 100.00 94.12 35,103 13.20 187,581 70.52 43,321 16.29 123.41 1,153 0.43

Chiayi County 499,481 100.00 108.01 44,930 9.00 352,944 70.66 101,607 20.34 226.15 5,945 1.19

Unit: persons; %

Item

Total Sex Age 65 Aging Indigenous

0-14 15-64

population Percentage ratio Percentage Percentage and above Percentage index population Percentage

Year and region of total of total of total of total of total

Pingtung County 812,658 100.00 104.10 84,227 10.36 582,078 71.63 146,353 18.01 173.76 60,500 7.44

Penghu County 105,952 100.00 106.60 10,926 10.31 76,920 72.60 18,106 17.09 165.71 648 0.61

Eastern region 539,633 100.00 103.85 62,594 11.60 382,780 70.93 94,259 17.47 150.59 171,964 31.87

Taitung County 215,261 100.00 106.04 24,595 11.43 153,082 71.11 37,584 17.46 152.81 78,514 36.47

Hualien County 324,372 100.00 102.42 37,999 11.71 229,698 70.81 56,675 17.47 149.15 93,450 28.81

Kinmen and Matsu 153,876 100.00 102.31 14,119 9.18 117,762 76.53 21,995 14.29 155.78 1,404 0.91

Kinmen County 140,597 100.00 99.76 12,614 8.97 107,664 76.58 20,319 14.45 161.08 1,160 0.83

Lienchiang County 13,279 100.00 134.23 1,505 11.33 10,098 76.04 1,676 12.62 111.36 244 1.84

Source: Ministry of the Interior

Note: Regions specified in bold fonts are special municipalities.

15. Since the introduction of the Status Act for Indigenous Peoples in 2001, there has been an

increase in the number of people seeking to reinstate or acquire indigenous identity. Table 5

shows the population distribution of indigenous peoples over the age of 15 in 2020; Table 6

shows demographic statistics for indigenous people by region in 2020.

Table 5 Distribution of the Indigenous Population over the Age of 15

Unit: households; persons; %

Number of households Population over the age of 15 Population distribution

Administrative district

2020 2020 2020

Total 202,732 464,879 100.00

Mountain areas 52,258 138,436 29.78

Lowland cities, towns,

and townships with

51,338 112,845 24.27

significant indigenous

populations

Cities, towns, and

townships with small 99,136 213,598 45.95

indigenous populations

Source: Ministry of the Interior

Table 6 Population of Indigenous People by Region

Unit: persons; %

2020

Number of persons by tribe

Not reported

Yami (Tao)

Kavalan Sakizaya Hla’ alua Kanakanavu

Atayal Paiwan Bunun Peinan Saisiat Seediq

Region

Total Ratio Amis Rukai Tsou Thao Truku

Total 576,792 100.00 215,377 92,843 103,759 60,101 13,588 14,709 6,715 6,795 4,751 826 1,528 32,811 1,009 10,645 423 375 10,537

New Taipei City 57,407 9.95 33,855 7,695 4,654 3,843 569 1,379 230 552 82 43 298 2,167 55 340 14 - 1,631

Taipei City 17,131 2.97 8,117 2,987 1,725 1,125 254 519 175 193 51 24 41 945 31 253 1 1 689

Taoyuan City 77,662 13.46 37,025 21,575 6,302 4,757 537 1,265 213 1,157 118 36 185 2,484 137 514 1 6 1,350

Taichung City 35,836 6.21 10,704 9,396 6,843 4,743 442 764 294 227 80 163 53 768 14 916 14 23 392

Tainan City 8,406 1.46 2,646 695 2,570 1,179 229 364 106 33 20 16 16 316 7 80 4 6 119

Kaohsiung City 35,756 6.20 10,091 1,463 9,175 9,215 2,681 838 580 70 41 19 35 646 13 182 338 310 59

Taiwan Province 343,190 59.50 112,244 48,865 72,300 35,102 8,853 9,562 5,095 4,544 4,357 523 896 25,400 751 8,345 51 28 6,274

Yilan County 17,664 3.06 2,309 13,441 341 327 53 118 30 34 6 4 16 530 8 46 1 2 398

Hsinchu County 21,984 3.81 2,070 16,340 603 436 72 156 47 1,583 19 9 8 267 12 94 - 1 267

Miaoli County 11,409 1.98 1,492 6,247 438 390 22 97 24 2,327 18 11 14 148 1 63 3 - 114

Changhua County 6,025 1.04 2,211 519 1,412 1,038 143 210 51 29 14 27 25 146 - 107 2 8 83

Nantou County 29,384 5.09 1,033 5,888 533 14,040 75 82 251 43 5 435 3 127 3 6,845 10 2 9

Yunlin County 2,648 0.46 1,073 307 461 363 65 73 47 26 9 - 3 130 2 31 2 - 56

Chiayi County 5,945 1.03 633 212 338 326 35 73 4,068 31 1 20 6 69 1 43 4 1 84

Pingtung County 60,500 10.49 2,434 481 49,340 820 6,121 252 73 30 13 5 12 199 8 43 23 6 640

Taitung County 78,514 13.61 36,055 529 16,936 8,384 2,094 7,727 40 55 4,227 3 112 228 10 35 2 4 2,073

Hualien County 93,450 16.20 53,182 2,710 931 8,322 87 514 33 69 23 - 671 23,092 690 931 4 - 2,191

Penghu County 648 0.11 259 88 152 60 10 24 7 4 1 - - 24 - 15 - 4 -

Keelung City 9,492 1.65 7,593 673 290 253 16 98 29 16 10 3 15 218 8 43 - - 227

Hsinchu City 4,374 0.76 1,636 1,339 379 201 40 95 19 289 11 5 4 199 2 33 - - 122

Chiayi City 1,153 0.20 264 91 146 142 20 43 376 8 - 1 7 23 6 16 - - 10

Fujian Province 1,404 0.24 695 167 190 137 23 18 22 19 2 2 4 85 1 15 - 1 23

Kinmen County 1,160 0.20 578 134 160 117 21 14 19 18 - 2 2 61 - 11 - 1 22

Lienchiang County 244 0.04 117 33 30 20 2 4 3 1 2 - 2 24 1 4 - - 1,631

Source: Ministry of the Interior

16. The ratio of people with disabilities as a proportion of total population is 5.08% in 2020.

Analysis of the number of people with disabilities and the gender and disability levels of

people with disabilities from 2016 to 2020 is provided in Table 7 and Table 8.

Table 7 Number of Persons with Disabilities

Unit: persons

population with disabilities

Living Standards among People of Varying Social, Economic, and Cultural Status

17. The indigenous population remains an economically disadvantaged group, averaging an annual

income of NTD 727,600 in 2017, with a 10.57% increase from 2014 and about 56% of the

nationwide average. In addition, indigenous populations continue to flow from their homeland

to non-indigenous townships and urban areas dominated by other ethnic groups, resulting in

relatively low home ownership. Only 74.35% of the indigenous population are homeowners,

which, despite having increased by 1.15 percentage points from 2014 (73.2%), was lower

than the nationwide average of 89.27%. Furthermore, based on the quintile distribution of

income in indigenous households, the disposable income of the top 20% is 7.35 times that of

the lowest 20%. Although this is lower than the figure in 2014 (11.93 times), it is much higher

than the national average of 6.07. The Gini coefficient that applies to indigenous households,

which is 0.42, is also higher than the national average of 0.337. Indigenous households in the

lowest quintile struggle to make ends meet and have negative savings rates. The income

inequality is quite obvious compared with the average household.

18. The Constitution and the Primary and Junior High School Act require citizens between ages 6

and 15 to receive mandatory education and also specify the regulations for compulsory

enrollment in schools, prevention of dropping out as well as the tracking and counseling

mechanisms for school reentry.

19. Table 9 shows the amount of average annual compensation of employees and current transfer

receipts per household between 2016 and 2020. The amount and percentage of current transfer

receipts have been increasing on a long-term basis, with government subsidies and benefits of

social insurance accounting for about 73% in 2020.

Table 9 Average Annual Compensation of Employees and Current Transfer Receipts per

Household

Unit: NTD

Item

Compensation of Employees Current Transfer Receipts

Year

2016 674,344 238,909

2017 695,838 249,137

2018 707,123 251,904

2019 724,607 259,930

2020 725,932 279,122

Source: Survey of Family Income and Expenditure by Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics,

Executive Yuan

20. In July 2011, the public assistance threshold under the Public Assistance Act was lowered to

allow for assistance to low-to-middle income households. Such households must undergo asset

(personal property and real estate) reviews to be identified as low-income or low-to-middle

income households. In addition, for low-income households, the monthly average income per

person in the family must fall under a threshold, while for low-to-middle income households,

the monthly average income per person may not exceed 1.5 times the threshold. The threshold

and conditions concerning assets vary from region to region. Before the amendment of the act

(June 2011), there were 276,128 people in low-income households, which was 1.19% of the

total population in Taiwan. From the implementation of the amended act to 2020, 625,922

people have been counted as being in low-income and low-to-middle households, representing

2.66% of the total population. Among these people, the number of males (323,177 people) is

slightly higher than the number of females (302,745 people), and their percentages in the total

population of males and that of females are 2.77% and 2.55%, respectively. Since the

amendment of the act, 349,794 impoverished people have received care, and the percentage of

people given assistance as a percentage of the total population has increased from 1.19% to

2.66%. An overview of low-income/low-to-middle income households before and since the

amendment of the act is shown in Table 10.

Table 10 Overview of Low-Income/Low-to-Middle Income Households Before and After Amendment of the Act

Unit: persons; %

Low-Income and Low-to-Middle Income

Low-Income Households Low-to-Middle Income Households

Year Households (Total)

Population Male Female Population Male Female Population Male Female

Before

Amend Jun. 2011 276,128(1.19) 141,058(1.21) 135,070(1.17) NA 276,128(1.19) 141,058(1.21) 135,070(1.17)

ment

2016 331,776(1.41) 173,763(1.48) 158,013(1.34) 358,161(1.52) 178,516(1.52) 179,645(1.52) 689,937(2.93) 352,279(3.01) 337,658(2.86)

2017 317,257(1.35) 167,287(1.43) 149,970(1.27) 350,425(1.48) 174,377(1.48) 176,048(1.27) 667,682(2.83) 341,664(2.92) 326,018(2.75)

After

Amend 2018 311,526(1.32) 165,319(1.41) 146,207(1.23) 338,468(1.43) 168,163(1.44) 170,305(1.43) 649,994(2.76) 333,482(2.85) 316,512(2.67)

ment

2019 304,407(1.28) 162,658(1.39) 141,812(1.19) 334,237(1.42) 165,881(1.41) 168,356(1.42) 638,707(2.71) 328,539(2.81) 310,168(2.61)

2020 300,241(1.27) 161,390(1.38) 138,851(1.17) 325,681(1.38) 161,787(1.39) 163,894(1.38) 625,922(2.66) 323,177(2.77) 302,745(2.55)

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The numbers in parentheses are the percentages of the total population in Taiwan.

21. As a result of the worldwide financial crisis, the quintile ratio (i.e., the ratio between the

income of the top and bottom quintile) of household disposable income widened to 6.34 in

2009, and the Gini coefficient increased to 0.345. Due to the improvement of the domestic

economy, the unemployment rate decreased, the quintile ratio fell to 6.13, and the Gini

coefficient improved to 0.340. Analysis of the spending of high- and low-income households

revealed housing as the largest expenditure, representing 21.8% in the high-income group and

31.4% in the low-income group. Food was the next largest expenditure, representing 24.0%

and 27.6% in the respective income groups. With regard to healthcare expenditure, the wide

availability of healthcare services has kept expenditures around 16.7% and 17.5% in the

respective income groups. Lastly, education expenditure represented only 0.8% in low-income

households given their smaller family size and higher average age; in the high-income group,

education expenditure represented 4.3% of total spending. In 2019, national health expenditure

(NHE) amounted to NTD 1.2385 trillion (or 6.5% of GDP). The NHE per capita was NTD

52,486. Based on detailed analysis of the NHE, personal healthcare comprised the largest

share at 87.6%. Meanwhile, the public sector accounted for 59.8% and the private sector

accounted for 40.2%. Households made the largest contribution at 50.2%, followed by the

government sector at 27.4%.

22. The net primary school enrollment rate (students aged 6 to 11) was 97.31% in the 2020

academic year: 97.35% for boys and 96.27% for girls (a 0.08 percent difference). The net

junior high school enrollment rate (students aged 12 to 14) was 97.40% in the 2020 academic

year: 97.35% for boys and 97.44% for girls (only a 0.09 percent difference). In the last five

years, the net primary school and junior high school enrollment rates have both remained

between 97% and 98%, with no significant difference.

23. In 2020, 99.03% of the population aged 15 and above were literate. This was a 0.33 percentage

point increase over 2016, and the rate is currently on a rising trend. The literacy rate of the

population aged 15-24 is almost 100% because of the mandatory nine-year education program.

There was no significant difference between literacy rates of the two genders in this age group.

However, a small percentage of people aged 25 and above were still affected by traditional

values that attached less importance to education for women. Nevertheless, this phenomenon

is slowly disappearing. In 2020, the literacy rate of the male population aged 15 and above

was 99.82%, 1.56 percentage points higher than the literacy rate of the female population

(98.26%).

24. Table 11 shows student-teacher ratios in public schools between the 2016 and 2020 academic

years.

Table 11 Student-Teacher Ratios in Public Schools

Unit: persons

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Academic Year Total

Education Education Education

2016 13.17 12.22 11.97 19.37

2017 12.99 12.00 11.72 19.21

2018 12.77 11.96 11.32 18.93

2019 12.59 11.96 10.90 18.84

2020 12.44 11.94 10.61 18.80

Source: Ministry of Education

25. The labor force participation rates, unemployment rates, and employment rates between 2016

and 2020 are shown in Tables 12 and 13.

Table 12 Labor Force Participation Rate and Unemployment rate

Unit: %

Year LFPR Unemployment rate

Male Female Male Female

2016 58.75 67.05 50.80 3.92 4.19 3.57

2017 58.83 67.13 50.92 3.76 4.00 3.45

2018 58.99 67.24 51.14 3.71 3.89 3.48

2019 59.17 67.34 51.39 3.73 3.85 3.58

2020 59.14 67.24 51.41 3.85 3.92 3.76

Source: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan

Note: The employed persons include data from the agriculture, forestry, fishing & animal husbandry, industry, and

services sectors.

Table 13 Employment Rate

Unit: %

Item

Year Total Male Female 15-24 years 25-44 years 45-64 years Age 65 and above

2016 56.44 64.24 48.99 27.57 84.23 61.08 8.59

2017 56.62 64.44 49.17 28.78 84.79 61.58 8.57

2018 56.81 64.62 49.36 30.38 85.43 61.95 8.42

2019 56.96 64.75 49.55 31.80 86.04 62.25 8.29

2020 56.86 64.61 49.48 32.29 85.99 62.52 8.74

Source: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan

Note: The employment rate refers to the ratio of employed persons among the total number of civilians aged 15 or

above. The civilian population, including those in the labor force and not in the labor force, does not include

members of the armed forces (currently active personnel), incarcerated people, and people who have gone

missing.

26. At the end of August 2018, 475,698 persons were engaged in street vending, representing a

decrease of 16,185 persons, or 3.29%, from 2013. Females accounted for 260,572 persons, or

54.78%, a decrease of 20,139 persons over five years, and males accounted for 215,126

persons, or 45.22%, for a slight growth of 3,954 persons.

27. Table 14 shows the number of labor unions and members between 2016 and 2020.

Table 14 Labor Unions and Members

Unit: organizations; persons; %

Corporate Industrial Professional

Grand total Federations of labor unions

unions unions unions

Personal Members Personal Members Personal Members

End Corporate

of Institutional Personal Members Others and Profession

Unions Unions Unions Unions

Year industrial

members

Organization Institutional Institutional Institutional

rate members members members

2016 5,485 5,178 3,348,702 33.2 104 4,247 43 308 108 623 924 553,815 179 79,687 4,127 2,715,200

2017 5,499 5,120 3,380,879 33.2 107 4,194 43 295 110 631 895 581,531 194 85,950 4,150 2,713,398

2018 5,536 5,070 3,369,165 32.9 112 4,152 43 289 110 629 900 585,153 210 87,271 4,161 2,696,741

2019 5,576 5,050 3,353,660 32.5 116 4,133 43 287 110 630 909 588,121 214 84,442 4,184 2,681,097

2020 5,655 5,094 3,363,998 32.6 118 4,160 43 277 111 657 916 590,089 231 86,424 4,236 2,687,485

Source: Ministry of Labor

28. Table 15 shows macroeconomic data between 2016 and 2020, with no foreign debts.

Table 15 Macroeconomic Overview

Unit: NTD 100 million; NTD; %

Gross national income Gross domestic Economic Annual change of the

Year GDP Per capita

(GNI) product (GDP) growth rate Consumer Price Index (CPI)

2016 180,064 175,553 746,526 2.17 1.39

2017 184,307 179,833 763,445 3.31 0.62

2018 187,898 183,750 779,260 2.79 1.35

2019 194,090 189,325 802,361 2.96 0.56

2020 203,137 197,662 838,191 3.12 -0.23

Source: Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan

29. Between 2016 and 2020, the percentage of women among all civil servants increased from

42.08% to 42.31%. The percentage of women among political appointees increased from

21.83% to 22.13%. The percentage of women among indigenous civil servants increased from

34.21% to 37.33% and grew year by year.

Right to Health Indicators

30. The maternal mortality rate in 2020 was 13 per 100,000 live births. The main causes of death

were embolism, pregnancy-induced hypertension with (combined or concurrent) significant

proteinuria, postpartum hemorrhage, and labor (in labor) and other complications of

childbirth.

31. There were 161,288 newborns in 2020. The crude infant death rate was 3.63 deaths per 1,000

live births and the crude neonatal death rate was 2.39 deaths per 1,000 live births. The leading

causes of infant mortality were congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal

abnormalities (17.9%); respiratory disorders originating in the perinatal period (13.5%);

disorders related to length of gestation and fetal growth (13.0%); accidents and accidents and

adverse effects (6.7%); and infections specific to the perinatal period (4.9%). The top five

causes accounted for 56% of infant deaths.

32. According to the 12th Family and Fertility Survey conducted in 2016, 75.23% of married

women aged 20-49 practiced contraception, which represented a 1.37 percent decrease over

2012.

33. The leading causes of death from 2016 to 2019 were malignant neoplasms, heart disease,

pneumonia, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, accidents and adverse effects, chronic

lower respiratory disease, hypertensive disease, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis,

and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. In 2020, only hypertensive diseases and chronic lower

respiratory disease switched places; there was no change to the order of the remainder. In

terms of the top 10 causes of death by gender, the number of male deaths from 2016 to 2020

exceeded female deaths. The top two causes of death for both males and females were

malignant neoplasms and heart disease; chronic liver disease and cirrhosis was one of the top

10 causes of death for men but it was not among the top 10 causes of death for women. The

opposite was true for vascular disease and unspecified dementia. Table 16 shows the number

of deaths and death rates for the most common types of cancer in 2020.

Table 16 Deaths and Mortality Rate for Most Common Cancers in 2020

Unit: persons; per 100,000 persons

Male Female

Number Crude Standardized Number Crude Standardize

Cause of death Cause of death

of deaths death rate death rate of deaths death rate d death rate

Tracheal, bronchial, Tracheal, bronchial,

6,037 51.6 29.7 3,592 30.2 15.1

and lung cancer and lung cancer

Liver and bile duct Colorectal and anal

5,296 45.3 26.8 2,853 24.0 11.8

cancer cancer

Colorectal and anal 3,636 31.1 17.9 Breast cancer 2,655 22.3 12.8

cancer

Liver and bile duct

Oral cavity cancer 3,137 26.8 16.8 2,477 20.8 10.0

cancer

Esophageal cancer 1,801 15.4 9.5 Pancreatic cancer 1,101 9.3 4.7

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: 1. Statistics for the leading causes of death have been prepared based on the International Classification of Diseases Tenth

Revision (ICD-10).

2. Standardized death rate was based on the 2000 WHO World Standard Population.

34. The smoking rate in males aged 18 and above decreased from 42.9% in 2004 to 23.1% in 2020,

and the betel nut chewing rate decreased from 17.2% in 2007 to 6.2% in 2018.

35. The total number of colorectal and anal cancer, cervical cancer and breast cancer screenings in

citizens of Taiwan increased marginally from 2016 to 2019, showing that screening rates have

held steady. In 2020, however, slightly less people accepted cancer screening services due to

the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, with respect to oral cancer screening for people who

smoke or chew betel nut, as changes in smoking and betel nut chewing behavior influence the

oral cancer screening rate, since 2017 the oral cancer screening rate is no longer listed. The

rate of cases with premalignant lesions and cancers found during screening has grown, while

the standardized incidence rate and mortality rate have fallen.

36. The number of confirmed cases of notifiable communicable diseases and the incidence rate per

100,000 of the population between 2016 and 2020 are presented in Table 17. Diseases with a

significant difference in occurrence according to sex and incidence rates of more than five per

100,000 persons are listed, including tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea, human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

The incidence rate by sex (female/male) in 2020 were tuberculosis (20.30/46.30), syphilis

(12.00/63.07), gonorrhea (5.79/54.72), human immunodeficiency virus infection (0.29/11.60)

and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (0.29/6.54). The reasons for the different rates by

sex include variation among clinical symptoms as a result of the different physiological

structures between the sexes, delayed seeking of medical treatment, unsafe sexual activities,

high-risk chronic disease prevalence rate, and differences in the hormones and immune

responses of the sexes. The incidence rates for the five diseases, as mentioned above, in 2020

had all declined from 2019 except gonorrhea.

Table 17 Statistics on Notifiable Communicable Diseases

Unit: person; per 100,000 persons

Confirmed cases Incidence (per 100,000 persons)

Name of disease

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Dengue fever 744 343 533 640 137 3.16 1.46 2.26 2.71 0.58

Shigellosis 225 162 172 147 151 0.96 0.69 0.73 0.62 0.64

Malaria - imported 13 7 7 7 2 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01

Acute hepatitis A 1,133 369 88 107 74 4.82 1.57 0.37 0.45 0.31

Multidrug-resistant

112 103 120 79 74 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.33 0.30

tuberculosis (MDR TB)

Tuberculosis 10,328 9,759 9,179 8,732 7,823 43.90 41.40 38.90 37.01 33.20

Acute Hepatitis B 118 151 143 111 108 0.50 0.64 0.61 0.47 0.46

Acute Hepatitis C 207 325 510 626 602 0.88 1.38 2.16 2.65 2.55

Syphilis 8,725 9,835 9,808 9,397 8,799 37.10 41.75 41.59 39.82 37.31

Gonorrhea 4,469 4,601 4,209 4,523 7,082 19.00 19.53 17.85 19.17 30.03

HIV 2,396 2,514 1,992 1,755 1,390 10.19 10.67 8.45 7.44 5.89

AIDS 1,412 1,390 1,091 1,005 800 6.00 5.90 4.63 4.26 3.39

Enteroviruses infection

33 24 36 69 6 0.14 0.10 0.15 0.29 0.03

with severe complications

Invasive pneumococcal

592 454 459 447 228 2.52 1.93 1.95 1.89 0.97

disease

Influenza case with severe

2,084 1,359 1,096 2,325 444 8.86 5.77 5.07 9.85 1.88

complications

Source: Report on communicable diseases for the period 2016-2020, Ministry of Health and Welfare

37. Social protection expenditures are government expenditures provided to mitigate the risks or

expenses of families or individuals related to old age, disability, survivorship, disease, maternity,

children, unemployment, employment injury or occupational disease, housing, and income

support, and to provide universal access to healthcare and assurances for minimum living

standards. In 2019, social protection expenditures formulated or enforced by the government

reached NTD 2,086.4 billion (representing 11.0% of GDP). This was 13.7% higher than 2016.

B. Constitutional, Political and Legal Framework of the Reporting Nation

Constitutional, Political and Legal Framework

38. The system of government of the ROC, according to the Constitution, is led by the President as

the nation’s Head of State, under whom there are five separate branches of the government

with their own functions and responsibilities including the Executive Yuan, Legislative Yuan,

Judicial Yuan, Examination Yuan and Control Yuan. The system of government is illustrated

below.

National

President Academia Sinica

Security

Council

Vice President

Office of the Academia

President Historica

Executive Legislative Judicial Examination Control

Yuan Yuan Yuan Yuan Yuan

Source: Website of the Office of the President

Figure 2 System of Government of the Republic of China

39. The Executive Yuan is the highest administrative organ of the state. The Executive Yuan is

headed by the Premier. The Premier is appointed by the President and is assisted by the Vice

Premier and seven to nine Ministers without Portfolio, who are nominated by the Premier and

appointed by the President. The Executive Yuan has an Executive Yuan Council, which is

chaired by the Premier. The Council is responsible for determining major policies and

proposing to the Legislative Yuan statutory or budgetary bills as well as bills concerning

martial law, amnesty, the declaration of war, the conclusion of peace, and treaties. The

Executive Yuan is comprised of a number of bodies, including 12 ministries: the Ministry of

the Interior, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Finance,

Ministry of Education, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Ministry of

Transportation and Communications, Ministry of Labor, Ministry of Health and Welfare,

Ministry of Culture, and Ministry of Science and Technology; 11 councils or commissions: the

National Development Council, Mainland Affairs Council, Financial Supervisory Commission,

Ocean Affairs Council, Overseas Community Affairs Council, Veterans Affairs Council,

Council of Indigenous Peoples, Hakka Affairs Council, Public Construction Commission,

Atomic Energy Council, and Council of Agriculture; the Environmental Protection

Administration; four independent administrative institutions: the Central Election Commission,

Fair Trade Commission, National Communications Commission, and Transitional Justice

Commission; the Central Bank of the ROC (Taiwan); the National Palace Museum; and two

directorates-general: the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, and the

Directorate-General of Personnel Administration.

40. The Legislative Yuan is the country’s highest legislature. Members of the Legislative Yuan are

legislators elected by the people and they exercise legislative power on behalf of their

constituencies. They have the power to decide statutory bills, budget and audit bills, martial

law, amnesty, declaration of war, conclusion of peace, treaties, and other important national

matters. Any act, law, statute or regulation must be passed by the Legislative Yuan and

promulgated by the President before it becomes the law of the land. Constitutional

amendments and alterations of national territory must first be passed by the Legislative Yuan

as resolutions before they are put to national referendums in accordance with the provisions of

the Additional Articles of the Constitution of The ROC. Therefore, in terms of its powers and

functions, the Legislative Yuan is the equivalent of a unicameral parliament in other

democracies.

41. There are 15 Justices of the Constitutional Court. One Justice serves as the President of the

Judicial Yuan and one Justice serves as the Vice President of the Judicial Yuan. The Justices

are nominated and, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan, appointed by the President of the

ROC. Each Justice of the Judicial Yuan serves for eight years and cannot serve consecutive

terms. The Justices serving as President and Vice President do not enjoy the guarantee of an

eight-year term. According to Paragraph 4 of Article 5 of the Additional Articles of the

Constitution and the Constitutional Court Procedure Act, the Justices sit as the Constitutional

Court to decide the following types of cases: (1) constitutionality of laws and constitutional

complaints; (2) disputes between constitutional organs; (3) impeachment of the President and

the Vice President; (4) dissolution of unconstitutional political parties; (5) local self-

government; and (6) uniform interpretation of statutes and regulations. Procedural provisions

governing constitutional interpretation and those governing uniform interpretation of statutes

and regulations specified in this act are to be applied as appropriate where a petition to the

Judicial Yuan for interpretation is otherwise provided for.

42. The Constitutional Interpretation Procedure Act was amended and promulgated on January 4,

2019, and renamed the Constitutional Court Procedure Act. The Act came into force on

January 4, 2022. The new legislation provides that the Justices comprise the Constitutional

Court and review the constitutionality of laws and constitutional complaints, disputes between

constitutional organs, impeachment of the President and the Vice President, dissolution of

unconstitutional political parties, guarantees of local self-governance, and uniform

interpretation of statutes and regulations. Rulings made by the court must be published as

judgments and orders instead of as interpretations.

43. Pursuant to the provisions of the Court Organic Act, there are three levels of courts including

the Supreme Court, High Court and its branches, and district courts and their branches. The

courts engage in civil and criminal trials as well as other legal proceedings required by law. In

addition, the courts have jurisdiction over non-contentious cases. Generally, trials are

conducted based on the three-level, three-instance system, with the first and second instances

being conducted based on matters of fact, and the third instance being conducted as legal

review. Rules concerning courts-martial were revised on August 13, 2013, specifying that any

military personnel on active duty who violates the Criminal Code of the Armed Forces or

related special codes in peacetime shall be judged by an ordinary court.

44. The Administrative Court was established for administrative litigation cases. The Intellectual

Property Court was established for litigation and trials involving intellectual property rights.

On July 1, 2021, the court changed its title to the Intellectual Property and Commercial Court

to deal with judgments on civil procedure, criminal procedure, and administrative litigation

regarding intellectual property as well as civil procedure and nonlitigation cases regarding

commercial matters. The Juvenile and Family Court was established for litigation and trials

involving juvenile and family cases or incidents. The Disciplinary Court is in charge of

disciplinary sanction of civil servants, judges, and prosecutors.

45. According to Article 80 of the Constitution, judges shall be above partisanship and shall, in

accordance with the statute, hold trials independently free from any interference. Article 81 of

the Constitution further stipulates that judges shall hold office for life. No judge shall be

removed from office unless proven guilty of a criminal offense or subjected to disciplinary

measure, or declared to be under interdiction. No judge shall, except in accordance with

relevant statutes, be suspended or transferred or receive a salary reduction. According to

Article 2 of the Judges Act amended and promulgated on June 10, 2020, the term judge in the

Judges Act includes Justices of the Judicial Yuan, judges on the Disciplinary Court, and judges

on any other court. Article 4 of the Judicial Yuan Organization Act sets forth specific

regulations on qualifications for being a Justice. Article 5 of the Judges Act as promulgated on

July 6, 2012, outlines the eligibility for personnel serving as Supreme Court judges, Supreme

Administrative Court judges, commissioners of the Public Functionary Disciplinary Sanction

Commission, judges of the High Administrative Court, High Court, branch court judges, and

other judges on lower courts. Article 5 of the Judges Act as promulgated on July 17, 2019,

outlines the qualifications for appointing research fellows, associate research fellows, or

assistant research fellows at Academia Sinica as judges on courts of all levels below the High

Court. It also specifies the qualifications for appointing research fellows at Academia Sinica as

judges of the Supreme Court or Supreme Administrative Court, or as commissioners of the

Public Functionary Disciplinary Sanction Commission. In accordance with the Disciplinary

Court Organization Act amended and promulgated on June 10, 2020, and implemented on July

17 of the same year, the Public Functionary Disciplinary Sanction Commission was renamed

the Disciplinary Court, and commissioners on the Public Functionary Disciplinary Sanction

Commission were rechristened judges of the Disciplinary Court.

46. The Examination Yuan is the nation’s highest examination organ. It has one President, one Vice

President, and seven to nine Members with a term of four years. They are nominated by the

President of the ROC and approved and appointed by the Legislative Yuan. The Examination

Yuan oversees regulatory matters concerning examinations and civil servants’ records and

qualification review, protection, compensation, retirement, appointment and dismissal,

performance, salary, promotion, and reward. Members of the Examination Yuan shall be above

partisanship and shall exercise their functions independently in accordance with the law.

47. The Control Yuan is the nation’s highest supervisory authority. It has 29 Members. Two

Members concurrently serve as the President and Vice President of the Control Yuan. They

serve six-year terms and Members are nominated and appointed by the President of the ROC

and approved by the Legislative Yuan. The Control Yuan holds the authority to impeach,

censure, and audit. Members of the Control Yuan shall be above partisanship and shall

exercise their functions independently in accordance with laws.

Political System Indicators

48. The Central Election Commission is an independent authority. Members of all levels of

Election Commissions shall be above partisanship and shall exercise their functions

independently free of political parties or inappropriate political interference in accordance with

the law. Members of the Commission serve a four-year term, and no political party shall have

more than one-third of membership in the Commission. There are 11 types of public officials

including president and vice president, legislators, special municipality mayors, special

municipality councilors, chiefs of indigenous districts in special municipalities, councilors of

indigenous districts in special municipalities, county magistrates (city mayors), county (city)

councilors, township chiefs, township councilors, and chiefs of villages (boroughs).

49. Candidates for president and vice president may be recommended by political parties that have

met the following criteria: the party eligible for recommending a candidate must have received

at least 5% of all valid votes for its candidate in the most recent presidential and vice-

presidential election or Legislative election. A potential candidate who has not been

recommended by a political party may secure candidacy by joint endorsement; the number of

joint signers must be at least 1.5% of the total number of electors for the most recent

Legislative election.

50. The illustration of the “single-district two-votes system” for elections of the Legislative Yuan

is shown in Figure 3.

Votes for single-district 73 candidates, each with the

General candidates in special highest number of votes in

municipalities, counties, and their electoral district, are

Area cities elected

Candidate 3 individuals shall be

Ballot Votes for highland

indigenous candidates elected from each

Indigenous

electoral district

Area

3 individuals shall be

Voters Votes for lowland elected from each

indigenous candidates electoral district

34 individuals shall be elected based

Votes for political on the lists of political parties in

Party Vote parties (at-large and proportion to the number of votes

won by each party that obtains at

overseas compatriots) least 5 percent of the total vote

Source: Central Election Commission

Figure 3 Illustration of the Single-district Two-votes System

51. Table 18 shows the number of elected local administrators, chiefs of villages, and local

representatives in 2018.

Table 18 Number of Elected Local Administrators, Chiefs of Villages, and Local Representatives

Unit: persons

Special municipality County (City)

Local administrator Local representatives Local administrator Local representatives

Magistrates (Mayors)

Mayor City Councilors County (City) Councilors

of Counties (Cities)

6 380 532

District Indigenous Mountain

executives peoples Indigenous Mayors of Townships Township (City) Council

district (None) District Council (Cities) Representatives

(assigned by

executives Representatives 198 2099

Mayor)

6 50

Village Chief Village Chief

4157 3,603

Source: Central Election Commission

52. A citizen who meets the criteria of an elector shall be automatically included in the official list

of electors based on household registration by the household registration authority, and is not

required to register as a voter. All elected officials in Taiwan are elected by a relative majority

in one round of elections and guaranteed quotas are reserved for women at both the central and

local government levels. The number of eligible voters for central and local public official

elections in 2016, 2018, and 2020 is presented in Table 19.

Table 19 Number of Eligible Voters in Central and Local Public Official Elections

Unit: persons; %

Year Type of election Population No. of eligible voters Percentage of population

President and vice

2016 23,483,793 18,782,991 79.98

president election

Local public official

2018 23,580,833 19,102,512 81.01

elections

President and vice

2020 23,598,776 19,311,105 81.83

president election

Regional constituent

2020 and indigenous 23,598,776 19,221,861 81.45

legislator elections

At-large and overseas

2020 compatriot legislator 23,598,776 19,312,105 81.84

elections

Source: Central Election Commission

53. The allocation of legislators’ seats to various political parties is as follows: In the 10th

Legislative Yuan in 2020, the number of legislators elected was 113: Democratic Progressive

Party 61 seats (53.93%), Kuomintang 38 seats (33.63%), Taiwan People’s Party five seats

(4.42%), New Power Party three seats (2.65%), Taiwan Statebuilding Party one seat

(0.88%); five seats were won by a candidate with no political affiliation (4.42%).

54. The number and gender distribution of elected legislators in 2016 and 2020 are presented in

Table 20.

Table 20 Election of Legislators—Number Elected and Gender Distribution

Unit: persons; %

Year Type of election Total Male Female Female percentage

Total 113 70 43 38.05

At-large and overseas compatriot

34 16 18 52.94

2016 legislator elections

Regional constituent legislator elections 73 50 23 31.51

Indigenous legislator elections 6 4 2 33.33

Total 113 66 47 41.59

At-large and overseas compatriot

34 15 19 55.88

2020 legislator elections

Regional constituent legislator elections 73 48 25 34.25

Indigenous legislator elections 6 3 3 50.00

Source: Central Election Commission

55. The number and gender distribution of elected local public officials in 2018 are presented in

Table 21.

Table 21 Election of Local Public Officials—Number Elected and Gender Distribution

Unit: persons; %

Type of election Total Male Female Female percentage

2018 special municipality/county/city mayor election 22 15 7 31.82

2018 special municipality /county/city councilor election 912 605 307 33.66

Source: Central Election Commission

56. The average number and gender distribution of voters in national and local elections by

administrative units from 2016 to 2020 are presented in Tables 22, 23, and 24.

Table 22 Election of President and Vice President—Number and Gender Distribution of

Eligible Voters/Votes Cast

Unit: persons; %

Turnout by gender

Year No. of eligible voters No. of votes cast Turnout

Male Female

2016 18,782,991 12,448,302 66.27 66.22 66.33

2020 19,311,105 14,464,571 74.90 73.20 76.70

Source: Central Election Commission

Table 23 Election of Legislators—Number of Eligible Voters/Votes Cast

Unit: persons; %

Year Type of election No. of eligible voters No. of votes cast Turnout

At-large and overseas compatriot

18,786,940 12,447,036 66.25

legislator elections

Regional constituent legislator

2016 18,305,112 12,187,927 66.58

elections

Indigenous legislator elections 387,105 212,102 54.79

At-large and overseas compatriot

19,312,105 14,456,293 74.86

legislator elections

Regional constituent legislator

2020 18,806,913 14,129,999 75.13

elections

Indigenous legislator elections 414,948 272,076 65.57

Source: Central Election Commission

Table 24 Election of Local Public Officials—Number of Voters and Gender Distribution

Unit: persons; %

No. of eligible No. of votes Turnout by gender

Type of election Turnout

voters cast Male Female

2018 special municipality/county/city Sampling work still

19,102,502 12,791,031 66.96

mayor election underway

2018 special municipality/county/city Sampling work still

19,053,128 12,764,191 66.99

councilor election underway

Source: Central Election Commission

57. According to the regulations in the Referendum Act amended on January 3, 2018, to submit a

proposal for a referendum, the leading proposer shall submit a written proposal, a statement of

reasons, the original roster and copy of the proposer’s details to the competent authority. The

number of proposers shall be not less than one-ten thousandth of the total electorate in the

most recent election of the president and vice president. The number of joint signers shall not

be less than 1.5%. With regard to the result of voting for a referendum proposal, if valid

ballots of assent are more than ballots of dissent and reach 1/4 of eligible voters, the proposal

is adopted.

58. From the promulgation of the Referendum Act on December 31, 2003, to 2020, a total of 16

national referendums have been announced as valid for voting. A total of six referendums were

conducted before 2018 and they all failed to pass because the results were lower than the

threshold. However, the amendment and promulgation of the Referendum Act on January 3,

2018, significantly reduced the thresholds for the proposal, joint signature, and votes required

for a referendum to be valid. The joint signature for 10 referendums were completed in the

same year and seven referendums were passed in the voting.

59. Between 2016 and 2020, 47 new political parties completed the registration process. As of

2020, there were 124 political parties.

60. In the presidential and vice-presidential and legislative elections in 2016, 140 individuals were

convicted for election bribery, two individuals were convicted for crimes of violence, and 81

individuals were convicted in other criminal cases. In the elections of special municipality

councilors, county (city) mayors, county (city) councilors, township mayors, township

councilors, chiefs/councilors of indigenous districts in municipalities, and village chiefs in

2018, 1,827 individuals were convicted for election bribery, 62 individuals were convicted for

crimes of violence, and 610 individuals were convicted in other criminal cases. For the

presidential and vice-presidential elections of 2020, 49 individuals were convicted of election-

related bribery, six individuals were convicted for crimes of violence, and 158 individuals

were convicted in other related criminal cases.

61. Overview of violations of electoral regulations: 45 cases in the presidential and vice-

presidential and the legislative elections in 2016; 304 cases in local public official elections in

2018; 129 cases in the presidential and vice-presidential (86 cases) and legislative (43 cases)

elections in 2020.

62. A local referendum must be filed to the special municipality or county (city) government.

Related items for referendums are provided in the Referendum Act and the autonomous

regulations of special municipalities and counties (cities). As of 2020, a total of five regional

referendums have been approved and the turnout in 2008, 2009, 2012, 2016, and 2017 was:

5.35%, 42.16%, 40.76%, 39.56%, and 24.17%, respectively. Only one proposal was passed.

The passage rate was 20%.

Crime and Justice Indicators

63. The national crime rate decreased from 1,253.75 cases per 100,000 people in 2016 to 1,101.31

cases in 2020. The number of crime suspects increased from 272,817 in 2016 to 281,811 in

2020. The number of crime victims decreased from 191,889 in 2016 to 190,198 in 2020.

64. The number of homicides occurring between 2016 and 2020 was 405, 399, 323, 302 and 238,

respectively. The number of crime suspects decreased from 766 in 2016 to 489 in 2020.

65. Number and rate (per 100,000 people) of people arrested, tried, convicted, sentenced, and

imprisoned for violent crimes or other serious offenses (e.g., homicide, robbery, assault, and

smuggling): The number of these crimes in 2020 was 1,260, 993, 859, and 704, respectively,

which is equivalent to 5.35 cases, 4.21 cases, 3.64 cases, and 2.99 cases per 100,000 people.

Overall, the crime rate has decreased. The number of crime suspects decreased from 2,208 in

2016 to 1,195 in 2020.

66. Conviction rates for major violent crimes: With regard to homicide, robbery, kidnapping, and

forced sexual intercourse from 2016 to 2020, the conviction rates for homicide were 88.2%

(2016), 90.6% (2017), 93.7% (2018), 87.7% (2019) and 93.0% (2020); conviction rates

for robbery were 95.7% (2016), 92.2% (2017), 92.5% (2018), 90.0% (2019) and 96.4%

(2020); conviction rates for kidnapping were 90.0% (2016), 88.2% (2017), 71.4% (2018),

75.0% (2019) and 93.8% (2020); and conviction rates for forced sexual intercourse were

83.0% (2016), 82.4% (2017), 83.4% (2018), 82.6% (2019) and 81.2% (2020).

67. The number of forced sexual encounters that occurred between 2016 and 2020 was 551

(2016), 302 (2017), 228 (2018), 201 (2019) and 170 (2020).

68. Pursuant to the Crime Victim Protection Act, surviving family members of deceased victims,

seriously injured victims of criminal acts, and victims of sexual assault crimes are entitled to

apply for crime victim compensation. Between 2016 and 2020, the number of compensation

cases approved totaled 3,111, and the number of persons compensated was 3,740 (including

1,303 males and 2,437 females). The total compensation amounted to NTD 1,822,641,414

during this period (NTD 763,698,299 for males and NTD 1,058,943,115 for females). Table

25 shows statistics on crime victim compensation applied for and approved between 2016 and

2020.

Table 25 Applied and Approved Cases of Crime Victim Compensation

Unit: cases; %

Year No. of applications No. of cases approved Ratio

2016 1,178 551 46.77

2017 1,352 709 52.44

2018 1,345 637 47.36

2019 1,261 539 42.74

2020 1,495 675 45.15

Source: Ministry of Justice

69. The number of police officers per 100,000 people between 2016 and 2020 was 223 (2016),

271 (2017), 282 (2018), 293 (2019) and 301 (2020). The number of female police officers

(per 100,000 people) was 20 (2016), 26 (2017), 30 (2018), 34 (2019) and 37 (2020). The

sum of government spending on law enforcement between 2016 and 2020 was NTD

25,185,589,337 (2016), NTD 25,267,097,757 (2017), NTD 26,330,021,785 (2018), NTD

26,749,154,697 (2019) and NTD 27,200,048,961 (2020).

70. Tables 26 and 27 show the average number of days required for closing a case at different

court levels between 2016 and 2020.

Table 26 Average Number of Days Required for Closing a Case at Different Court Levels

Unit: day

District courts High (administrative) courts Supreme (administrative) court

Civil Criminal Juvenile criminal Juvenile protection Administrative Civil Criminal Administrative Civil Criminal Administrative

Family Family juvenile Family juvenile

Year

(excluding family) (excluding juvenile) (excluding family) (excluding juvenile) (excluding family) (excluding juvenile)

cases litigation litigation litigation

cases

2016 104.59 144.30 72.47 127.96 47.70 456.06 188.43 181.64 76.29 31.79 119.63 41.19 22.41 31.00 16.25 34.11

2017 105.74 147.88 79.01 152.24 47.63 144.32 186.33 170.09 81.73 35.03 122.73 41.87 22.59 29.19 24.78 35.23

2018 106.97 151.46 81.49 129.46 48.32 131.83 191.61 171.41 84.01 36.39 134.99 45.02 24.26 28.14 16.63 38.59

2019 102.88 162.58 85.72 135.30 48.67 134.75 188.62 168.04 88.98 33.34 141.11 45.37 24.97 29.95 20.92 49.22

2020 102.63 172.56 85.39 131.24 49.99 135.86 185.16 190.05 87.85 33.43 176.91 38.48 27.35 28.57 47.40 52.90

Source: Judicial Yuan

Table 27 Average Number of Days Required for Closing a Case in Intellectual Property Court

Unit: day

Year Civil first instance Civil second instance Criminal Administrative litigation

2016 239.03 248.52 116.12 194.08

2017 228.18 228.67 131.43 218.25

2018 221.26 203.65 149.65 228.46

2019 170.01 236.54 142.43 190.87

2020 186.62 208.85 128.62 192.78

Source: Judicial Yuan

71. The average number of days required for a prosecutor of a district prosecutors office to

investigate and close a case from 2016 to 2020 was 52.54 days, 52.69 days, 52.14 days, 54.95

days and 53.49 days. The average number of days required for a prosecutor of the High

Prosecutors Office and its Branches to close a case was 1.66 days, 1.69 days, 1.97 days, 1.90

days and 1.91 days. The average number of days required for a prosecutor of the Supreme

Prosecutors Office to close a case was 2.17 days, 1.60 days, 1.76 days, 1.88 days and 1.64 days.

72. There is no obvious difference in the gender distribution of Grand Justices, Superintendents,

Division-chief Judges and General Judges and there are only marginal differences in the

gender distribution of those serving in administrative roles.

73. Prosecutors per 100,000 people: The number of prosecutors was 1,385 (5.9 per 100,000

people) in 2016. The number of prosecutors was 1,366 (5.8 per 100,000 people) in 2017. The

number of prosecutors was 1,352 (5.7 per 100,000 people) in 2018. The number of

prosecutors was 1,357 (5.7 per 100,000 people) in 2019. The number of prosecutors was

1,395 (5.9 per 100,000 people) in 2020. Judges per 100,000 persons: The number of judges

was 2,056 (8.7 per 100,000 people) in 2016. The number of judges was 2,074 (8.7 per

100,000 people) in 2017. The number of judges was 2,101 (8.9 per 100,000 people) in 2018.

The number of judges was 2,120 (9.0 per 100,000 people) in 2019. The number of judges was

2,130 (9.0 per 100,000 people) in 2020.

74. The percentage of defendants, inmates, and detainees granted free legal aid relative to the total

number of applicants from 2016 to 2020 is shown in Table 28.

Table 28 Percentage of Defendants, Inmates, and Detainees Granted Free Legal Aid Relative

to Total No. of Applicants

Unit: Number of people; %

No. of cases in

No. of Ratio of individuals No. of

which the

No. of advocacy and for whom advocacy applications for

detainees Percentage

applications for defense cases and defense were legal aid in

Year received legal granted

criminal cases approved for approved to total criminal cases

aid for (F)=(E)/(D)

(A) criminal cases applicants by detainees

criminal cases

(B) (C)=(B)/(A) (D)

(E)

2016 33,194 23,239 70.01 7,753 5,604 72.28

2017 39,020 26,649 68.30 9,548 6,517 68.26

2018 40,907 26,832 65.59 11,047 6,985 63.23

2019 43,579 27,979 64.20 11,195 6,872 61.38

2020 42,694 27,995 65.57 9,914 5,442 54.89

Source: (A) and (B) from the work report of the Legal Aid Foundation

Note: The types of aid provided for criminal cases in (E) are different from those provided in (B); aid in (E) is not

restricted to advocacy and defense.

75. Average detention period at different court levels between 2016 and 2020: The average

detention period was 2.4 months for District Courts and their branches, 2.92 months for High

Courts and their branches, and 1.4 months for the Supreme Court.

76. Table 29 shows the mortality rate of detainees between 2016 and 2020. The main causes of

death were cardiogenic shock, hypertrophy of the heart, heart/lung failure, malignant tumor,

and septic shock accompanied by respiratory failure.

Table 29 Mortality Rates of Detainees in Custody

Unit: %

Mortality rate Mortality rate Death rate under guarded Citizen

Year Total

before arrival after arrival inpatient treatment mortality rate

2016 0.2046 0.0432 0.0032 0.1582 0.733

2017 0.2181 0.0420 0.0275 0.1486 0.727

2018 0.2053 0.0305 0.0192 0.1556 0.733

2019 0.1877 0.0369 0.0289 0.1219 0.743

2020 0.2162 0.0219 0.0338 0.1604 0.735

Source: Ministry of Justice

77. No capital punishment was carried out between 2006 and 2009, whereas 32 people were

executed between 2010 and 2015, one in 2016, zero in 2017, one in 2018, zero in 2019 and

one in 2020.

Media Coverage

78. The National Communications Commission is an independent authority that aims to make the

acquisition and allocation of radio channels and TV broadcast frequencies as balanced and

widespread as possible and ensure fair and equal opportunities for the acquisition and

allocation of radio channels and TV broadcast frequencies.

79. To protect the viewing rights of people living in remote areas such as mountains and outlying

islands, the National Communications Commission (NCC) has continuously promoted

wireless TV for remote areas and improved TV stations. The NCC continues to provide

subsidies for follow-up operations and maintenance of TV stations.

Nongovernmental Organizations

80. The organization and activities of the ROC’s civil associations are governed by the Civil

Associations Act. Each civil association is classified, based on its attributes, as a social

association, occupational association or political association (including political party). Due

to the nature of the three types of organizations, three laws including the Political Parties Act,

Social Associations Act, and Occupational Associations Act were envisioned as the basis for

supporting the development of civil associations. Before the promulgation of the Political

Parties Act on December 6, 2017, political parties were established through a registration-

based system while political associations were established through a permission-based system.

After the promulgation, all associations created in accordance with Article 3 of the Act are

referred to as political parties and are established through a registration-based system.

According to the current Civil Associations Act, the procedures for the establishment of social

associations mainly include: (1) To apply for the establishment of an association, the initiators

shall prepare the required documents for the application process. (2) An initiators and

preparatory meeting shall be convened, and an establishment conference shall be held. (3)

Upon approval of registration, the association will be issued an accreditation certificate and an

official seal by the regulating authority. (4) To apply for the status of a juridical association

through registration (the association may apply directly to a District Court as required). As of

December 2020, the ROC had 59,783 various social associations (21,075 national and 38,708

local); 5,270 commercial and freelance associations, of which 369 were national and 4,901

were local, including 183 industrial associations, 2,392 commercial associations, and 2,695

freelance associations).

81. Out of respect for the people’s freedom of association, the government has been constantly

revising civil association laws to allow greater freedom of association. Under the latest

regulations, the government no longer intervenes but instead provides counsel to civil

associations. The requirement of a permit has since been removed, and those who wish to

associate may simply register with a government authority. Before relevant laws are amended,

civil organizations need only notify relevant authorities regarding many details which formerly

required approval. In addition, as the age of majority listed in the Civil Code has been lowered

from 20 to 18, the minimum age of initiators of a civil association has been amended from “20

years old” to “an adult.” An amendment to this effect was promulgated on January 27, 2021.

Initiators shall also not have any related disqualifying characteristics. This regulation was

implemented because the principal members and the elected personnel and members of civil

associations will be involved in judicial acts and have certain legal responsibilities when

handling meeting affairs and business after the associations are established. However, to

expand the people’s right to diverse participation and protect the freedom of association, the

draft of the social associations act was resubmitted to the Executive Yuan for review on

January 17, 2020. Related regulations on whether members, directors, and supervisors of

associations have the capacity to carry out juridical acts have been canceled and the

government fully respects the self-governance of associations and results of related elections.

These measures will prove to be more favorable for the people’s freedom of association and

the development of civil associations.

II. General Framework for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights

C. Acceptance of International Human Rights Standards

Approval of Major International Documents on Human Rights

82. Table 30 shows a list of core UN international human rights conventions ratified, acceded to or

incorporated into domestic law by Taiwan. Table 31 shows a list of other UN-related

international human rights conventions that have been signed, ratified, or incorporated into

domestic law by Taiwan. Table 32 shows the International Labor Organization (ILO)

conventions signed, ratified, or incorporated into domestic law by Taiwan. Table 33 shows the

UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) conventions signed,

ratified, or incorporated into domestic law by Taiwan. Table 34 shows the Hague Conference

on Private International Law (HCCH) conventions signed, ratified, or incorporated into

domestic law by Taiwan.

D. Legal Framework that Serves to Protect Human Rights at the State Level

The Constitution

83. Chapter 2 of the Constitution stipulates the rights and obligations of the people. Articles 7 to

24 specify fundamental human rights such as equality; right to personal liberty; freedom of

residence and migration; freedom of speech, teaching, writing, and publication; freedom of

secrecy of correspondence; freedom of religion; freedom of assembly and association; right to

exist; right to work; right to property; right to petition; right to administrative appeal; right to

judicial remedy; rights to election, recall, initiative, and referendum; rights to take state

examinations and to hold public office; right to receive compulsory basic education; other

freedoms and rights; and the right to claim damages from the State.

84. In Chapter 13 (Fundamental National Policies of the Constitution), Articles 142 to 151 outline

fundamental economic principles that concern human rights, such as land policies, operation

of monopolistic state-owned enterprises, control and support of private capital, agricultural

development, balance in local economic development, trade in goods, management of

financial institutions, financial institutions for the masses, and economic development

involving overseas Chinese compatriots. Articles 152 to 157 outline fundamental human rights

such as employment, protection of laborers and farmers, employer-employee relations, social

insurance and social aid, women’s and children’s welfare policies, and promotion of sanitation

and health protection services. Articles 158 to 167 outline fundamental human rights with

regard to education and cultural development, equal education opportunities, primary and

supplemental education, establishment of scholarships, supervision of educational/cultural

authorities, promotion of educational/cultural businesses, assurance of educational/cultural

budgets and funding, assurance for educational/cultural workers, incentives for scientific

inventions and discoveries, protection of cultural heritage, and subsidization of

educational/cultural businesses. Articles 168 to 169 outline fundamental human rights for

ethnic groups in frontier regions and support to frontier businesses.

Human Rights Conventions Included in Domestic Legislation

85. Of the nine core United Nations human rights conventions, the International Convention on the

Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination remains binding on the ROC as it

completed the procedures for depositing the instrument of ratification before it withdrew from

the United Nations. Five others, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; Convention on the

Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; Convention on the Rights of the

Child (CRC); and Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, have been

incorporated into domestic law through the enactment of implementation acts. The

aforementioned conventions that have entered into force do not contain reservation clauses. In

addition to the enactment of implementation acts, the incorporation of conventions into

domestic law can also be completed through Article 11 of the Conclusion of Treaties Act. The

validity and practice of these two measures are the same and the method of adoption is

determined by the competent authorities for each human rights convention. Although use of

the Conclusion of Treaties Act can reduce the administrative cost to the government, civil

society groups generally hope that the government can enact implementation acts. To meet the

expectations of civil society groups, Taiwan enacted the General Operating Regulations for the

Drafting of the National Human Rights Report and Organization of International Review

Meetings for Core Human Rights Conventions. It specifies that national reports, international

reviews, and implementation of Concluding Observations and Recommendations must be

completed for the human rights conventions incorporated into domestic law in accordance

with the requirements therein and the procedural requirements of the General Operating

Regulations. With regard to the progress of the other three human rights conventions that have

not yet been incorporated into domestic law are explained below:

(1) The draft of the implementation act of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and Its Optional Protocol were newly

reported by the Ministry of the Interior. The purpose of the act is to specify that

government authorities at all levels shall make plans for, promote, and carry out matters

specified in the convention and to establish regulations concerning dedicated national

preventive mechanisms. The draft was submitted by the Executive Yuan to the

Legislative Yuan for review on December 10, 2020.

(2) The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and

Members of Their Families (ICMW): The Ministry of Labor has been promoting the

incorporation of the ICMW since 2017. Workshops have been held and meetings with

experts and scholars and different agencies have been convened to develop the

traditional Chinese language version of the ICMW and to review the gap between

domestic laws and the convention. Following the provisions of the Conclusion of

Treaties Act, it was reported to the Executive Yuan on July 5, 2021, detailing the nation’s

intent to join the convention. The Executive Yuan held a related meeting on August 11,

2021, to discuss the reservation clause and interpretive statements and to clarify disputes.

Subsequently, the Ministry of Labor continued to review the legislation and

administrative measures under its purview along with relevant agencies, and

progressively incorporated the regulations of the ICMW into domestic law without

violating the principles and objectives of the convention.

(3) The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced

Disappearance (ICPPED): As Taiwan is not a member of the United Nations and is not

able to complete the deposit after signing the international convention, and as the

procedure under the Conclusion of Treaties Act helps reduce administrative costs and

diplomatic resources compared to the establishment of an implementation act, the

ICPPED has been given domestic legal status in accordance with the Conclusion of

Treaties Act. On September 7, 2017, the Legislative Yuan was requested to review

participation in the ICPPED. As the term of office of this class of legislators came to an

end on March 31, 2020, the Ministry of Justice is continuing discussions and reporting

on the draft.

86. After the incorporation of international conventions into domestic law, they become law and

their validity is the same as other laws of the ROC. The applicability of a certain law in a

specific trial is within the scope of the independent judgment of the judge. The judge considers

the regulatory purpose, target, historical background, and appropriateness for achieving justice

in determining the legislation to be adopted for a specific case. The number of cases that cited

the CRC was 455 (2016), 717 (2017), 823 (2018), 535(2019) and 417 (2020).

Domestic Laws Protect Rights Enshrined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights

87. The Presidential and Vice Presidential Election and Recall Act, Civil Servants Election and

Recall Act, and Referendum Act protect people’s right to take part in politics.

88. The Labor Union Act protects the freedom of association.

89. The Code of Criminal Procedure, Detention Act, and the Criminal Speedy Trial Act protect the

right to fair trial.

90. The State Compensation Law provides effective remedies when the rights or freedom of a

person is infringed by a public servant. In addition, the Crime Victim Protection Act also

protects people’s rights from infringement and provides effective remedial or protective

measures.

91. The Personal Data Protection Act regulates the collection, processing, and use of personal data

so as to prevent harm to personality rights and to facilitate the proper use of personal data.

Domestic Laws Protect Rights Enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights

92. The HIV Infection Control and Patient Rights Protection Act protects the right to equality

without discrimination.

93. The Labor Insurance Act, Act of Insurance for Military Personnel, Civil Servant and Teacher

Insurance Act, Farmer Health Insurance Act, National Pension Act, Employment Insurance

Act, National Health Insurance Act, Senior Citizens Welfare Act, the Act of Assistance for

Family in Hardship, and other laws provide the right of each individual to social security.

94. The Housing Act, Basic Environment Act, Taxpayer Rights Protection Act, Income Tax Act,

Vehicle License Tax Act, Land Tax Act, House Tax Act, and Water Supply Act protect the right

of each individual to appropriate living standards for themselves and their family members.

95. The Communicable Disease Control Act protects the right to bodily integrity and health.

96. The Primary and Junior High School Act, Educational Fundamental Act, and Compulsory

Education Act protect the right of each individual to education.

97. Statutes such as the Labor Standards Act, Act for Settlement of Labor-Management Disputes,

Collective Agreement Act, Employment Service Act, and Middle-aged and Elderly

Employment Promotion Act provide for laborers’ working conditions and prohibit

discrimination in employment.

98. The Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, the Culture and the Arts Reward and Promotion Act,

the Development of the Cultural and Creative Industries Act, the Museum Act, the Public

Television Act, the Motion Picture Act, the Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, the

Development of National Languages Act, the Organizational Act of the Taiwan Creative

Content Agency, the Organizational Act of the National Human Rights Museum, and the

Cultural Fundamental Act protect cultural rights.

Domestic Laws Protect Rights Enshrined in the CRC

99. The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act and the Child and Youth Sexual

Exploitation Prevention Act protect the rights of children and youth.

Domestic Laws Protect Rights Enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with

Disabilities

100. The People with Disabilities Rights Protection Act and Mental Health Act protect the physical

and mental health of people with disabilities and psychiatric patients.

Domestic Laws Protect Rights Enshrined in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms

of Discrimination against Women

101. The Sexual Harassment Prevention Act, the Sexual Assault Prevention Act, and the Domestic

Violence Prevention Act protect personal safety. In addition, the Gender Equity Education Act

and the Act of Gender Equality in Employment protect gender equality rights.

Legislative Departments

102. The Legislative Yuan has the power to decide by resolution upon international treaties and

conventions, and may deliberate on related human rights bills, supervise applicable

implementation by administrative departments, and accept petitions or lobbying from the

general public to fulfill its functions and may also hold public hearings, question government

officials, or retrieve related documents in order to assist with the aforementioned functions.

When an executive decree is considered by the Legislative Yuan to contravene or violate

applicable human rights regulatory requirements, it may have a related committee review the

decree and may, upon the resolution of the full Yuan, notify the initiating government agency

to correct or revoke the decree within two months. Upon failure to correct or revoke the decree

by the given deadline, the decree is voided forthwith.

Judicial Departments

103. The rights protected under the Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and other laws

and regulations are exercised through numerous judicial court practices.

104. The Judicial Yuan funded the establishment of the Legal Aid Foundation pursuant to the Legal

Aid Act.

Administrative Departments

105. According to the Implementation Act of the CRC, government authorities of all levels whose

work relates in any way to child and youth rights protected under the CRC are obligated and

authorized to safeguard and fulfil children’s rights.

106. The Ministry of Health and Welfare is the central authority responsible for promoting the CRC

and human rights related to health, social welfare, and social aid.

107. The Ministry of Justice is the central authority responsible for promoting the International

Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights (hereinafter referred to as the “two covenants”).

108. The Ministry of the Interior is the central authority responsible for protecting people’s rights to

political participation, accommodation, freedom of movement, and freedom of association, as

well as the rights of new immigrants.

109. The Ministry of Education is the central authority responsible for people’s right to education.

The Ministry of Culture is the central authority responsible for people’s rights to culture.

110. The Ministry of Labor is the central authority responsible for people’s work rights.

111. The Environmental Protection Administration is the central authority responsible for the right

of citizens to a healthy environment.

112. The Civil Service Protection and Training Commission is the central authority responsible for

protecting civil servants’ rights.

113. The Control Yuan is a constitutionally mandated institution that protects human rights by

exercising oversight.

Citation of the CRC

114. The list of the decisions in which the Judicial Yuan cited the CRC is posted on the human

rights section of the Judicial Yuan’s official website for the reference of judges in their

decision-making and for the reference and general use of scholars and members of the public.

115. Citations of the CRC: Interpretations in which Justices of the Judicial Yuan cite the CRC

include Judicial Yuan Interpretation Nos. 587 and 623.

116. After the incorporation of international conventions into domestic law, they become laws and

their validity is the same as other laws of the ROC. The rights protected by the covenants are

also items protected in relation to tortious acts in Articles 184 to 198 of the Civil Code. Where

such rights are damaged by illegal acts, the individual may file for remedies in accordance

with the aforementioned regulations.

Remedies for Rights Violations

117. When parties concerned disagree on the ruling made by a judge who should apply human

rights conventions incorporated into domestic law but fails to do so, or the judgment of a

lower court, they can appeal to an upper instance court in compliance with legal procedures

for a remedy.

E. Legal Framework that Serves to Enhance Human Rights at the State Level

118. To establish a national human rights institution in line with the Paris Principles, the Control

Yuan drafted the Organic Act of the Control Yuan National Human Rights Commission, which

passed its third reading at the Legislative Yuan on December 10, 2019. The act was

promulgated by the President on January 8, 2020, and went into force on May 1 of the same

year. The National Human Rights Commission was officially established on August 1, 2020,

and its functions and powers include: investigating human rights violation cases, making

recommendations or reports for government agencies, assisting in the incorporation of major

international human rights instruments, publishing thematic reports on major human rights

issues or annual reports on the state of human rights in the nation, offering independent

opinions for national reports submitted by the government, monitoring the development of

human rights education, and promoting domestic and foreign information exchange and

collaboration regarding human rights.

119. The Executive Yuan established a human rights protection and promotion task force in 2001. It

is tasked to study human rights protection systems in other countries and international human

rights regulations, promote collaboration and exchange with international human rights

organizations, deliberate upon and promote the establishment of the organization of a national

agency for human rights protection, discuss human rights protection policies, laws, and

regulations, negotiate and promote human rights protective measures, research and develop

human rights education policies, and raise awareness of human rights protection as well as to

set up the human rights mail box as the platform for the general public to make proposals and

file complaints. To consolidate gender equality and protection of the rights of indigenous

peoples and new immigrants, revive Hakka culture, and organize operations relating to the

human rights of children, teenagers, and people with disabilities, the Executive Yuan has also

established the Gender Equality Committee, Council of Indigenous Peoples, Coordination

Meeting on Immigration Affairs, Hakka Affairs Council, the Task Force for Promoting the

Welfare and Rights of Child and Youth, and Committee for the Promotion of the Rights of

Persons with Disabilities. They are in charge of directing and supervising related operations

carried out by government agencies at all levels.

120. The Executive Yuan’s Child and Youth Welfare and Rights Promotion Group was established

in 2014. With the Minister without Portfolio of the Executive Yuan as the convener, a total of

27 people, including experts, scholars, and representatives of child, youth, and civil society

groups and government agencies were invited to attend meetings every four months. Through

the collaborative use of the knowledge, professional skills and resources of the government

and people with different professional backgrounds, the functions of policy coordination,

consultation, supervision and resource integration have been performed to jointly promote the

child and youth rights. From 2016 to 2020, the group has actively adopted various policies,

projects and measures regarding child and youth rights, and set up permanent resources,

including reviews on the compliance of laws with the CRC, educational training for

professionals, CRC dissemination and material development, promotion of the participation

and empowerment of children and youth, setup of CRC website, etc. To conform with the

concluding observations, an investigation on the state of child and youth rights, budgets

regarding children and youth, a rights impact assessment mechanism, and studies such as

national action plans have been developed as well. In addition, through the professional

knowledge of government agencies and civil society groups, and the observations of child and

youth representatives, the juvenile justice and counseling mechanism and aspects such as internet

safety for children and youth and labor rights of children and youth have been further promoted.

With a high level of decision-making and coordination, the group ensures the efficiency of policy

integration, and supervises different ministries to implement the administrative measures.

121. According to Article 8 of the Implementation Act of the CRC, “The budget required for the

protection of the rights of children and youth in the implementation of the Convention by all

levels of government authorities shall be allocated as a priority based on financial status and

shall be implemented gradually.” To comply with these regulations, government authorities at

all levels should budget for the protection of the rights of children and youth through the

implementation of the CRC pursuant to their jurisdictional responsibilities, annual

administration plans, and operating status.

122. To implement CRC-related child and youth protection affairs, government authorities at all

levels budgeted NTD 380.9 billion, NTD 399.4 billion, NTD 417.3 billion, and NTD 435.4

billion from 2017 to 2020, respectively, to conduct measures relating to the development,

welfare, health, education, protection, and other rights and interests of children and youth as

covered in the CRC.

123. The Local Government Act stipulates that local self-governing bodies shall establish self-

government ordinances with regard to issues that create, deprive, or restrict the rights and

duties of their residents. In other words, in protecting human rights, one of the most important

functions of local legislative bodies is to deliberate on and approve applicable self-government

laws and regulations on human rights and protect the rights of local residents, as empowered

to do so by their constituency. The rights of residents in accordance with laws and self-

government regulations include the right to elect and recall local civil servants, the right of

initiative and referendum on local self-government matters, the right to use local public

facilities, the right to access local education, culture, social benefits, and healthcare in

compliance with laws and self-government regulations, the right to request disclosure of local

government information according to law, and other rights given under laws and self-

government regulations.

124. The Control Yuan may review any government actions contravening international human rights

norms and propose corrective measures. In accordance with implementation acts relating to

international human rights conventions, the Control Yuan may also continue to organize

educational training on human rights conventions, and invite scholars, experts, and

representatives of government authorities and non-governmental organizations to organize

thematic seminars or consultations.

125. In response to the promulgation of the Organic Act of the Control Yuan National Human

Rights Commission on January 8, 2020, and its implementation on May 1, 2020, the National

Human Rights Commission officially began operations on August 1, 2020. The former Control

Yuan Committee on Human Rights Protection ceased operations and the Human Rights

Protection Task Force was established on February 22, 2021.

126. In 2011, the Examination Yuan established a human rights task force to oversee the

implementation of human rights policies within the Examination Yuan. The vice president of

the Examination Yuan serving as the convener. Members of the task force include the

secretary-general of the Examination Yuan, division, office and committee heads, scholars and

experts. Their responsibilities are to supervise the implementation of human rights protections

within their respective domains, and report and monitor improvements regularly to the

Examination Yuan.

Relevant Training and Advocacy of CRC and Human Rights Instruments

127. In light of the international political realities that prevent the ROC (Taiwan) from

participating in the United Nations, the relevant documents on human rights are dispatched to

overseas missions to be forwarded to government officials in countries friendly to the ROC

(Taiwan) so as to keep them abreast of the progress Taiwan has made on human rights. One of

the top priorities of overseas missions is to promote the development of democracy, freedom,

and human rights in Taiwan, in order to demonstrate Taiwan’s fulfillment of protection of

basic human rights and compliance with the United Nations’ international human rights

covenants and to advance Taiwan’s human rights diplomacy.

128. To raise the awareness of human rights and implement human rights education, the Directorate-

General of Personnel Administration, Executive Yuan, incorporated courses on human rights

education (including international human rights covenants, human rights impact assessment,

conventions on the rights of children and people with disabilities) into policy-oriented training

courses in 2015 and into courses under the category of “Democratic Governance Value” that

government employees have had to complete annually since 2017. In addition, the basic training

for people who pass the civil service exam, promotion training, and training for senior officials

include courses focusing on international human rights covenants and gender mainstreaming.

129. Human rights concepts have been included in test subjects related to the Special Examination

for Judges and Prosecutors and the Bar Examination. Human rights education has been listed

as a key project in judiciary training (for judges, prosecutors, other judicial personnel, and

judicial police).

130. Out of respect for humanity and human rights, more courses related to the two covenants,

human rights protection, gender equality, the human rights of Indigenous people, children and

youth, laborers, people with disabilities, the elderly, and disadvantaged people, and CEDAW

regulations have been organized to urge judicial personnel to respect the human rights of

defendants and injured parties and to increase their awareness of gender equality, anti-

discrimination, protection for people with disabilities and multicultural sensitivity.

131. The CRC Website and a website for children have been set up to provide the English and

Chinese versions of the CRC and the general comments thereon, previous national reports, the

list of issues and replies thereto, the implementation of measures developed based on

concluding observations and suggestions, a version of the concluding observations for children

and youth, the casebook for the best interests of children and youth, and various training

materials. Children’s rights are promoted to the public by making short promotional films,

animated videos and posters and preparing digital learning courses, materials and handouts.

Refer to Paragraphs 33 to 35 in the Treaty-Specific Document for CRC training results.

132. Human rights courses have been included as part of lawyers’ basic training. These courses

emphasize topics such as roles and defense strategies of criminal lawyers, wrongful cases,

post-conviction reviews in practice, parental rights and child support in divorce cases,

employment-related constitutional lawsuits before interpretation, severance pay, and

occupational hazards. The courses (i.e., preservice training) for lawyers are related to human

rights covenants, legal aid, public participation, constitutional courts, and criminal, civil,

administrative and non-contentious proceedings.

133. Pursuant to the Implementation Rules for Law Education for the National Armed Forces, the

Ministry of National Defense requests military law officers at all levels to promote the two

covenants and their implementation acts, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, human rights violations in armed forces, the

protection of officers’ rights, and other issues when providing law education. In addition, military

cadres’ awareness of human rights is further increased with courses focusing on international

human rights laws and humanitarian laws, so as to ensure the human rights in the national army.

134. To raise awareness of children’s rights among law enforcement personnel, the Ministry of the

Interior has implemented a series of training programs and published operational manuals and

compilations of related regulations on combating human trafficking, as well as a multi-

language manual on the rights of human trafficking victims. These resources have been

provided to all law enforcement and prosecutor’s offices in order to improve awareness of

children’s rights among police officers and related law enforcement personnel.

135. To enhance the human rights awareness of protective services social workers, courses on

domestic violence prevention, sexual assault prevention, child and youth protection, child and

youth sexual exploitation prevention, protection for the elderly, and protection of people with

disabilities have been continuously provided. Human rights education has been incorporated in

professional medical ethics and core clinical competencies for doctors who have recently

graduated. A total of 6,775 doctors attended the clinical training between 2016 and 2020.

136. To enhance teacher trainees’ and teachers’ professional skills for human rights education,

human rights education has been included as part of pre-service programs for teachers. In

addition, human rights education has also been included as a key subsidized item for on-the-

job training for teachers in kindergartens and schools up to the senior high school level.

137. Development of human rights education in all schools:

(1) Overview of human rights education in primary and junior high school: The 12-Year

National Basic Education Curriculum Guidelines contain human rights issues, and a

“three-level counseling system” formed by the central and local governments and schools

provides human rights education courses for teachers, on-site counseling services,

workshops, seminars, etc., to increase primary and junior high school teachers’

knowledge about human rights education, democracy and the rule of law.

(2) Overview of human rights education in higher secondary education: In the curriculum

outline for regular senior high schools implemented in 2010, contents on humanity and

human rights have been added to the Citizen and Society Syllabus. The High School

Human Rights Education Resource Center was established in 2018 to take charge of the

training of seed teachers for human rights education, teacher empowerment training,

materials and pedagogy development, and the establishment of teachers’ social media.

Human rights education continues to be listed as an important topic in the 12-year

compulsory education program implemented in 2019.

(3) Overview of human rights education in tertiary education: To help policy implementation,

the Ministry of Education has encouraged all schools to open courses related to human

rights and the rule of law in the annual National Conference for the University Presidents

in Taiwan and the National Conference for the Academic Affairs Supervisors of Public

and Private Universities in Taiwan. A total of 4,331 courses related to human rights and

the rule of law were offered in 446 departments in 72 regular universities for a total of

240,268 attendants in the 109 academic year. In technical colleges, a total of 2,554

courses related to human rights and the rule of law were offered in 453 departments in 82

schools for a total of 117,668 attendants in the 109 academic year.

(4) Overview of human rights education in social education: The Ministry of Education

provides subsidies to community colleges each year to provide courses related to civic

literacy, human rights, and the rule of law. 28 courses were offered in 2016; 91 courses

were offered in 2017; 49 courses were offered in 2018; 63 courses were offered in 2019;

58 courses were offered in 2020.

138. National Taiwan Normal University conducted the Human Rights Education Self-Assessment

Implementation Plan for High Schools or Lower in accordance with UN indicators. It

surveyed school administrative personnel, teachers, students, and parents to gain a

comprehensive view of the current state of human rights education in Taiwan and establish

regular review mechanisms for future human rights education.

139. Meanwhile, the NCC has implemented a new policy that rewards television and radio stations

for contributions made toward protecting the interests of disadvantaged groups, cultural

diversity, gender equality, and safeguarding minors. In addition, television and radio stations

are informed of the nation’s human rights policies and laws by the NCC.

Measures Taken to Enhance Social Involvement in Human Rights Protection

140. To strengthen promotion of the human rights of indigenous peoples, the Council of Indigenous

Peoples allocates an annual budget to sponsor events that promote the basic rights of

indigenous peoples and cultural, educational, and industrial development-related campaigns

organized by civil society groups. It also subsidizes individuals or groups attending

international conferences.

141. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs helped sponsor the founding of the Taiwan Foundation for

Democracy. It aims to promote democracy and human rights domestically and engage related

private-sector organizations to bring them in line with global standards. The Foundation

subsidized local and foreign academic institutions, think tanks, private-sector organizations,

NGOs, and domestic political parties for promoting democracy and human rights or attending

international conferences related to human rights or international democracy exchange

programs. The Foundation regularly publishes the Taiwan Democracy Quarterly and the

English journal Taiwan Journal of Democracy.

142. The National Human Rights Museum of the Ministry of Culture has been conducting thorough

research and interviews on the nation’s human rights history. In separate stages, the Museum

will enrich its collection of human rights records that can be used by local governments and

NGOs in their education and research efforts.

143. The Ministry of Education Human Rights and Civic Education Mid-Range Plan, revised by the

Ministry of Education in 2016, is being implemented from 2017 to 2021. The implementation

of the revised Plan is based on a systematic, integrated, comprehensive, practical, continuous,

and forward-looking approach. It incorporates four strategies: creating friendly school

environments that respect human rights and encourage public participation; developing and

implementing human rights and civic education courses and teaching materials; strengthening

teachers’ professional ethics and understanding of human rights, civic knowledge, and the rule

of law; and widely disseminating and promoting human rights and civic education concepts

and practices. These approaches, together with 23 work indicators, integrate the diverse

resources of the government, communities, and civil society groups to establish a student-

oriented human rights and civic education environment.

144. The Ministry of Health and Welfare is committed to promoting children’s rights and protecting the

rights of people with disabilities. The central government has cooperated with local governments,

NGOs, and mass media to raise awareness of the rights of children and people with disabilities

through a diverse range of channels as it continues to organize diverse training activities.

145. Easy-to-read, Braille, sign language, and audio book versions of related documents have been

produced in the initial national report for the CRC and the national reports for the Convention

on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. They have been posted on the website, placed in

local governments, public libraries, special education schools, and national organizations. To

protect the rights of people with disabilities, draft amendments to the People with Disabilities

Rights Protection Act in 2020 incorporated the principles of reasonable adjustments and

universal design, specifying that authorities, schools, institutions, corporations, or groups must

make necessary and appropriate adjustments based on the requirements of disabled individuals

without causing a disproportionate or excessive burden. Public buildings, public facilities and

venues, accessible transportation facilities and services, information and communications

technology and systems, and online platforms and telecommunications must also be planned

based on the principle of universal design. In addition, the Legal Aid Program for People with

Disabilities was established to provide necessary legal assistance.

146. Between 2016 and 2020, the public welfare lottery fund was used to subsidize governments at

all levels and civil society groups. Private resources were combined to promote victim

protection and gender-based violence prevention, with subsidies totaling NTD 739,408,000

being granted for this purpose. In addition, subsidies totaling NTD 557,330,078 were allocated

from the Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Prevention Fund from 2016 to 2020 to support

government agencies and civil society groups engaging in the prevention of domestic violence,

sexual assault, and sexual harassment.

147. Since 2005, under the provisions of the Legal Aid Act, the Judicial Yuan has budgeted annual

subsidies for the operational expenses and capital of the Legal Aid Foundation so that it can

provide legal aid to those in financial distress or who are unable to hire counsel for other

reasons. Between 2016 and 2020, the Judicial Yuan donated NTD 140 million to the

foundation and subsidized NTD 6,462,314,000 of its operating expenses. With 22 branches

nationwide, the foundation received 391,701 applications for legal aid between 2016 and 2020,

of which 277,052 were granted, with an approval rate of 70.73%. The foundation also

provided legal counsel in 412,771 cases.

148. The Ministry of Justice founded the Association for Victims Support and supervises its victim

protection efforts. Between 2016 and 2020, the Ministry provided the Association with

subsidies of NTD 83,010,000, NTD 87,300,000, NTD 75,246,000, NTD 62,691,000 and NTD

70,148,000.

149. The Ministry of Justice oversees the Taiwan After-care Association and the Fujian After-care

Association, which assist former convicts. The ministry also subsidizes other private-sector

organizations assisting the rehabilitated. Between 2016 and 2020, the Ministry provided the

Association with subsidies of NTD 45,603,000, NTD 43,322,000, NTD 38,917,000, NTD

37,360,000 and NTD 44,794,000. Subsidies were provided for 73 cases.

International Cooperation, Development, and Assistance

150. The International Cooperation and Development Fund (TaiwanICDF) is an institution that

specializes in providing foreign aid. It organizes various international cooperation projects

with partner countries and helps promote government development and aid programs. The

budget for official development assistance (ODA) of Taiwan devoted to international

collaboration in 2020 was around USD 516 million, accounting for 0.073% of the national

gross national income (GNI) of Taiwan, representing an increase as compared with 2019

(0.051% of GNI).

151. Taiwan has organized four workshops under the Global Cooperation and Training Framework

(GCTF) with the theme of women’s empowerment with the United States, Japan, and other

like-minded countries to facilitate women’s rights in the Indo-Pacific region since 2015. The

APEC Skills Development Capacity Building Alliance (ASD-CBA) project was launched in

2016. Two APEC upskilling centers were set up in Taiwan with the aim of promoting high-

quality growth by enhancing talent cultivation and exchanges in the Asia-Pacific region.

Taiwan, the United States, and Australia jointly launched the APEC Women and the Economy

Sub-Fund in 2017 to foster women’s economic empowerment, improve women-friendly

employment environments, and promote women’s rights mainstreaming. International digital

exhibition courses were held in 2018 and 2019, with representatives from countries such as

Chile, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam

joining prominent actors in the exhibition industry in Taiwan for training. The Women and

Youth Entrepreneurs and MSMEs Re-lending Project in Palau was conducted in 2019. The

Capacity Building Project for Microfinance Ecosystem Focusing on Grassroots Women in

Eswatini (a three-year project) was launched in March 2020. The project focuses on helping

financially disadvantaged women in Eswatini improve their financial situation and

productivity through training courses offered by cooperative financial institutions or training

agencies and assisting local disadvantaged women in becoming familiar with financial and

market concepts in order to increase household incomes and provide more financial and

economic autonomy opportunities for women. In addition, Taiwan made donations to the 2X

Women’s Initiative launched by the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation

(DFC) in 2020 to support government officials and women entrepreneurs in Latin America

and Taiwan’s Caribbean allies to organize training programs. In December 2020, Taiwan and

the U.S.A. announced their cooperation in the Women’s Livelihood Bond of the Impact

Investment Exchange (IIX) on December 14, 2020. TaiwanICDF and the U.S. DFC offered

crucial credit enhancement to the Women’s Livelihood Bond, used the resources from

international and Taiwanese private sectors to create sustainable livelihoods for disadvantaged

women in the Indo-Pacific region, and responded to the 5th Sustainable Development Goal,

which is to achieve gender equality and to empower all women and girls.

152. In 2020, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs commissioned the TaiwanICDF to send 23 technical,

medical, and investment and trade service missions consisting of 239 technicians, project

managers, experts, Taiwan Youth Overseas Servicemen, and Chinese-language teachers to 22

countries in the Asia-Pacific, West Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. They

engaged in 88 projects covering such areas as agriculture, finance, environmental protection,

disaster prevention, animal husbandry, gardening, aquaculture, technical and vocational

education, Chinese language education, ICT, industry, trade and investment, public health, and

medical care. SME, economics, and trade experts and volunteers were dispatched to Taiwan’s

allies to provide medium- and short-term guidance or counseling services. Due to COVID-19,

TaiwanICDF utilized online learning platforms so that personnel from diplomatic allies and

friendly countries could continue to attend workshops and education and training programs.

Scholarship programs were provided to undergraduate, graduate, and PhD students to help

partner countries cultivate talents.

153. In early 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic raging around the world caused significant losses,

Taiwan cooperated with other countries in pandemic prevention and international humanitarian

assistance: (1) Donation of personal protective equipment: Taiwan donated 53,000,000 masks,

380,300 protective suits, 128,400 forehead thermometers and other medical supplies to over

80 countries around the globe in 2020. (2) Cooperation in pandemic prevention: Taiwan and

the U.S.A announced the Taiwan-US Joint Statement on a Partnership against Coronavirus on

March 18, 2020, and signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Health Cooperation to

enhance the cooperation between the two countries on August 10, 2020. The government also

announced the Taiwan-Czech Joint Statement on Cooperation against Coronavirus together

with the Czech Republic and worked with the European Union to promote pandemic

prevention technology and a protective equipment supply chain on a continuous basis. (3)

Sharing of experience in pandemic control: Taiwan shared its experience in successful

pandemic control through video conferencing and at professional forums. In 2020, more than

140 expert meetings were held in partnership with governments, hospitals, universities, and

think tanks from over 60 countries. (4) Assistance in pandemic prevention technology: On

June 4, 2020, Taiwan and the United States held the Virtual Pacific Islands Dialogue on

COVID-19 Assistance to discuss the coordination of epidemic prevention assistance to Pacific

island countries. Taiwan held the virtual GCTF workshop on COVID-19: Preparing for the

Second Wave with the U.S.A., Japan and Australia on June 24. A training activity with the

theme of Building Resilience and Accelerating the SDGs through Technology was conducted

on September 29, 2021, under the GCTF framework. To help diplomatic allies combat the

pandemic, the public health programs of Taiwan and the allies were utilized to strengthen their

ability to respond to the pandemic. In May 2020, pandemic prevention experts were

dispatched to Eswatini and other allies to fight COVID-19, support and provide local medical

personnel with knowledge about critical care, enhance the circulation design of hospitals, and

develop standard operating procedures for critical care. At the same time, Taiwan also

provided pandemic prevention-related counselling services for Pacific countries and

exchanged relevant information with these countries through the Taiwan Medical Program

(TMP). In addition, Taiwan International Health Action (TaiwanIHA) continued to organize

international medical collaboration and emergency medical aid programs in accordance with

diplomatic policies. In 2021, TaiwanIHA works together with Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines to implement the Consultancy Project for Disaster Management and Medical

Capacity Building in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

154. Taiwan has been an active participant in international collaborative campaigns for foreign aid

and has entered bilateral agreements, memorandums, and cooperation frameworks on

agricultural cooperation with many countries to promote various international agricultural

cooperation efforts through bilateral agricultural meetings and consultations. The TaiwanICDF,

for instance, offers assistance on developing the agriculture, fisheries, and animal husbandry

industries through technical cooperation and related training.

155. Taiwan organized A Civil Society Dialogue on Securing Religious Freedom in the Indo-Pacific

Region in March 2019, attended by 80 religious figures and representatives of human rights

groups from more than 10 countries in the Indo-Pacific region. Sam Brownback, United States

Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom, also came to Taiwan to attend the

event. In addition to selecting Taiwan’s first Ambassador at Large for International Religious

Freedom, Taiwan donated to the International Religious Freedom Fund of the United States

Department of State from 2020 to 2024.

156. Tibetans in exile mostly reside in countries such as India, Nepal, and Bhutan. Tibetan

communities often lack medical, sanitary, and educational resources. The government worked

with domestic NGOs in the implementation of humanitarian aid programs for Tibetan

communities overseas including training local medical and nursing personnel, and providing

volunteer clinic services, health education, information technology education, and disaster

prevention training. From 2001 to 2020, 98,973 overseas Tibetans benefited, and 1,078

Tibetan medical personnel received training. In addition, the Tibet Assistance Volunteers

Training Camp is organized each year and had trained 2,096 people as of 2020. It trains

professionals in providing aid to Mongolian and Tibetan communities and connects with

international humanitarian aid trends.

157. The Ministry of Economic Affairs has conducted the Industrial Technical Instructor Training

Program since 2004. From 2016 to 2020, a total of 73 instructors from 12 countries around the

world received training under the program. A range of courses have been provided under the

program, including on computer-aided machinery manufacturing, optoelectronics and

machinery industry automation technologies, smart machinery, and solar power/green energy.

F. Reporting Procedures at the National Level

158. Although the United Nations did not accept the instrument of ratification from ROC for the

CRC, the Executive Yuan Task Force for Promoting the Welfare and Rights of Child and Youth

compiled and released the initial and second reports under the CRC in 2016 and 2021 in

accordance with United Nations guidelines on the form and content of reports to be submitted

by state parties to international human rights conventions. The Executive Yuan will release the

third national reports on the two covenants in 2020. The Ministry of Health and Welfare is an

advisory agency of the Executive Yuan Task Force for Promoting the Welfare and Rights of

Child and Youth. It is responsible for acquainting government officials with the format needed

for the national child rights reports and instructing these agencies to provide drafts. The

agencies are required to actively provide child rights deficiency reports and rectification plans.

159. Taiwan has established mechanisms for drafting the national reports and all central government

agencies are required to take part in the drafting process. Statistical data and implementation

status at the national level also include data from local governments. Taiwan also held related

domestic review meetings and invited civil society groups, scholars, and experts outside the

government to participate. They conducted debates on the report draft and provided

recommendations to ensure the adequacy of the contents. In addition, as the United Nations

cannot review Taiwan’s reports, we designed a review system similar to the United Nations’

review mechanisms and invited international human rights experts to visit Taiwan every four

years starting in 2013 to review the reports and publish Concluding Observations and

Recommendations. The compilation of guidelines on the form and content of reports to be

submitted by States Parties to the international human rights treaties, general comments

released by treaty bodies, other international documents on human rights, and Taiwan’s past

national reports and their Concluding Observations and Recommendations have been

published on the human rights section of the Ministry of Justice website for reference by all.

160. Related operating procedures for the drafting of the national reports on core human rights

covenants and organization of international review meetings are provided in Figure 4 and

related task assignment is provided in Figure 5.

161. In response to the Concluding Observations and Recommendations submitted by international

child rights experts after their review of the initial national report on the CRC, the Ministry of

Health and Welfare has established the Plans for the Implementation, Management, and

Evaluation of the Concluding Observations and Recommendations from the International

Review Meeting for the Initial National Reports on the CRC. The competent authorities

related to the Concluding Observations and Recommendations are required to propose specific

action plans and child rights indicators, and estimated schedules for the completion of child

rights indicators, and implement follow up management and evaluation. Throughout this

process, the competent authorities are required to invite related civil society groups,

representatives of children and youth, and academics and experts to take part in the review.

The plans, measures, and child rights indicators proposed by the competent authorities must be

fully communicated in order to improve the child rights deficiencies described in the

Concluding Observations and Recommendations. Eighteen of the review meetings were

organized with the participation of civil society groups. The competent authorities discuss the

opinions collected in the review mechanisms with civil society groups’ participation and

amend related plans, measures, and child rights indicators before reporting to members of the

Executive Yuan Task Child and Youth Welfare and Rights Promotion Group for review. The

members review whether the competent authorities have revised the response form in

accordance with resolutions of the aforementioned civil review meetings and the status of the

adoption of opinions proposed by civil society groups, so as to ensure that the competent

authorities have implemented follow-up items in accordance with the resolutions of the review

meetings and effectively make use of the civil society groups’ participation in review meetings.

162. To establish a mechanism for government agencies and civil society groups to communicate

and exchange opinions on the second national report under the CRC, eight sessions were

organized to collect opinions from civil society representatives in February and March 2021.

Hosted by the members of the Executive Yuan’s Child and Youth Welfare and Rights

Promotion Group, these sessions collected opinions from a wide range of children and youth,

as well as civil society groups. As a follow-up, the collection of written opinions from both

children and youth and civil society groups continued from May to June 2021. Four meeting

sessions on the final draft of the second national report under the CRC were held in September

and October in 2021 to ensure that the content of the report was comprehensive and relevant.

III. Information on Nondiscrimination, Equality, and Effective Relief Measures

G. Nondiscrimination and Equality

Inequality Caused by Economic and Social Conditions

163. Women’s rights: Taiwan adopted the Enforcement Act of Convention on the Elimination of All

Forms of Discrimination against Women and incorporated the Convention into domestic law

to eliminate discrimination against women, protect gender-based human rights, and promote

gender equity. This was aimed at upholding the United Nations Convention on the Elimination

of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of 1979.

164. Children’s rights: The Implementation Act of the CRC was enacted and incorporated into

domestic law to ensure that children enjoy special care and assistance as well as to facilitate

the full and harmonious development of their character and ability to live independently in

society. This was part of an effort by Taiwan to uphold the CRC of 1989.

165. Rights of people with disabilities: Taiwan enacted the Act to Implement the Convention on the

Rights of Persons with Disabilities and incorporated the Convention into domestic law to

protect the rights of people with disabilities, ensure equal participation opportunities, and

eliminate discrimination and inappropriate treatment in all aspects of life. This act was part of

an effort to uphold the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 2006.

166. Rights of senior citizens: To implement the United Nations’ Principles for Older Persons of

1991 aimed at ensuring the independence, participation, care, self-fulfillment, and dignity of

senior citizens, the government established the National Pension Insurance program to protect

individuals without employment insurance and provide basic economic security for the elderly

as well as an allowance for low- and lower-middle-income senior citizens. In accordance with

the Senior Citizens Welfare Act, the elderly receive a 50% discount when taking domestic

state-run or private marine, land, and air public transportation; accessing recreational places;

and visiting cultural and educational facilities. Community service stations have also been set

up and other resources made available to senior citizens through public-private sector

collaboration.

167. The government works with civil groups to set up Community Care Stations to put into

practice the concepts of aging in place and preventive care services for communities. As of

2020, it had created 4,305 stations across the country, which provided home visits to more

than 110,000 people, telephone greetings to more than 130,000 people, meal services to more

than 220,000 people and health improvement activities were held more than 90,000 sessions.

In addition, the stations also strengthened care services for seniors living alone. As of 2020,

2,366,078 people had received telephone greetings; 1,815,335 people had been visited at home;

21,432 people had been escorted on medical care visits; and 4,209,352 meal services had been

provided.

168. Workers’ rights: To implement the International Labor Organization Discrimination

(Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111), Taiwan enacted the

Employment Service Act, which prohibits employment discrimination based on 16 specific

attributes, such as age, place of birth, gender, and sexual orientation. Horoscope and blood

type were added in 2018 so that all workers are accorded the right to equality in employment.

169. Immigration service personnel contribute to the effort to assist immigrants by visiting outlying

townships to provide related information, help submit applications, or refer them to new

immigrant family service centers. This helps minimize the urban and rural differences in

access to services and resources. Taiwan also promotes convenient mobile services that allow

new immigrants to enjoy a more convenient life, receive employment information, and attend

special family education forums as well as informative events focusing on health, welfare, and

licensing laws and regulations. These measures help ensure that immigrants avail themselves

of due benefits and services.

170. To improve the health of all citizens, the National Health Insurance system was established to

provide insured people suffering from diseases, injuries, or birth-related impairments with

insurance benefits. The health insurance premium is determined based on the ability-to-pay

principle and the financial capacity of an insured person and shared by the government,

employer, and the insured. Certain disadvantaged people—including children under the age of

3, low-income households, low-to-middle income households, people over 70 years of age

with low-to-middle incomes, people with disabilities, unemployed indigenous people below

20 and over 55 years of age, unemployed workers and their dependents (only during the

period in which they receive unemployment compensation or living allowance for vocational

training)—can be granted government subsidies for their premium in whole or in part. Other

people not meeting these qualifications but unable to pay their health insurance premium due

to temporary financial difficulties are able to access relief measures such as charity donation

referrals, no-interest relief loans, and payment installment plans. Such measures ensure that all

citizens, including those from low-income marginalized groups, are able to exercise their right

to access medical services.

171. Taiwan enacted the Housing Act and relevant regulations and measures to protect citizens’

housing rights, improve the residential market, enhance living standards, and allow all citizens

to live in appropriate housing and enjoy a dignified living environment.

172. In order to prevent defendants in detention from being discriminated against due to their

detainee status, the government has added a new article to the Detention Act to safeguard

defendants’ rights. In addition, to enhance the protection of refugees, asylum seekers and their

families, the government is working on a draft refugee bill. Antidiscrimination amendments

with regard to family and succession in the Civil Code have been introduced to protect equal

rights and prohibit all forms of discriminatory acts.

Protection of the Rights of Various Disadvantaged Groups

173. To protect adults should they lose their capacity for judgment, the government has

implemented a longstanding system for legal adult guardianship and declaration of

assistantship. Taiwan added the guardianship by agreement system to the Civil Code in 2019

to allow an individual to designate his/her future guardian when he/she is still capable of

expressing his/her intent, rather than have the court select one should the need arise. This

measure, based on the principle of voluntary choice, upholds human dignity and helps promote

the interests of the individual.

174. Rights of crime victims: The government restructured the protection plans for victims of

crimes and actively provides protection and litigation information, prompt assistance, support

services, and personal safety and privacy in accordance with the needs of the victims;

empowers victims in trials; protects their rights to claim compensation and file civil suits;

provides special protection or measures for specific cases; promotes restorative justice and

strengthens the professional competencies of related practitioners; enhances victimization

prevention; and improves policies for protecting victims of crimes.

175. Rights of rehabilitated offenders: After-care Associations provide protective services including

counseling on entering shelters, skills training, guidance on employment, education and

medical care, accommodation, emergency assistance, visitation and care, subsidies for travel

expenses, escort service to home or other locations, and small business start-up loans. In 2010,

the government began to implement supportive services and family aid programs for families

of the rehabilitated, thus extending protective services to the family and providing greater

support to help rehabilitated offenders be accepted once again into their own homes.

176. The Primary and Junior High School Act and the Compulsory Education Act protect the right

of each individual to compulsory education. To ensure the equal right to education, the

government is expected to establish primary and junior high schools. The establishment of

private schools is also encouraged. For public primary and junior high schools, the principles

for determining school district boundaries and the regulations governing school placement and

admission must be determined by municipal and county (city) governments; most students are

not required to take an exam for admission under the Senior High School Education Act and

tuition is waived under certain criteria. Universities have introduced diverse admission

channels as well as admission by recommendation to eliminate the urban and rural divide in

access to education resources. Disadvantaged applicants are entitled to extra points or

prioritized acceptance under the admission by recommendation program, in which the number

of participating institutions increased to 65 in 110 academic year. The government also

encourages universities to recruit disadvantaged students through special recruitment channels.

In the 110 academic year, 1,453 openings were provided in 513 departments in 54 schools.

The government requires schools to include students from different educational backgrounds

(including overseas Taiwanese students, children of new immigrants, economically

disadvantaged students, local students, and students from experimental education programs)

and guides schools in the establishment of comprehensive learning assistance mechanisms for

disadvantaged students. To lower the impact of the diverse admission policy on disadvantaged

students, the government reduced or waived registration fees for various exams for students

from low- and lower-middle-income households. In addition, written review of personal

applications has been made electronic to reduce their economic burden. The government

enacted the Special Education Act and Education Act for Indigenous Peoples to provide more

extensive protection of the education rights of various disadvantaged groups. Moreover, in

order to strengthen the concept of equality between men and women, the Gender Equity

Education Act expressly prohibits any discriminatory conduct against either gender and

protects women’s right to education.

177. In order to ensure the right to education of students with disabilities, Article 22 of the Special

Education Act stipulates that schools at all levels shall not deny admission to a student on the

basis of a disability. Taiwan implements a 12-year program of basic education, which includes

compulsory education in elementary and junior high school. In addition to exam-free

admission and specialty enrollment being available to all students, the government also

provides adaptive counseling-based placement for senior high school and vocational high

school students with disabilities who want to undertake tertiary studies. To protect and

increase the access of students with disabilities to higher education, such students may sit for

an annual admission exam held by the MOE exclusively for students with disabilities. The

ministry also provides benefits for higher education institutions that organize exclusive

admission exams for such students. The Regulations Governing Grievance Services for

Special Education Students were implemented to provide remedies for students with

disabilities who have been subject to inappropriate treatment (such as discrimination). Each

school is required to appoint at least two additional members—who may be scholars, experts,

representatives of parent organizations, or professionals working in a special education related

area—to its existing Student Grievance Evaluation Committee. (The same grievance handling

mechanisms apply to all students but special members are appointed for special education

students.). Refer to Session B of Chapter 7 of the second state report on the CRC.

Other Specific Measures for Attaining Equality

178. The Directorate-General of Personnel Administration, Executive Yuan, provides monthly statistics

regarding the gender distribution of political appointees under the Executive Yuan, to serve as

reference in the recruitment of new officials when vacancies become available. The proportion

of female heads of government agencies from 2016 to 2020 was 11.90%, 14.29%, 16.67%,

12.20% and 7.32%. In addition, when vacancies at the Executive Yuan or its subordinate

agencies are available, it is desirable to provide the respective statistics on gender breakdown,

so that the heads of agencies may consult this information in their recruitment efforts.

179. Article 129 and Article 130 of the Constitution state that elections shall be carried out by

universal, equal, and direct suffrage and by secret ballot, and any citizen who has attained the

age of 20 shall have the right of election in accordance with the law. The Presidential and Vice

Presidential Election and Recall Act and the Civil Servants Election and Recall Act stipulate

that the above age requirement applies as well, except in cases where the declaration of

guardianship has not been revoked. Therefore, the right of election is not restricted in any way

by financial, gender or educational criteria. Each person is entitled to one vote and all votes

are equal. In addition, Article 15 of the Constitution states that “the right to live, the right to

work, and the right to own property shall be guaranteed to the people.” Article 152 requires

that “the State shall provide suitable opportunities for work to those persons who have the

ability to work.” Article 4 of the Employment Service Act stipulates that “every national with

working capability is equal in terms of the access to employment services,” and Article 5,

Paragraph 1 of the same Act states that discrimination against any job applicant or employee

on the basis of gender is prohibited. The Act of Gender Equality in Employment covers the

prohibition of gender-based discrimination, prevention and correction of sexual harassment,

and measures for promoting equality in employment, thereby providing a set of

comprehensive guarantees to protect gender equality in the workplace.

180. Measures have been taken to protect the voter privacy of the relatively small numbers of

indigenous electors in urban areas, in order to prevent their political choice from being

exposed and the principle of secret ballot from being violated. Article 57 of the Civil Servants

Election and Recall Act states that in an election of indigenous civil servants, the election

commission may, depending on the actual circumstances, make adjustments for indigenous

electors in urban areas to cast their ballot in a centralized polling station in order to safeguard

their rights.

181. To improve amenities in second- and third-tier cities and rural areas, the government

implemented an NTD 8.38 billion urban construction project from 2017 to 2021 designed to

improve overall cityscapes and create 21 new spots to visit in urban and rural areas. To

promote the balanced development of urban and rural areas as a further response to this

Executive Yuan regional revitalization program, a townscape and revitalization environmental

building project was also launched in 2021 to create a revitalizing environment that supports

the development of local micro-sized businesses in urban and rural areas and encourages

young people to return home.

182. The Ministry of Science and Technology launched the Science Education Research Project for

Indigenous Students in 2009. This program integrates indigenous cultures into the teaching of

science subjects, and has developed school curriculums based on indigenous cultures as well

as cultivated math and science teachers for indigenous communities. Between 2012 and 2018,

a total of 788 teachers and 1,027 indigenous students from 344 elementary and junior high

schools for indigenous peoples competed for the Science Education Award organized by the

Council of Indigenous Peoples.

Various Educational Programs Advanced by the Government and Associated Promotional Ac-

tivities

183. Since 2008, the government has organized a series of activities each year around the time of

the UN-designated International Immigrant Day (December 18) to help citizens gain a deeper

understanding of the value of cultural diversity. Coverage of these activities in Chinese and

English media have strengthened respect for cultural diversity.

184. Individual educational plans are designed and incorporated into group projects for students

with disabilities at and below the senior high school level. Parents and guardians of students

with disabilities are invited to participate in the formulation of these plans, and may invite

relevant individuals to accompany them to these sessions when necessary. Flexibility is

essential in developing special education curriculum, teaching materials, teaching approaches

and evaluation methods, taking into consideration the physical and mental characteristics as

well as the needs of special education students. See also Paragraphs 191 to 197 of the second

national report on the CRC.

185. Seminars on gender equality in employment and sexual harassment prevention are organized

each year. They are supplemented by media coverage and websites dedicated to gender

equality in employment. The purpose is to promote understanding of the provisions of the Act

of Gender Equality in Employment by the general public. Furthermore, related items are

included in the scope of labor inspection, as required by this Act, to urge businesses to comply

with the relevant provisions.

186. The government uses diverse channels to provide people with legal information regarding

marriage, parent-child relationships, and inheritance as stipulated in the parts of the Civil Code

on family and succession. The information is disseminated in collaboration with radio stations

as well as through animation productions (that can be accessed on the Ministry of Justice

website and YouTube). The government also published three comics—on children’s family

name, matrimonial property regime, and inheritance of property—which were delivered to

government agencies for distribution. In addition, it produced promotional posters on relevant

regulations on family, succession, and gender equality for placement in commuter trains

operated by the Taiwan Railways Administration.

187. The government shares the experiences and life stories of rehabilitated offenders with the

public through various activities, promotional materials, volunteer participation, and media

coverage to increase people’s understanding of their plight and associated rights in order to

reduce discrimination and prejudice against them.

188. Each year, the Golden Eagle Award is presented to 10 recipients selected through a three-stage

review procedure from among outstanding individuals with disabilities who are recommended

from all walks of life nationwide. They promote the general public’s understanding and

acceptance of individuals with disabilities, thereby enhancing social harmony.

189. To effectively protect the rights of veterans to education, employment, medical services,

nursing, and care, the government promotes related education plans and promotional activities

each year through a diverse range of media. From 2016 to 2020, a total of 140 seminars on

veterans’ education and employment were held for 9,351 participants. Employment improved,

as a total of 40,449 veterans found jobs through the employment assistance program, with the

figure for 2020 showing an increase of 4,775 (86%) compared to 2016.

190. The Ministry of Education organizes related workshops and training programs to help

familiarize educators with the essence and content of the Gender Equity Education Act as well

as applicable laws, human rights education issues, and gender equity education. Subsidies

have been provided since 2016 for local governments to form gender equity education

resource centers and for schools to organize in-service education programs, seminars, and

workshops for members of gender equity committees.

Table 30 UN Human Rights Conventions and Covenants Ratified, Adopted, or Incorporated

into Domestic Legislation in Taiwan

Involvement of Taiwan: Date of

Date and Deposition Schedule and outcome of

Effective Ratification

No. Convention location of ratification / internalization as part of

date Signature / acceptance

establishment acceptance / domestic law

/ accession

accession

The ICERD took effect in

Taiwan as a part of

domestic legislation on

January 9, 1971. It was not

International incorporated into an

Convention on implementation act as was

the case with other

the Elimination

1965/12/21 covenants and conventions.

1 of All Forms of 1969/01/04 1966/03/31 1970/11/14 1970/12/10

New York A draft of an

Racial

Discrimination implementation plan for the

International Convention on

(ICERD)

the Elimination of All

Forms of Racial

Discrimination was

submitted to the Executive

Yuan for approval in 2019.

The covenant and its

enforcement act were

reviewed and approved by

the Legislative Yuan on

March 31, 2009. The

International

enforcement act was

Covenant on 1966/12/19

2 1976/03/23 1967/10/5 2009/5/14 promulgated by the

Civil and New York

president on April 22, and

Political Rights

the covenant was ratified by

the president on May 14,

with the enforcement act

taking effect on December

10 of the same year.

First Optional

Protocol on the

International

Covenant on 1966/12/16

2-1 Civil and 1976/03/23 1967/10/5

New York

Political Rights

(individual

complaints)

The covenant and its

enforcement act were

reviewed and approved by

the Legislative Yuan on

International March 31, 2009. The

Covenant on enforcement act was

1966/12/19

3 Economic, 1976/01/03 1967/10/5 2009/5/14 promulgated by the

New York

Social and president on April 22, and

Cultural Rights the covenant was ratified by

the president on May 14,

with the enforcement act

taking effect on December

10 of the same year.

Involvement of Taiwan: Date of

Date and Deposition Schedule and outcome of

Effective Ratification

No. Convention location of ratification / internalization as part of

date Signature / acceptance

establishment acceptance / domestic law

/ accession

accession

The convention was

reviewed and approved by

the Legislative Yuan on

January 5, 2007, and the

letter of accession to the

convention was signed by

Convention on

the president on February 9

the Elimination

1979/12/18 of the same year. The

4 of All Forms of 1981/09/03 2007/02/09

New York enforcement act of the

Discrimination

convention was passed at

against Women

the third reading by the

Legislative Yuan on May

20, 2011, promulgated on

June 8 of the same year, and

enforced on January 1 of

the following year.

Convention

Against Torture

and Other Cruel,

1984/12/10

5 Inhuman or 1987/6/26

New York

Degrading

Treatment or

Punishment

Refer to Note 57 of the

Optional third national report on the

Protocol on the ICCPR.

Convention

against Torture

2002/12/18

5-1 and Other Cruel, 2006/06/22

New York

Inhuman or

Degrading

Treatment or

Punishment

The enforcement act of the

convention was passed at

the third reading by the

Convention on

1989/11/20 Legislative Yuan on May

6 the Rights of the 1990/09/02 2016/05/16

New York 20, 2014, promulgated on

Child

June 4, and enforced on

November 20 of the same

year.

International Refer to Notes 3 and 4 of

Convention on the Response to the

the Protection of Concluding Observations

1990/12/18

7 the Rights of All 2003/07/01 and Recommendations by

New York

Migrant Workers international experts on the

and Members of second national reports on

Their Families the two covenants.

Refer to Note 5 of the

International

Response to the Concluding

Convention for

Observations and

the Protection of 2006/12/20

8 2010/12/23 Recommendations by

All Persons from Paris

international experts on the

Enforced

initial national reports on

Disappearance

the two covenants.

Involvement of Taiwan: Date of

Date and Deposition Schedule and outcome of

Effective Ratification

No. Convention location of ratification / internalization as part of

date Signature / acceptance

establishment acceptance / domestic law

/ accession

accession

The enforcement act of the

convention was passed at

Convention on the third reading by the

the Rights of 2006/12/13 Legislative Yuan on August

9 2008/05/30 2016/05/16

Persons with New York 1, 2014, promulgated on

Disabilities August 20, and enforced on

December 3 of the same

year.

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Table 31 Other UN-related International Human Rights Conventions Ratified, Adopted, or

Incorporated into Domestic Legislation in Taiwan

Schedule and

outcome of

No. Other relevant United Nations human rights convention Signed Ratified

internalization as

part of domestic law

1 December 7, 1953, amended Slavery Convention by protocol 1953/12/07 1955/12/14

Slavery, Servitude, Forced Labor and Similar Institutions and

2 1957/05/23 1959/05/28

Practices Convention

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Table 32 International Labor Organization Conventions Signed, Ratified, or Acceded to by Taiwan

International Labor Organization Convention Signed Ratified Acceded

Convention Fixing the Minimum Age for Admission of Children to Signing not

1936/10/10

Employment at Sea (No. 7) required

Convention Concerning Seamen’s Articles of Agreement (No. 22) 1936/10/10 1936/12/02

Convention Concerning the Repatriation of Seamen (No. 26) 1936/10/10 1936/12/02

Convention Concerning the Minimum Requirement of Professional Signing not

1964/08/25

Capacity for Masters and Officers on Board Merchant Ships (No. 53) required

Convention Fixing the Minimum Age for the Admission of Children to Signing not

1964/10/08

Employment at Sea (Amended) (No. 58) required

1940/02/21

International

Convention Fixing the Minimum Age for Admission of Children to Labor

Organization 1940/02/21

Industrial Employment (No. 59)

registered

the ROC’s

ratification

Signing not

Convention Concerning the Medical Examination of Seafarers (No. 73) 1964/08/25

required

Convention Concerning Labor Inspection in Industry and Commerce, 1947 Signing not

1961/09/26 1962/02/13

(No. 81) required

Convention Concerning Crew Accommodation on Board Ship (Amended) Signing not

1970/12/23 1971/02/03

(No. 92) required

Signing not

Wage Protection Convention (No. 95) 1962/10/22 1962/11/16

required

Convention Concerning the Application of the Principles of the Right to Signing not

1962/09/10 1962/10/11

Organize and to Bargain Collectively, 1949 (No. 98) required

Signing not

Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100) 1958/03/01 1958/05/01

required

Signing not

Convention Concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour, 1957 (No. 105) 1959/01/23

required

Convention Concerning the Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Signing not

1962/09/10 1962/10/11

Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries (No. 107) required

Convention Concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Signing not

1961/08/31

Occupation, 1958 (No. 111) required

Convention Concerning the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment Signing not

1961/08/31

as Fishermen (No. 112) required

Signing not

Convention Concerning the Medical Examination of Fishermen (No. 113) 1961/08/31

required

Signing not

Convention Concerning Fishermen’s Articles of Agreement (No. 114) 1961/08/31

required

Final Articles Revision Convention, 1961 (No. 116) 1962/01/22 1962/11/16

Signing not

Convention Concerning Basic Aims and Standards of Social Policy (No. 117) 1964/10/08

required

Convention Concerning Equality of Treatment of Nationals and Non- Signing not

1964/10/08

Nationals in Social Security (No. 118) required

Convention Concerning the Maximum Permissible Weight to Be Carried Signing not

1969/12/23 1970/02/02

by One Worker (No. 127) required

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Table 33 Relevant UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Conventions

Signed, Ratified, or Acceded to by Taiwan

Relevant UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural

Signed Ratified Acceded

Organization convention

Convention against Discrimination in Education Signing not required 1964/11/16 1965/02/12

Sources: 1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs

2. Research commissioned by the MOJ: International Convention Adoption Research Report, October 29,

2009.

Table 34 Hague Conference on Private International Law Conventions Signed, Ratified, or

Acceded to by Taiwan

Hague Conference on Private International Law convention Signed Ratified Acceded

Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance

1956/12/04 1957/05/16 1957/06/25

(final act of UN Conference on Maintenance Obligations)

Final Act of the United Nations Conference on Maintenance

1957/05/16 1957/06/25

Obligations/Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance

1957 Convention on the Nationality of Married Women 1957/02/20 1958/08/12 1958/09/22

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Draft national

reports Finalize national reports

Translate the national

Establish work teams reports into English

Press conference on the

publication of the national

Relevant agencies assign reports

dedicated contacts

International Review

Meetings

Confirm division of work

for individual sections

Set up the Organize the Establish the

International International International

Organize training Review Review Review

workshops or seminars for Committee Guidance Team Secretariat

agencies responsible for

drafting

Confirm the list of

members to be invited

Draft the content assigned

in the national reports Conduct

Issue invitations to international

members review

Submit draft to the

organizer

Civil society groups Members draft the

Mail the national

send parallel reports Concluding

reports to members

to members Observations and

Editing Recommendations

Members submit a list of Members hold press

questions conference on the

Concluding Observations

First draft Review Final draft and Recommendations

Government responds to

the list of questions

Consult Establish mechanisms for

Preliminary Proceed with the implementation and

opinions of

review by confirmation Civil society groups submit management of the

the private Concluding Observations

the organizer procedures parallel responses to the

sector and Recommendations

list of questions

Source: Ministry of Justice

Figure 4 Operating Flowchart for the Drafting of the National Reports on Core Human

Rights Covenants and Organization of International Review Meetings

National human rights International review

reports meetings

Organizer Organizer

Work teams for the International International International

drafting of the national Review Review Review

reports Committee Guidance Secretariat

Team

Source: Ministry of Justice

Figure 5 Task Assignment for the Drafting of the National Reports on Core Human

Rights Covenants and Organization of International Review Meetings

來源 PDF: 34_20220426151427_9307524.pdf

Contents

Abbreviations ································································································································1

INTRODUCTION ·························································································································2

Chapter I GENERAL MEASURES OF IMPLEMENTATION ············································3

A. Reservation and Declaration ·································································································3

B. Harmonizing National Laws and Policy with the Provisions of the Convention ··················3

C. National Action Plan ··············································································································6

D. Child and Youth Policy Coordination Mechanisms ······························································6

E. Statistics on Resource Allocation and Implementation ·························································6

F. International Cooperation ·······································································································7

G. National Human Rights Institution························································································7

H. Dissemination and Awareness Enhancement ······································································10

I. Child and Youth Rights and Enterprises ···············································································10

Chapter II DEFINITION OF THE CHILD ··········································································12

Chapter III GENERAL PRINCIPLES ··················································································13

A. Non-Discrimination Principle ·····························································································13

Not Yet Final ized

B. Best Interests of the Child ···································································································16

C. The Right to Life, Survival and Development ····································································16

D. Respect for the Views of the Child ······················································································19

Chapter IV CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS ··································································23

A. Name and Nationality ··········································································································23

B. Preservation of Identity ·······································································································23

C. Freedom of Expression ········································································································23

D. Access to Appropriate Information······················································································23

E. Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion ·································································24

F. Freedom of Association and Peaceful Assembly ·································································24

G. Protection of Privacy ···········································································································25

Chapter V PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM VIOLENCE ·····································26

A. Abuse and Neglect ···············································································································26

B. Measures for the Elimination of All Forms of Adverse Customs········································29

C. Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse ················································································29

D. The Right Not to Be Subjected to Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading

Treatment or Punishment·····································································································31

E. Physical and Psychological Recovery and Social Reintegration ·········································34

Chapter VI FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND ALTERNATIVE CARE ·····························36

A. Respecting Parental Guidance and the Progressive Development of Children and Youth ····36

B. Parental Responsibilities······································································································36

C. The Right Not to Be Separated from Parents ······································································37

D. Family Reunification ···········································································································38

E. Recovery of Maintenance for the Child ···············································································38

F. Children Deprived of a Family Environment ·······································································39

G. Periodic Review of Placement ····························································································40

H. Adoption ······························································································································41

I. Illicit Transfer and Nonreturn of Children and Youth ···························································42

J. Protection of Children with Fathers / Mothers in Prison or Living with Mothers in Prison ···43

Chapter VII DISABILITY, BASIC HEALTH, AND WELFARE ·······································44

A. Survival and Development ··································································································44

B. Disabled Children and Youth ·······························································································44

C. Health and Health Services··································································································48

D. Social Security and Child Care Services and Facilities ······················································55

E. Standard of Living ···············································································································56

Chapter VIII EDUCATION, LEISURE AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES ························58

A. Education and Vocational Training ·····················································································58

B. Aims of Education ···············································································································64

C. Cultural Rights of Indigenous and Minority Children and Youth ·······································65

D. Leisure, Recreation, and Cultural Activities ·······································································67

Chapter IX SPECIAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES ···························································70

A. Children in Emergency Situations / (a) Refugee Children ··················································70

A. Children and Youth in Emergency Situations / (b) Children in Armed Conflict·················70

A. Children and Youth in Emergency Situations / (c) Street Children·····································70

B. Children Belonging to Minorities or Indigenous Groups ····················································71

C. Children and Youth in Situations of Exploitation / (a) Economic Exploitation

(Including Child Labor)·······································································································72

C. Children and Youth in Situations of Exploitation / (b) Drug Abuse ····································73

C. Children and Youth in Situations of Exploitation / (c) Prevention of Sexual Exploitation

and Sexual Abuse ················································································································75

C. Children and Youth in Situations of Exploitation / (d) Sale, Trafficking, and Abduction ···76

C. Children and Youth in Situations of Exploitation / (e) Other Forms of Exploitation ··········76

D. Children in Conflict with the Law / (a) The Administration of Juvenile Justice ················76

D. Children in Conflict with the Law / (b) Children Deprived of Their Liberty (Including

All Forms of Detention, Imprisonment, or Placement in Custodial Settings)·····················80

D. Children in Conflict with the Law / (c) The Prohibition on Sentencing Juveniles to

Capital Punishment and Life Imprisonment ········································································81

D. Children in Conflict with the Law / (d) Training of Juvenile Justice Professionals ···········81

Chapter X FOLLOW-UP ACTIONS ON OPTIONAL PROTOCOLS ······························82

A. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of

Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography ·························································82

B. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement

of Children in Armed Conflict·····························································································82

Comparison Table for the Concluding Observations on the Initial Report of the Republic of

China (Taiwan) on the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and

the Second Report ·························································································································83

Not Yet Final ized

III

Abbreviations

Implementation Act of the Convention on the Rights of the

Implementation Act of the CRC

Child

CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child

Executive Yuan’s Children and Youth Welfare and Rights

Child Rights Group

Promotion Group

educare services education and care services

iWIN Institute of Watch Internet Network

COVID-19 Coronavirus disease

2019 Curriculum Guidelines 12-Year National Basic Education Curriculum Guidelines

CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

ARC Alien resident certificate

NIA National Immigration Agency

Not Yet Final ized

IEPs Individualized education plans

BNT BioNTech

HBIG Human hepatitis B immunoglobulin

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus

AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

IDS Integrated delivery system

IPCA International Parental Child Abduction

CNS National Standards of the Republic of China

WHO World Health Organization

SIM Subscriber identity module

IRB Institutional review board

ICF Informed consent form

ICT Information and communication technology

IT Information technology

GDP Gross domestic product

INTRODUCTION

1. The Implementation Act of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter the

Implementation Act of the CRC) was promulgated in 2014. Taiwan published its initial

national report in 2016. The government submitted this (second) National Report in 2021 to

describe the implementation of the measures for the Convention on the Rights of the Child

(hereinafter “the CRC”) and its progress from 2016 to 2020.

2. During the compilation of this National Report, 13 meetings were held to collect opinions

from the private sector and to review the final version of the report. The government held

wide-ranging consultations with civil groups, as well as children and youth, and the final

version of the report was approved by the Executive Yuan’s Child and Youth Welfare and

Rights Promotion Group (hereinafter the “Child Rights Group”).

3. This National Report is compiled in accordance with the Compilation of Guidelines on the

Form and Content of Reports to be Submitted by States Parties to the International Human

Rights Treaties and the Treaty-specific Guidelines Regarding the Form and Content of

Periodic Reports to be Submitted by States Parties under Article 44, Paragraph 1 (b), of the

Convention on the Rights of the Child. It contains follow-ups to the concluding observations of

the initial national report without incorporating the policies and measures that were

implemented up to the issuance of the initial national report.

Chapter I GENERAL MEASURES OF IMPLEMENTATION

A. Reservation and Declaration

Concluding Observation 10 / Acceptance of Optional Protocol (4)

4. Taiwan has not joined the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on

the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on

the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.

However, laws and regulations related to military service and child and youth sexual

exploitation prevention 1 have been passed or amended to align with the spirit of the

aforementioned protocols. See Chapter 5, Section C and Chapter 9, Section A (b) and Section

C (d), for relevant information.

B. Harmonizing National Laws and Policy with the Provisions of the Convention

5. To make sure that domestic laws comply with the CRC, all laws, regulations, and directions

have been reviewed, and those that were not compliant with the CRC have been addressed on a

case-by-case basis. See Attachment 1-1.

Concluding Observation 8 / Child and Youth Rights Impact Assessment (6)

6. A two-stage child and youth rights impact assessment mechanism and its indicators have been

Not Yet Final ized

created,2 while 11 government ministries and agencies have been assigned to carry out related

pilot plans concerning 19 laws from 2021 to 2024.

Concluding Observation 9 / Law Amendment to Specify the Prior Application of the CRC (7)

7. A consensus has not yet been reached on whether Article 9 of the Implementation Act of the

CRC should be amended to specify that, in the event of any conflict between domestic laws

and the CRC, the latter shall prevail. This is because doing so touches upon regulations

concerning the consistent applicability of international conventions over the hierarchy of laws

in Taiwan. Domestic laws and regulations have been reviewed and ensured to be compliant

with the CRC, and assessments on the impact of laws on the rights of children and youth rights

have been undertaken. As such, the CRC is applied in practice.

1 Military service regulations: Recruitment guides of military schools and colleges and national defense education

curricula; regulations on prevention of sexual exploitation of children and youth including the Child and Youth

Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act and Human Trafficking Prevention Act.

2 During the drafting or amendment of laws and regulations, the competent authority with purview over the bill and

experts on the rights of children and youth jointly conduct an initial impact assessment. Public hearings, surveys,

and investigations are carried out to supplement or correct any insufficiencies in the collection of information,

inadequate participation of children and youth in the drafting of laws and regulations, concerns about the adverse

effects of the bill on rights and interests of children and youth, or other insufficient supporting measures.

Laws and Regulations Pertaining to the Welfare, Rights, and Protection of Children and Youth

8. The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act and its derived regulations3

amended in 2021 specify that railway trains shall be equipped with priority seats for pregnant

women and children and that children’s minibuses older than 10 years may not be used. See

Paragraphs 68, 108, and 110 for the reinforcement of child and youth protection, and

Paragraphs 73, 79, 92, and 185 for the promotion of developmental rights of children and

youth.

9. The entire Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act was amended in 2015 to extend

the scope of child and youth protection. In addition to the issue of engaging in sexual

intercourse or obscene acts with a child or youth in exchange for payment—which was covered

in the previous version of the act—now, causing a child or youth to engage in sexual

intercourse or obscene acts for others to watch, filming a child or youth engaged in sexual

intercourse or obscene acts or producing objects that show a child or youth engaged in sexual

intercourse or obscene acts, or using a child or youth as a host / hostess in a bar or club or for

such services as tour escorts or song / dance companions that involve sexual activities are also

included in the regulations. See Chapter 5, Section C, for relevant prevention measures.

10. The Implementation Act of the CRC was amended in 2019 to specify the ratio of children and

youth participating in the Child Rights Group.

Laws and Regulations Regarding Child and Youth Education

11. The Act for Education Development of Schools in Remote Areas was passed in 2017 to realize

equal opportunity to education and ensure the balanced development of education in all areas

by enhancing educational measures, expanding budgets, utilizing personnel in a flexible

manner, and improving teachers’ benefits at schools in remote areas. See Paragraphs 253 and

254.

3 The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act, the Enforcement Rules of the Protection of Children

and Youths Welfare and Rights Act, Permit and Management Regulations for Children and Youth Adoption Service

Providers, Registration and Management Regulations for Family Child Care Services Agencies, Supervision and

Management Regulations for Preschool Buses, Drivers, and Bus Guardians, Regulations for Reporting, Differential

Processing, and Investigating Cases of Children and Youth Protection, Regulations for Reporting and Assisting

Children and Youth in Vulnerable Families, and for the Collection, Use, and Process of the Related Information;

Standards for Establishing Children and Youth Welfare Institutes, and the Establishment and Management

Regulations for After-School Care Classes and Centers were reviewed and amended. Ten derived regulations were

established accordingly, including regulations for identifying and reporting unsuitable personnel in afterschool care

classes and centers, and for the collection, inquiry, processing and utilization of related information and regulations

for identifying unsuitable personnel at child and youth welfare institutions, and for the collection, inquiry,

processing, and utilization of related information.

12. The Early Childhood Education and Care Act was amended in 2018 to specify the

disqualification of personnel other than individuals providing education and care services

(hereinafter “educare services”) to young children. It also specifies that the responsible

person(s) for and personnel at educare institutions shall not perform any of the prohibited

actions described in the Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act, inflict

corporal punishment, or commit sexual harassment against children and youth. See Paragraphs

129 and 130.

13. The Teachers’ Act was amended in 2019 to specify that teachers violating the Child and Youth

Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act will be dismissed and, depending on the circumstances,

banned from teaching from one to four years or permanently.

14. The Family Education Act was amended in 2019 and its Enforcement Rules were amended in

2020 to specify that the government must increase the number of professional staff at family

education centers and provide information on family life to parents of newborn children and

new elementary school students. It also specified that a social welfare authority may refer any

person in need to a family education center and / or educational institution that provides

pertinent services, such as family education programs, consultation, or counseling. See

Paragraph 142.

15. Guidelines for preventing bullying in schools were amended in 2020 to now include different

Not Yet Final ized

types of cyberbullying—expanding the scope of bullying to include that of students by teachers;

specifying the reporting obligations and procedures of principals, teachers, and staff; stating

that investigations may not be affected by anonymity on the part of applicants or their agents,

adding the stipulation that anyone may report bullying incidents to a school; deleting several

mandatory provisions for investigation applications or reports to reduce the psychological

stress of reporting persons; and adding that persons involved are not to be directly confronted

by the reporting persons or witnesses. See Paragraph 134.

Laws and Regulations Regarding Juvenile Justice and Correction

16. The Juvenile Justice Act was amended in 2019 to remove provisions regarding children

breaking the law and to establish a mechanism for the prioritized administrative counseling of

at-risk youth. The amended act adds enhancements to necessary legal processes and diverse

dispositions, and states that a court may integrate resources for juvenile needs, transfer

juveniles for rehabilitation, and order juveniles to be sent to a juvenile detention center for

assessment. See Chapter 9, Section D (a).

C. National Action Plan

Concluding Observation 11 / Comprehensive National Action Plan (17)

17. The four issues of focus and implementation from 2021 to 2025 are: alternative care primarily

for family environments, prevention of all types of violence toward children and youth, sexual

health and fertility health of children and youth, and making the juvenile justice system more

comprehensive.

D. Child and Youth Policy Coordination Mechanisms

Concluding Observation 12 / Coordination Work of the Child Rights Group (18)

18. The Child Rights Group has been established according to the Implementation Act of the CRC

to coordinate child and youth policies that require a joint effort of various authorities. The

focus of work, duration of implementation, expenses, and human resource deployment are

reviewed annually, at which time those for the following year are proposed. Between 2016 and

2020, the Child Rights Group implemented reviews of laws and regulations, trained

professional staff, publicized the CRC, drafted follow-up plans for addressing concluding

observations, and supported children and youth to take part in government decision-making.

19. Cross-system coordination for major national policies:

(a) The Strengthening Social Safety Net Program has been implemented since 2018. Under

the program, regular cross-functional communication platform meetings have been

convened to remove obstacles to using services that draw on different systems. See

Paragraph 111.

(b) Regulations governing liaison between juvenile courts and related agencies on handling

juvenile justice matters were introduced in 2020. When a court handles juvenile justice

matters, lateral communications are strengthened via a three-level communication

mechanism, the deployment of resources, and provision of appropriate treatment.

Concluding Observation 13 / Establishment of Committee for Children (20)

20. The Legislative Yuan has created the Committee for Children in stages by building a database

of experts and scholars on children’s rights. Experts, scholars, or representatives of children’s

groups to provide opinions on laws that might affect children’s rights to serve as reference or

lawmakers when reviewing laws.

E. Statistics on Resource Allocation and Implementation

Concluding Observation 18 / Resource Allocation (21 to 22)

21. Related budgets allocated by governments at all levels are increased annually. See Attachment 1-2.

22. Plans for child and youth participation in budget allocation have been developed in

collaboration with nine civil society groups to increase knowledge of public budgeting among

children and youth of different age groups and to provide them with budgeting practice on a

small scale. Promotional methods adopted by other countries and local governments have also

been collected and serve as reference for the public.

Concluding Observations 19 and 20 / Data Collection (23)

23. A section on child and youth statistics broken down by age, gender, region, ethnic group, and

other qualifiers has been set up on the CRC website to provide one-stop inquiry services.

F. International Cooperation

24. For Taiwan’s international cooperation and assistance for children and youth, see Attachment

1-3.

25. Assistance on sexual exploitation cases involving foreign children:

(a) Taiwan provides children involved in sexual exploitation cases who have been trafficked

with safe placement and protection, interpreting services, meals, and medical services in

accordance with the law before sending them back to their country of origin. A list of

public and private sector resources in Southeast Asian countries involved in the prevention

of child and youth sexual exploitation was drawn up to improve transitions and follow-up

Not Yet Final ized

counseling for victims.

(b) Taiwan signed agreements or memoranda of understanding concerning cooperation in

immigration affairs and human trafficking prevention with eight countries between 2016

and 2020.

G. National Human Rights Institution

Independent National Human Rights Institution

Concluding Observations 14 and 15 / Independent Supervision (26)

26. The Control Yuan National Human Rights Commission was established in 2020 in accordance

with the Paris Principles. The commission consists of 10 members (including the president and

nine members of the Control Yuan) from a variety of backgrounds and with differing areas of

expertise (including the rights of children and youth). The functions and powers of the

commission include: handling and investigating cases that involve torture, human rights

violations, or various forms of discrimination; making recommendations or reports for the

human rights policies and actions of government agencies; assisting in the incorporation of

international human rights instruments; conducting systematic studies of the Constitution and

domestic statutes based on international human rights standards and making recommendations;

publishing thematic reports on human rights or annual reports on the state of human rights in

the nation; offering independent opinions for national reports prepared in accordance with

international human rights treaties; monitoring the development of human rights education; and

promoting domestic and foreign information exchange and collaboration regarding human

rights.

Appeal Mechanism

Concluding Observations 16 and 17 / Appealing Procedures; Concluding Observation 82 /

Student Appeal Mechanism (27 to 31)

27. The Control Yuan receives and investigates complaints by and on behalf of children and youth.

It can now receive complaints via videoconferencing.

28. Where an educare institution harms a young child’s rights or interests, parents or guardians

may file an appeal with the institution in line with the Early Childhood Education and Care Act.

If parents or guardians are dissatisfied with the response to the appeal, they may then appeal to

the local competent authority where the educare institution is located. If dissatisfied with the

decision of the competent authority, parents or guardians may proceed with litigation or appeal

in accordance with the law.

29. Appeal mechanism on campus:

(a) Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 784 (2019) stipulates that a student, regardless of the

level of his/her affiliated institution, may access legal remedies before an administrative

court has the school, based upon its competence, adopt a teaching, disciplinary, or other

measure against him/her that infringes upon his/her right to learn, right to education, or

any other fundamental right. However, schools enjoy discretion. Furthermore, extremely

minor measures do not amount to infringements of rights.

(b) The Primary and Junior High School Act and the Senior High School Education Act

specify that schools must establish a student appeal system, that appeal cases must be

reviewed by an independent student appeals committee, and that the protection of child

and youth privacy must be ensured. Students who perceive school disciplinary measures to

be illegal, inappropriate, or in violation of their rights and interests may lodge an appeal

with the school in writing; if unsatisfied with the school’s decision regarding the appeal,

they may lodge a further appeal with the competent authority. See Attachment 1-4 for

relevant data. A Student Affairs and Guidance Group4 has also been set up to supervise

4 The Student Affairs and Guidance Group founded in 2015 provides annual competence training on student affairs

and assists schools in promoting relevant projects and dealing with conflicts and crises on campus. The Group also

invites experts, scholars, schools, students, and parents for quarterly consultations, guidance, and assessment

meetings to discuss each accepted appeal and, if necessary, visits schools for investigation. Appeals discussed are

filed and managed appropriately for follow-up actions.

schools’ maintenance of smooth appeal channels and to visit schools to provide assistance

if necessary.

(or are suspected of having been) sexually exploited, independent transition schools have

established systems regarding rewards / penalties and appeals by students in accordance

with regulations governing the implementation of education by transition schools;

collaborative transition schools have the same appeal system as placement institutions for

children and youth. See Paragraph 30.

(d) An appeals review committee for students working outside schools under cooperative

education programs has been organized for independent review, and has set up regulations

governing recusal, review in secret, and confidentiality. Since 2018, all petition letters or

emails are sent to the secretary group authorized by the appeal review committee to make

decisions on the manner of processing, and the results of processing must be submitted to

the appeals review committee for reference. See Attachment 1-5 for petition data.

30. Placement institutions for children and youth as well as the competent authority are to create

internal and external appeal systems so that multiple appeal channels are available. The

investigation of appeals shall comply with the principle of confidentiality.

31. A juvenile correctional institution may refer to or be subject mutatis mutandis to the Prison Act

Not Yet Final ized

and the Detention Act in accordance with the status of the detained juvenile:

(a) A juvenile shall be informed of important regulations regarding his/her rights and

obligations, including information on appeal channels and procedures.

(b) Where a detained juvenile perceives that his/her rights or legal interests have been harmed

or where disputes involving payment of property arise from the detention and treatment

based on public laws, the juvenile may lodge an appeal, and may appoint an attorney as

his/her agent or appoint an assistant if necessary. An institution shall not render

discriminatory treatment or unreasonable punishment in response to such appeal, and the

content of the appeal shall be kept confidential.

scholars or independent community representatives. An institution shall make a decision

on the appeal according to the conclusions of this group. The detained juvenile, appointed

agent, and assistant shall be informed of and be present at the review to give their views.

5 A transition school is a school that the central education authority and the central competent authority establish in

coordination with the competent authority at the special municipality or city / county level to offer placement for

children and youth who were (or are suspected of having been) sexually exploited.

H. Dissemination and Awareness Enhancement

Concluding Observation 98 / Publicization (32)

32. For the publicization of the CRC carried out by government authorities, see Attachment 1-6.

Concluding Observations 21 and 22 / Awareness-raising and Training (33 to 34)

33. The CRC Education, Training, and Effectiveness Evaluation Program was implemented in

2019. All levels of government are organizing training, conducting evaluations, and utilizing

the CRC question bank for evaluation in the hope of training 20 percent of government

employees and 60 percent of professionals dealing with matters related to children and youth

from 2020 to 2026. See Attachment 1-7 for statistics concerning all levels of government.

34. Courses for enhancing awareness of the rights of children and youth are arranged for personnel

engaged in matters related to children and youth. See Attachment 1-8 for the content of

training.

I. Child and Youth Rights and Enterprises

Concluding Observations 23 and 24 / Collaboration with Civil Society and Business Sector

(35 to 41)

Protection of the Employment Rights of Children and Youth

35. The government is ensuring that enterprises implement measures for child and youth labor

protection. See Chapter 9, Section C (a).

Maintenance of Audiovisual and Internet Safety for Children and Youth with Media

Self-regulation

36. The Institute of Watch Internet Network 6 (hereinafter “iWIN”) has encouraged internet

platform service providers to establish a self-regulation mechanism as well as appeal channels

and has provided them with relevant guidance. iWIN also holds activities on internet safety for

children and youth on a regular basis and convenes meetings of interested parties to collect

opinions so that self-regulation guidelines may be developed and providers requested to follow

them. See Paragraph 137 for cyberbullying prevention by online platform providers.

6 The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act stipulates that the competent authority in charge of

communications and audiovisual media shall call upon the competent authorities of relevant industries to entrust

civil groups with the establishment of content protection institutions and performance of the following tasks: 1.

Observation of the use of the internet by children and youth. 2. Establishment and implementation of appeal

mechanisms. 3. Promotion and review of content rating systems. 4. Development and promotion of filter software. 5.

Promotion of online safety for children and youth. 6. Encouragement of internet platform providers to establish

self-regulation mechanisms. 7. Establishment and promotion of other protection mechanisms.

37. The media has developed appropriate guidelines to protect children and youth from being

affected by harmful information. See Paragraphs 107 to 113, 286, and 287 in the initial

national report, and Paragraphs 45 and 98 in this National Report.

Health Maintenance for Children and Youth

38. Food safety for children: The Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation specifies sanitation

standards7 for various foods and food utensils and containers and stipulates that penalties be

imposed on businesses violating relevant provisions.

39. Dietary supplement and infant food advertisement: In 2018, the maximum fine for violating

the advertising provisions of Article 45 of the Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation was

increased. The Regulations Governing Criteria for the Label, Promotion and Advertisement of

Foods and Food Products Identified as False, Exaggerated, Misleading, or Having Medical

Efficacy were created and promulgated in 2019.

40. Trials of vaccines for children by companies:

(a) Coronavirus disease (hereinafter “COVID-19”): Following the example of the R&D

model of western countries, trials prioritize adults and high-risk groups and then include

lower age groups in descending order.

(b) Enterovirus: In principle, clinical trials start with older children. After safety is ensured,

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younger children may take part in trials.

41. Noise control: Fines for violations of the Noise Control Act, where the noise is within 50

meters of facilities where students under the age of 18 gather (e.g., schools), have been made

double those specified in regulations on premises, construction sites and facilities in breach of

noise control standards.

7 These include the Sanitation Standard for Microorganisms in Foods, which includes foods for infants, created in

2020 and entered into force in July 2021 and the Sanitation Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food created

in 2018 to specify the maximum levels of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, tin), mycotoxins, benzo(a)pyrene, and

erucic acid in foods for infants and young children. Maximum levels of glycidyl fatty acid esters in infant formula,

follow-up infant food, and food for special medical purposes intended for infants and young children were specified

in 2021 in consideration of dietary risks to infants, young children, and other special sensitive babies.

Chapter II DEFINITION OF THE CHILD

42. See Attachment 2-1 for the population overview of children and youth in Taiwan.

Legal Age and Minimum Age for Engagement and Marriage

Concluding Observations 25 and 26 / Minimum Marriageable Age (43)

43. The Civil Code, Enforcement Act of the Part of General Principles of the Civil Code, and

Enforcement Law for Part IV, Family Law of the Civil Code were amended in 2021 to align

the minimum ages for engagement and marriage of men and women, which are 17 and 18

years of age, respectively. The amendment will go into effect in 2023. The age of majority was

adjusted downward from 20 to 18. Bills related to the adjustment of the age of majority to 18

were also reviewed and amended.8

Minimum Age for Personal Liberty Restrictions Due to Judicial Protection

44. The Juvenile Justice Act was amended in 2019 to specify that the minimum age for juvenile

detention or corrective education in juvenile protection matters is 12 years of age; children

between seven and 12 years old who have broken the law may not be subject to judicial

penalties.

Media Classification

45. The Television Programs Classification Handling Regulations were amended in 2016 to

classify television programs into the following categories: “General” (suitable for viewing by

all audiences), “Protected” (not suitable for viewing by children under the age of six; but

children over six and under the age of 12 can view such programs if accompanied by parents,

teachers, or other adults), “Parental guidance-12” (not suitable for viewing by children under

the age of 12), “Parental Guidance-15” (not suitable for viewing by people under the age of

15), “Restricted” (not suitable for viewing by people under the age of 18). These ratings are

consistent with ratings for movies, videotapes, and gaming software in Taiwan.

Minimum Voting Age for Referendums

46. The Referendum Act was amended and promulgated in 2018 to state that any national over 18

years of age not under guardianship shall have the right to vote in referendums.

Minimum Age for Participation in Political Parties

47. The Political Parties Act was promulgated and came into force in 2017 to specify that no

political party may enroll citizens under the age of 16 as party members.

8 The minimum age threshold for participating in daily life (buying a mobile phone, renting a house, signing a

contract), business (acting as a founder or director of a company), government services (applying for a household

registration certificate, paying national health insurance premiums in installments), litigation (civil or

administrative), and formation of associations (acting as a member of a civil organization) was adjusted downward

from 20 to 18. The courses to be taken in different areas at the age of 18 are incorporated into the National 12-Year

Basic Education Curriculum. These are designed for each area / subject within the framework of general curriculum

guidelines.

Chapter III GENERAL PRINCIPLES

A. Non-Discrimination Principle

Concluding Observations 27 and 28 / Nondiscrimination Measures (48 to 59)

48. The Casebook for Child and Youth Anti-Discrimination was compiled in 2020. It includes

issues related to discrimination based on gender, sexual orientation, disability, and age, as well

as of indigenous peoples, people in placement, and juvenile delinquents. It is provided for

personnel engaged in work related to children and youth. A survey of living conditions of

children and youth in 2018 included questions about feelings of being discriminated. The result

showed that 91.5 percent of interviewees have never felt discriminated against and 8.5 percent

have felt discriminated against. (There were high proportions of the incidents of

discrimination associated with appearance or skin color (2.9 percent) and personal opinions or

views (2.9 percent).)

49. The Early Childhood Education and Care Act specifies that appropriate educare services shall

be prioritized for children from offshore islands or remote areas and children needing

assistance due to economic, physical, mental, cultural, or ethnic factors.

50. The Employment Service Act specifies that employers are prohibited from discriminating

against job applicants or employees on the basis of race, class, language, thought, religion,

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political party, place of origin, place of birth, gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status,

appearance, facial features, disability, astrological sign, blood type, or past membership in any

labor union.

51. The Cultural Fundamental Act was promulgated in 2019 and specifies that people are not to be

subject to discrimination or unfair treatment due to their ethnicity, language, gender, sexual

orientation, age, location, religious beliefs, physical or mental state, socioeconomic status, or

other conditions when enjoying their cultural rights. See Chapter 8, Section C, for the

promotion of cultural rights.

Gender Equality

52. The Curriculum Guidelines of 12-Year Basic Education (hereinafter the “2019 Curriculum

Guidelines”9) incorporate human rights and gender equality issues into courses.

53. Response measures for obstacles to dealing with gender diversity issues:

(a) A gender equality education resource center was established for senior high schools in

2018 to organize workshops to train seed teachers and develop and select teaching plans

related to gender diversity issues.

9 These are the new curriculum guidelines that have been implemented since 2019.

(b) Through collaboration with local governments, gender equality education workshops have

been organized as part of a program aimed at creating friendly campuses.

integrate gender diversity issues in various elective courses. When a school discriminates

against students on the basis of gender, personality, identification, or orientation, the

competent authority will conduct an investigation and request the school to make

improvements.

(d) Students are encouraged to form gender equality clubs and arrange lectures as well as

interschool activities.

(e) Parents are invited to attend gender equality courses for clarification of doubts and positive

communication.

(f) Short guides are prepared to promote gender equality to the public through the internet,

radio, newspapers, and publications.

54. Eliminating gender stereotypes and bias is considered to be one of the most important gender

equality issues. Increasing people’s understanding and acceptance of LGBTI and the diversity

of families (including same-sex marriage, single-parent families, cohabitation families, etc.)

has been set as a gender equality target. From 2019 to 2022, several strategies have been

implemented: amendment and enforcement of laws; media promotion and literacy; relevant

promotions and activities organized through integrating the resources of local governments and

the private sector; and the encouragement of more positive female portrayals in media and

advertising without gender stereotypes.

Minority Children and Youth

55. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination was

signed in 1966 and came into force in 1971. A plan for promoting this convention was

approved in 2020.

56. The Education Act for Indigenous Peoples was amended in 2019 to encourage all levels and

types of school to teach indigenous students in their native languages and to use teaching

methods that suit their cultures. Public preschools, nonprofit preschools, and community and

tribal cooperative educare service centers are to be widely established in regions where

indigenous people live. When deemed necessary, indigenous schools and / or classes at any

level may be created. The competent educational authority at all levels is to promote

educational policies that enhance citizens’ awareness of and respect for indigenous peoples.

See Paragraph 283.

57. Refer to Chapter 8, Section C and Chapter 9, Section B for special protective measures for the

cultural rights of indigenous peoples and minorities.

Children and Youth with Disabilities

58. The People with Disabilities Rights Protection Act was amended in 2021 to include the

principle of reasonable adjustment to allow government authorities, schools, institutions,

corporations, or groups to make adjustments based on the requirements of people with

disabilities.

59. Refer to Chapter 7, Section B for measures for ensuring the welfare, education, protection, and

labor rights of children and youth with disabilities.

Stateless Children and Youth

Concluding Observation 33 / Stateless Children and Youth (60)

60. Refer to Paragraph 91 for procedures for nonnational children and youth in need. Efforts

concerning their welfare and right to medical services and education include:

(a) The cost of placement has been subsidized since 2017.10

(b) The National Health Insurance Act was amended in 2017 to specify that nonnational

(including stateless) newborns born in Taiwan are to be enrolled in the National Health

Insurance scheme from their date of birth without having first established a registered

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domicile in Taiwan for at least six months.11 Routine preventive vaccination identical to

that provided to national children is also offered.

and senior high schools (hereafter “senior high schools and below”). Local governments

are to assist them in enrolling in elementary and junior high schools before they acquire

their ARC.

Measures for Helping Economically Disadvantaged Children and Youth

61. Refer to Paragraph 113 for support measures for vulnerable families; refer to Paragraphs 144,

236, and 237 for education savings accounts and public assistance measures arranged for

economically disadvantaged children and youth; refer to Paragraphs 250 to 252 for measures

for supporting disadvantaged senior high school students.

10 As of the end of 2020, 73 nonnational children and youth in need had received placement subsidies totaling

NT$15,767,922.

11 The number of foreign (including stateless) newborns participating in the National Health Insurance scheme was

342 in 2018, 256 in 2019, and 432 in 2020.

B. Best Interests of the Child

Concluding Observation 29 / Best Interests of Children and Youth as a Priority (62 to 63)

62. A casebook for the best interests of children and youth was compiled to provide medical,

welfare, judicial, and educational case studies as reference for workers dealing with affairs

related to children and youth.

63. Judicial process protection of the best interests of children and youth include:

(a) The Juvenile Justice Act stipulates that juvenile justice matters are subject to special

requirements, including pretrial investigations, assistants, undisclosed procedures,

diversion action, protective measures, data confidentiality, and record removal. See

Paragraph 344.

(b) The Family Act specifies that family matters are subject to protective measures, including

the presence of social workers in court, undisclosed procedures, identity confidentiality,

privacy protection, guardians ad litem, premediation, preliminary injunctions, meeting or

communicating with children, special requirements for the compulsory handover of the

children, and other matters.

provided to judges and relevant staff on a rolling basis.

C. The Right to Life, Survival and Development

64. The Household Registration Act governs the registration of the deaths of children and youth.

Refer to Attachments 3-1 to 3-3 for relevant data.

65. See Attachment 3-4 for statistics on the deaths of children and youth due to communicable

diseases. See Attachment 3-5 for statistics on the unnatural deaths of children and youth. See

Attachment 3-6 for statistics on the deaths of children and youth in accidents and refer to

Paragraph 69 for preventive measures. See Attachments 3-7 and 3-8 for statistics on death by

suicide among children and youth and refer to Paragraphs 70 to 72 for preventive measures.

See Attachment 3-9 for statistics on the deaths of children and youth in criminal cases.

66. The Criminal Code specifies that the death penalty or life imprisonment may not be imposed

on an offender under the age of 18.

67. To prevent moral hazard and protect minors’ right to life, the Insurance Act was amended in 2020

to specify that if an insured is a minor under 15 years of age when a life insurance contract is

entered into, all death benefits other than funeral expense benefits shall take effect from the date

the insured reaches 15 years of age. The insured amount for the funeral expenses shall not exceed

one half of the funeral expense deduction allowed for estate tax under the Estate and Gift Tax Act.

68. The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act specifies that a review of deaths

of children under the age of six is to be conducted and reported on a regular basis. To

continually improve analysis and operational processes, three programs were implemented in

2020 on development of criteria for case review and case selection,12 counseling teams for

child death review in cities and counties,13 and modeling for high-risk group prediction and

identification.14

Accident and Injury Prevention

69. In recent years, the leading cause of accidental deaths among children and youth 15 has been

traffic accidents. See Attachment 3-5. Traffic safety is being further ensured by implementing

the following measures:

(a) Traffic safety education: A website on road safety information has been developed.

Cultivation and teaching models for basic road safety for students at senior high schools

and below have been established to be included in schools’ curricula or incorporated into

courses in 2021.

(b) Students’ routes to schools: Schools are creating commuting lanes, improving pickup areas,

and expanding pedestrian areas.

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2020 to specify that when taking children under the age of six by bicycle, a cyclist must be

at least 18 years old and use qualified pedal bicycles or power-assist electric bicycles,

either of which must be equipped with qualified child seats. Law enforcement is also to

enhance policing of underage and unlicensed driving.

12 Achievements in 2020 included the enhancement of the standard operating procedure for medical records and

information collection regarding child death reviews, design of forms for medical records, and development of

training materials. Training for physicians in pediatric and emergency medicine was provided in 2021.

13 (a) The manual for child death reviews was completed in 2020. It contains a standard operating procedure and is

used as reference by local governments. Since 2021, a two-stage review process has been implemented in those

counties and cities that have more cases of child deaths.

(b) In 2020, the review process was first implemented in eastern counties where children are at a higher risk of

death and then extended to other regions in 2021 in the expectation of expanding the program to a total of five to

eight counties and cities.

14 Literature reviews on the issues of child death, children at risk, and prediction models were completed. The results

showed that logistic regression and random forest models have the best predictive power. It is suggested that

verification of the prediction models should be done with updated data and the appropriateness of the tool developed

should be examined.

15 The causes of accidents that lead to the deaths of 20 or more children and youth include accidental drowning and

accidents related to breathing. Concerning safety in the water, the government incorporates swimming and

lifesaving skills in education at schools, promotes understanding of water safety in recreational activities, and

ensures the allocation of facilities, devices, and lifeguards at swimming pools. Concerning safety at home, the

competent authorities conduct checks and inspections of toys and other items for use by children, organize

promotional activities and workshops on protecting children from falling, provide educational training for personnel

in charge of the inspection of environmental safety for child care services, and hold related review meetings. See

Paragraph 147 for health education and supporting services for newborns.

Suicide Prevention

Concluding Observation 30 / Child and Youth Suicide Prevention; Concluding Observations

62 and 63 / Mental Health Services (70 to 72)

70. The National Suicide Prevention Center analyzes the trends of deaths by suicide among

children and youth in the past 10 years. It also holds regular interministerial suicide prevention

consultations to seek the opinions of children and youth and request ministries to further

promote mental health enhancement measures and training, identify and assess suicide risks in

campuses, communities, and workplaces, and connect individuals with mental health resources

in their areas. See Attachment 3-10 for causes of children and youth suicide. Refer to

Paragraph 219 for mental health promotion services.

71. The Suicide Prevention Act was promulgated in 2019 to specify persons to notify, establish

reporting mechanisms for suicide prevention, allow care and visits for children and youth with

suicidal intent, and restrain the media from reporting or producing content that encourages

suicidal behavior.

72. Schools should follow the Three Level Student Self-Harm Prevention Work Plan. Suicide and

self-harm prevention at three levels is implemented by the central and local governments and

schools to enhance lateral communication as well as interministerial communication and

coordination mechanisms. See Attachment 3-11 for statistics on reported student suicides and

self-harm and the amount of related budgets. Strategies for further preventing suicide and

self-harm in schools include:

(a) Developmental guidance and ability enhancement workshops are organized for teachers to

allow school staff to identify potential high-risk students and improve their crisis

management competency.

(b) The number of full-time school counselors and professional counselors increases annually.

The knowledge and competency of these individuals are enhanced through workshops and

regular training.

suicide and self-harm rates in convening project review meetings and developing

improvement strategies on a quarterly basis.

(d) School facilities inspected during safety inspections are logged, while any hazards on third

floors and higher on campuses are identified and eliminated.

D. Respect for the Views of the Child

Concluding Observations 31 and 32 / Implementation of the Right of Children and Youth to

Express Views (73 to 86)

73. The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act and the Implementation Act of

the CRC specify that representatives of children and youth accounting for a certain percentage

of the total participants shall be invited to government decision-making and coordination

processes. See Attachment 3-12 for the participation of children and youth representatives

invited by local governments.

74. Six strategies for training children and youth to take part in public affairs have been developed

in cooperation with governments at all levels, children and youth, and related groups:

expanding participation channels for children and youth; promoting legal guarantees for the

participation of children and youth; spreading social awareness of respecting the opinions of

children and youth; protecting the rights of children and youth in special circumstances to

express themselves and to participate; developing the ability of children and youth to

participate; and offering supportive measures for the participation of children and youth.

Strategies and guidelines on the protection of the right of children and youth to express views

have also been prepared and provided to all authorities (institutions) for reference.

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On Campus

75. During the process of amending the Guidelines for Preventing Bullying in Schools in 2020,

representatives of children and youth were invited to participate in local public hearings.

76. A platform for meetings involving senior high school student representatives and the

Director-General of the K-12 Education Administration was created in 2018,16 while a website

for student affairs and activities of senior high schools was launched in 2019. Both of these

enable students to understand the rules and regulations of senior high schools overseen by the

Ministry of Education so that suggestions on practical operations can be made.

77. Basic guidelines for the K-12 Education Administration to convene child and youth advisory

committees were developed in 2019, and meetings are held on a regular basis. At present, 14

youth members have been selected.17

16 A total of 122 issues, including organization of student councils, participation of students, allocation of resources to

campuses, the rights of students, and student appeals were put forward for discussion.

17 In 2019, four regular meetings and three preparatory meetings were held by the first committee. There were 34

proposals in total, six of which were eliminated. The remainder were being considered by the second children and

youth advisory committee in 2020. At the second children and youth advisory committee, 90 proposals were made,

37 of which were considered at regular meetings. Regulations concerning school affairs meetings as mentioned in

Article 25 of the Senior High School Education Act were proposed to specify the proportion of elected student

representatives, promote innovative reviews of curriculum and academic records, and implement three-level

counseling to reduce the suicide rate of students.

78. In 2020, dress code regulations for students at senior high schools and below were established,

specifying that schools are to form a standing committee or task-oriented committee on

clothing to accept a wide range of opinions from students by holding internal public hearings

and information meetings and conducting schoolwide questionnaire surveys.

Concluding Observation 77 / Students’ Participation in Curriculum Reviews (79 to 80)

79. The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act specifies that the curriculum

design process shall involve the participation of children and youth. Student representatives

are to be included in the school curriculum development committee.18

80. Regulations governing the means for forming and operating school curriculum review

committees for senior high schools and below stipulate opening registration to students to

select student representative members,19 as well as regulations specifying the quotas for both

genders, indigenous people, children of new immigrants, and people with disabilities.

Concluding Observation 76 / Students’ Participation in School Affairs (81 to 82)

81. The Senior High School Education Act was amended in 2021 to specify that elected student

representatives are ex officio attendees of school affairs meetings, that the number of

representatives may not be less than eight percent of the total number of meeting attendees,

and that such representatives have the right to discuss, review, and vote on proposals. A

website with an information exchange platform for self-governing organizations of senior high

school students has also been set up, allowing students to exchange information or raise

questions about participation in school affairs meetings.

82. The Guidelines for Senior High Schools to Give Counsel on the Operation of Student Councils

and Other Related Self-Governing Organizations were established in 2018, supporting senior

high schools’ establishment of student councils and other related self-governing organizations

through election by all students and offering other necessary assistance.20

18 All curriculum development committees in Taiwan have incorporated student representatives.

19 Three meetings were held for the selection of student representative members in 2016. Four representatives for the

review committee and 18 representatives for group review meetings were elected. One meeting was held for the

selection of student representative members in 2017. Two representatives were elected for group review meetings

covering the continuing education department and practical skills program. Meetings for the selection of student

representative members were held upon the expiration of the incumbents’ term in 2020; 24 representatives were

selected.

20 The student council participates in accordance with democratic procedures and establishes articles of association in

line with the democratic spirit. The achievement rate in 2021 was 100 percent.

Judicial Processes

83. According to the Juvenile Justice Act, when a youth is found to display behaviors that harm

his/her own sound development,21 people may turn to the Youth Counseling Committee for

help. Furthermore, in the draft regulations governing the establishment and implementation of

youth counseling committees, it is specified that the Youth Counseling Committee may ask

relevant agencies for help based on the needs of the counseled youth.

84. According to the Juvenile Justice Act, in conducting an interview with or interrogation of a

youth, statutory agents, persons in charge of protecting youth, or other appropriate persons are

to accompany the youth. Where a juvenile is incapable of making a complete statement due to

a psychological disorder or other mental disability, where necessary, he / she is to be assisted

by experts in children’s or adolescent health or other fields. Where the youth being interviewed

or interrogated is not familiar with the language used, he / she is to be assisted by an interpreter.

Where the youth has hearing, language, or multiple disabilities, he / she is to be permitted to be

interviewed or interrogated by using writing, sign language, or other appropriate means. In

addition, the youth is to be informed of the facts of the criminal offense and the exposure to

danger. If there are changes, the youth is to be informed again and may remain silent and apply

for legal aid in accordance with laws and regulations.

85. With the Implementation Plan of the Ministry of Justice for the Training and Authentication of

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Interviews or Interrogations with Child Victims or Victims with Mental Disabilities of Sexual

Assault, relevant educational training is provided regularly to enhance the prosecutors and

prosecutorial investigators’ professional knowledge and competency of interviewing or

interrogating victims so as to boost the credibility of testimonies.

Placement in Institutions

86. Institutions for the placement of children and youth shall convene family meetings on a regular

basis22 to train children and youth to raise questions or give opinions, letting them take part in

the decision-making process based on their mental age. It is specified that the competent

authority has the duty to conduct inspections. For children or youth who are in protection and

placement, when their parents or guardians apply for a visit and meeting or communication,

the institution shall respect the will of the child or youth.

21 (1) Habitually carrying weapons and firearms without justifiable cause; (2) Using narcotics or hallucinogenic

drugs even though such an act does not constitute a punishable statutory offense; (3) Preparing or attempting to

commit a crime that is not punishable under the law.

22 To create a family atmosphere in placement institutions for children and youth and take care of them in a way suited

to their age and personality, many groups are created in institutions based on the age and needs of children and

youth. Family meetings are held on a regular basis.

Medical Aspects

Concluding Observations 60 and 61 / Children and Youth’s Right to Autonomy in Medical

Aspects (87 to 90)

87. According to the Patient Right to Autonomy Act, a patient has the right to be informed of the

diagnosis of his/her disease, treatment options, and the potential effectiveness and risks thereof,

and has the right to make relevant decisions. The accreditation standards for children’s

hospitals specify policies and regulations regarding the human rights and other rights of

children.

88. According to the Hospice Palliative Care Act, a minor diagnosed as a terminally ill patient by

physicians may sign a letter of intent for hospice palliative care or choice of life-sustaining

treatment with the consent of his/her legal representative. When there is a disagreement

between the legal representative and the minor, the medical team will hold family meetings for

communication to provide medical care based on the best interests of the patient.

89. According to the Genetic Health Act, induced abortion on a minor shall be subject to her and

her statutory agent’s consent, and the government is to provide assistance and counseling to

pregnant minors. See Paragraphs 203 and 229.

90. The implementation guidelines and initiation of COVID-19 vaccination on campuses require

students and their parents / guardians to understand the benefits of vaccination and the

potential reactions to vaccination. Vaccination is only conducted when both parties have

agreed and signed a letter of intent.

Chapter IV CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

A. Name and Nationality

Concluding Observation 33 / The Rights of Stateless Children and Youth (91)

91. See Paragraph 88 in the initial national report for the reporting and registration of nonnational

newborns. For nonnational children and youth whose parents cannot be identified, the

competent authority will help search for the child or youth’s mother in accordance with the list

and process for the application for identification as a stateless person for nonnational children

and youth born in Taiwan and standard operating procedures for issuing ARCs to nonnational

children and youth. Placement of children and youth will be arranged during the search and a

provisional ARC is to be issued with reference to the nationality of the mother. Adoption and

naturalization may be arranged if the mother is not found and the child or youth is identified as

a stateless person.23 (See Paragraph 60 for the rights of nonnational helpless children and

youth.)

B. Preservation of Identity

92. The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act expressly requires the

government to provide adoption and kin finding services. The Child and Juvenile Adoption

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Information Center has been established to preserve adoption information and provide kin

finding services.

C. Freedom of Expression

Concluding Observation 34 / Freedom of Expression on Campus (94)

93. See Chapter 3, Section D regarding respect for the views of children and youth; see Section F

of this chapter for the rights to association and assembly.

94. The government promotes national student publication competitions on an ongoing basis and

supports students’ issuing of publications on campus. See Attachment 4-1 for related statistics.

Directions governing the establishment of student reward and punishment regulations by

senior high schools require that the issuance of publications without permission may not be a

condition for punishment.

D. Access to Appropriate Information

95. Mobile broadband penetration reached 126.1 percent as of September 2021.24

23 Through the end of December 2020, the National Immigration Agency had issued 72 ARCs to helpless children and

youth. Of these, 51 were issued with reference to the nationality of the mother and 21 were determined to be

stateless. There were 16 cases involving naturalization as a citizen of the Republic of China (Taiwan).

24 Mobile broadband penetration=mobile subscribers / population.

96. According to the 2019 Curriculum Guidelines, courses in the field of technology shall be

provided as Ministry of Education-mandated courses at elementary and junior high schools; IT

and media knowledge shall be the core focus of cultivation at senior high schools. To solve the

problem of having qualified teachers open related courses in remote areas, the competent

authority coordinates with universities to give courses via distance learning, colearning

through livestreaming, and e-learning.

97. In 2019, filtering systems against improper access were installed on the Taiwan Academic

Network at the county and city level to effectively block pornographic, bloody, and violent

content that is not suitable for children and youth.

98. The Television Programs Classification Handling Regulations stipulate that the advertisement

contents and time slots of the channels or programs with children as the main audience shall

conform to the requirements of the Protected or General rating. A warning message is to be

shown depending on the sensitivity of content and a parental lock corresponding to the

classification labels or broadcasting time slots is to be offered. See Paragraph 45 for the

classification of television programs. See Attachment 4-2 for game rating improvement data.

99. The competent authority builds public libraries, 25 promotes a morning reading activities

program for elementary and junior high school students involving modeled sustained silent

reading on an ongoing basis, and sets up coreading stations in communities. The number of

childcare resource centers increased to 166 in 2020. These centers have purchased children’s

picture books and encourage parents to accompany their children in reading.

E. Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion

100. Directions governing external support for senior high schools and below for teaching or other

activities require that any outside persons invited to teach, lecture, or conduct other activities

may not promote any political or religious organization or have any business or other conflict

of interest.

F. Freedom of Association and Peaceful Assembly

Concluding Observations 35 and 36 / Freedom of Assembly and Peaceful Assembly (101 to 102)

101. The Assembly and Parade Act does not limit the age of people who may participate in

assemblies or parades. However, the person responsible for an assembly or parade takes on the legal

obligation to act for the assembly or parade. Since children and youth do not have full capacity to

perform legal acts, they may not be asked to bear the liability by acting as a responsible person.

25 Through 2020, the government had built 544 public libraries and 230 external service stations. They had gathered

57,934,472 items (including books, periodicals, newspapers, nonbook materials, and electronic resources) and set

up 97,431 seats for readers.

102. Implementation guidelines for curricula of student club activities of senior high schools under

the Ministry of Education established in 2018 explicitly provide that class and grade shall not

constitute a restriction imposed on student club membership; the number of student clubs is, in

principle, to be 1.2 to 1.5 times the total approved number of classes.

G. Protection of Privacy

Concluding Observation 37 / Protection of Privacy (103 to 105)

103. A 2018 survey shows that students at senior high schools and below identify to a high degree

with the policies or regulations of schools on the protection of personal privacy.

104. Directions governing regulations on teachers’ guidance and discipline of students as

established by schools explicitly provide that neither teachers nor schools shall search any

student or his/her personal belongings except as otherwise specified in law or unless the

student in question is suspected of committing a crime or carrying contraband and there are

appropriate reasons and proof, or where such a search is necessary to prevent an emergency.

Senior high schools and below may not inspect the personal belongings or exclusive personal

areas of students on campuses unless the student in question is suspected of committing a

crime or carrying contraband such as firearms, ammunition, knives, or drugs, and a safety

inspection is deemed necessary based on a reasonable suspicion.

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105. If a school acts in violation of the guidance and discipline measures or seriously infringes upon

the privacy of students, the Student Affairs and Guidance Group will visit the school to provide

assistance where necessary in addition to requesting that the school make improvements. The

event will be taken into account in the evaluation of the principal or the allocation of subsidies.

See Attachment 4-3 for the number of high school staff members punished due to invasion of

privacy.

106. Health examinations schools arrange for students are to meet the principles of informed

consent and privacy protection specified in the Student Health Examination Handbook for

Senior High Schools and Below. The place where examinations of the chest (thoracic cavity

and appearance), belly, and genitals are held must be separate, or screens or other protective

measures must be used.

107. Placement institutions for children and youth are to put in place regulations governing the

protection of privacy of children and youth. See Paragraph 30 for the appeal channel.

108. The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act explicitly provides that baby

care centers install surveillance video equipment. In consideration of privacy, however, the

central competent authority is authorized to establish regulations governing the setup and

management of this equipment.

Chapter V PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM VIOLENCE

A. Abuse and Neglect

109. See Attachments 5-1 to 5-8 for statistical data on the protection of children and youth, the

number and type of victims, and placement.

110. The amended Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act incorporates the

following protection measures:

(a) Early judicial involvement: If a social worker calls upon the police department due to

difficulties in an interview but the police department cannot discover the whereabouts of

an individual and there is a suspicion of criminal involvement, the case can be referred to a

prosecutor’s office. See Attachment 5-9 for the implementation effectiveness of police

departments in different regions.

(b) Offender punishment record database: Negatory qualifications are placed on offending

personnel at welfare institutions for children and youth; the competent authority has the

obligation to conduct a verification of its own accord, and is to create a punishment record

database open to schools and welfare institutions.

postmortem case involving the death of a child under the age of six, the public prosecutor

shall, together with the forensic pathologist (examiner), complete a checklist on the cause

of death for children under the age of six to specify the actual cause of death. See

Paragraph 68.

(d) Increased punishment: Raising the upper limit on fines imposed for committing specific

offenses against children and youth and for failing to report or delaying the reporting on

the part of the person obligated to make the report.

(e) Amendment of the Regulations for Reporting, Differential Processing and Investigating

Cases of Children and Youth Protection: The competent authority under the local

government must conduct an assessment within 24 hours upon learning of or receiving a

report concerning the protection of children and youth. It must also assign personnel to

handle the situation and submit an investigation report within the given timeframe.

(f) Protection of and childcare for infants: A person who has committed domestic violence

shall not serve as a caregiver for five years from the time of the incident; infant care

centers shall set up and manage surveillance video equipment.

Concluding Observations 52 and 53 / Prevention of All Types of Violence Inflicted on

Children and Youth (111 to 116)

111. A stronger social safety net program was approved in 2018 to build a better basic service

network in communities through contributions by multiple agencies. The purpose of this

program is to combine the mutual aid resources of communities to build a complete social

safety net. See Attachment 5-10 for the diagram of overall child and youth protection.

112. The stronger social safety net program specifies increasing the number of public-sector social

workers to 662 to protect children and youth. To ensure the professionalism and retention of

public-sector social workers, subsidies are being granted to all social workers over a three-year

period, while a hazard allowance is offered depending on the nature of their caseload. See

Attachment 5-11 for annual employment needs. Salaries for these social workers are therefore

somewhat higher than for those dealing with ordinary matters. Other measures are in place as

well to enable them to do their jobs. A professional service fee is given to social workers

attached to civil organizations based on their seniority and exposure to risk to promote

cooperation between the public and private sectors. The second phase of the program,

implemented starting in July 2021, calls for continued hiring of social workers to reach a total

of 980.

Concluding Observation 39 / Extension of Support Services to Single-Parent Families and

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Low-Income, High-Risk Families (113 to 115)

113. Deployment of social welfare service centers and integration of public assistance and welfare

services:

(a) Local governments, in collaboration with communities and civil society groups,

implement the following service projects:

i. The government provides vulnerable families with welfare consultations, guidance

on household affairs, marriage and family counseling guidance, respite care, and

other support services. See Attachments 5-12 and 5-13 for the results achieved by the

family welfare service centers.

ii. The government implements the support service program for children and youth in

communities. It enables professional social workers to contact families and provide

required services by way of temporary after-school nursery and care services. See

Attachment 5-14 for the results of implementation.

iii. The competent authority implements the Active Care Program for Disadvantaged

Children Under the Age of Six (Paragraph 184 of the initial national report) to refer

or report cases to local social affairs units so that visits and guidance may be

provided in a timely manner. See Attachment 5-15 for the results of implementation.

For families needing guidance on the upbringing of babies, the government provides

this at the family residence in addition to offering parenting consultations and group

classes that can improve the parenting abilities of parents or main caregivers.

114. Integration of protective services with high-risk family services:

(a) The government has established the Social Safety Net E-care Reporting Platform and

created a centralized filtering and allocation mechanism. By connecting cross-system data,

families’ risk factors can be tracked to ensure that child and youth protection cases are

assigned within 24 hours of being reported.

(b) Using this interfaced data, a family registration flowchart has been built to aid the

management of files. This helps social workers understand the overall situation and risks

associated with a particular family when taking up a case.

since July 2018. This was increased to 10 centers in 2021. The centers implement injury

assessment and treatment measures and initiate early judicial intervention for suspected

cases of serious child abuse. The subsidies provided compensate for expenses relating to

the injury assessment, medical treatment, and physical and psychological recovery of

abused children. See Attachment 5-16 for the operations of regional child and youth

protection integrated medical centers.

115. Upon receiving an adult protection notification, the relevant local government domestic

violence and sexual assault prevention center must file an online domestic violence witness

notice within the protection information system and forward it to a school if assessments

indicate that a child or youth of school age witnessed the offense. Depending on the physical

and mental state of the student, the school may hold a meeting about the case, if needed, and

provide three types of guidance and counseling.

116. When handling a family or domestic violence case involving a minor child, a court may,

depending on the particulars of the case, refer to the local government family cases service

center or domestic violence service center covered by the jurisdiction of the court, or request

that the competent authority appoint a social worker or other appropriate person to accompany

or help accompany the child or youth to appear in court. The opinions of the minor child may

be heard either inside or outside the court using whatever methods are appropriate, taking such

factors as age, cognitive ability, and other physical and mental conditions into account. See

Attachment 5-17 for a statistical summary of instances of persons being accompanied in court.

B. Measures for the Elimination of All Forms of Adverse Customs

117. The review does not indicate that any traditional customs practiced by Taiwan’s various ethnic

groups are adverse to children or youth.

C. Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse

Prevention of Sexual Exploitation

118. The competent authorities governing targeted sectors conduct three-level prevention education

and outreach pursuant to the Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act and review

the implementation of such activities at advisory meetings on the prevention of sexual

exploitation of children and youth. To address and guard against grooming, the competent

authorities have worked with civil society groups to develop the Handbook for Professionals

Dealing with Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation on the Internet.

119. See Attachment 5-18 for cases received by iWIN concerning the distribution of inappropriate

images of children and youth from 2018 to 2020. Since 2018, all cases taken on regarding the

distribution of intimate images must be handled within one day after the appeal is received. If

these images appear on an online platform within Taiwan, the platform provider is reminded to

remove the images in the first instance and then notify police authorities, retaining the relevant

data for at least 90 days for investigative purposes. If the images appear on an online platform

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outside Taiwan, the platform provider will be contacted and asked to remove the images, and

the case, if needed, will be transferred to the US National Center for Missing and Exploited

Children for assistance; members of the International Criminal Police Organization will also be

asked to remove any content. If it is not possible to have images removed, the website address

is added to the blacklist of websites unsuitable for children and youth.

120. The work of police departments is integrated to aid the investigation and prevention of such

crimes as the sexual exploitation of children and youth, sexual assault, and sexual harassment.

See Attachment 5-19 for the number of cases identified, suspects, and victims rescued by

police departments. See Attachment 5-20 for the status of investigations concluded by district

prosecutors offices with respect to violations of the Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation

Prevention Act. See Attachment 5-21 for the first instance decisions of criminal cases at district

courts involving defendants acting in violation of Articles 31 to 40, 42, and 45 of the Child and

Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act.

Protective Measures for Children and Youth Victimized by Sexual Exploitation

Concluding Observations 92 and 93 / Emergency Placement in Sexual Exploitation Cases

(121 to 125)

121. The local competent authority must apply to a court to request the continuous placement of

victims assessed as needing such support and arrange for the placement of children and youth

in welfare institutions, foster families, or transition schools or provide them with other suitable

services in accordance with the court’s decision. See Attachment 5-22 for court decisions

regarding protective placements, continuous placements, extended placements, and the

termination or revocation of placements.

122. During judicial proceedings, children and youth identified as victims in sexual exploitation

cases are afforded a range of services. This includes being accompanied by professionals or

family members during questioning (interrogation) or examination and being heard in a friendly

court environment or questioned away from the court. If the public procurator or judge deems it

necessary, the relevant provisions of the Witness Protection Act may apply mutatis mutandis.

123. When hearing sexual exploitation cases involving children and youth, the court may take

appropriate action as to how evidence is presented in order to protect the privacy of the

children and youth in question.

124. For victims assessed as being able to return home without the need for placement, the

competent authority must assess the needs of children and youth and implement home-based

treatment accordingly, and may instruct the parents or guardians of the victim or other

caregivers to take parenting education and guidance courses of a length not less than eight

hours and not more than 50 hours.

125. Regardless of whether placement services are required, the victims in sexual exploitation cases

involving children and youth must, upon returning home, be provided with support to aid their

studies, employment, and independent living, as well as any other support required, for at least

one year or until reaching the age of 20.

Prevention of Sexual Assault and Harassment

126. Measures to prevent the sexual assault and harassment of children and youth in specific

locations:

(a) Campuses: Includes the reduction of unmonitored blind spots on campus and the

installation of adequate lighting, clear signage, and emergency assistance systems to

actively prevent incidents on campuses. See Attachment 5-23 for the number of confirmed

victims in sexual assault and harassment cases from 2016 to 2020 as investigated pursuant

to the Gender Equity Education Act.

(b) Placement institutions: Includes improvements to the sensitivity of workers in child and

youth placement institutions to sexual assault and harassment and the installation of

surveillance equipment and searchlights in blind spots to avoid the occurrence of incidents.

prevent sexual harassment in the workplace and take effective correction and remedial

measures without delay upon learning of any such incident having occurred in the

workplace.

D. The Right Not to Be Subjected to Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading

Treatment or Punishment

Concluding Observations 56 and 57 / Prohibition of Corporal Punishment (127 to 128)

Prohibition of Parents Inflicting Corporal Punishment

127. Article 1085 of the Civil Code stipulates that “parents may, within the limit of necessity, inflict

punishment upon their children.” Regarding the suggestion that this provision be removed:

(a) The provision specifies that parental rights of discipline allow for punishing children

within the limit of necessity for the purpose of protection and education. What is deemed

necessary must be determined in consideration of both the family environment, gender,

age, health, and personality of the child concerned and the severity of their offense.

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Parental rights shall be deemed to have been abused if a parent inflicts cruel or brutal

bodily harm upon a child, endangers the child’s life, or psychologically harms the child

through verbal abuse, beyond the limit of necessity. In such cases, parental rights may be

suspended pursuant to the Civil Code or the Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and

Rights Act. Such behavior may also constitute an offense of causing bodily or serious

bodily injury under the Criminal Code of the Republic of China.

(b) Article 286 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of China explicitly prohibits the

mistreatment of children and youth under the age of 18 and the impairment of their

physical development as a result. Timely intervention is allowed pursuant to the Domestic

Violence Prevention Act and the Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act.

Further provisions in the Civil Code, the Criminal Code of the Republic of China, and

other laws aim to protect minor children from inappropriate parental punishment, both

physical and mental. Hence, it is not necessary to remove the provision governing parents’

right to discipline children in the Civil Code.

128. In 2020, child and youth protection cases involving alleged improper discipline imposed by

parents, guardians, or caregivers accounted for 36 percent of the total child and youth

protection cases filed. As of 2021, April has been designated child and youth protection

promotion month. Promotional activities are organized to improve awareness regarding

disciplining children and youth and to cultivate positive understanding about such concepts

among citizens.

Prohibition of Corporal Punishment on Campuses

Concluding Observation 81 / Supervising the Prohibition of Corporal Punishment on

Campuses (129 to 131)

129. The Educational Fundamental Act, Teachers’ Act, and Early Childhood Education and Care

Act prohibit the corporal punishment or bullying of any student. Teachers (including principals)

who inflict corporal punishment upon or punish any student in violation of the law shall be

subject to disciplinary proceedings or dismissed if a student suffers serious physical or mental

injury. See also Paragraph 13. See Attachment 5-24 for the administrative penalties imposed on

teachers in cases of unlawful punishment (corporal punishment). To eliminate corporal

punishment on campuses, the central government grants local governments subsidies to

organize workshops attended by educational personnel at schools under their jurisdiction and

designed to enhance understanding of positive guidance and discipline. The government also

holds national student affairs meetings to enhance the promotion and implementation of its

zero corporal punishment policy. Subsidies for private schools in violation of the Private

School Law or relevant laws and regulations are reduced in accordance with the

implementation guidelines for the Ministry of Education’s rewards to and subsidies for private

high schools.

130. A survey was conducted on campuses to understand the status of corporal punishment inflicted

on students. See Attachment 5-25 for relevant data; see Attachment 5-26 for statistics on the

penalties imposed due to violations of the Early Childhood Education and Care Act.

131. See Paragraph 29 for remedial measures to be taken for children and youth who have been

assaulted on campus.

Prohibition of Corporal Punishment in Correctional and Placement Institutions

Concluding Observations 38 and 94 / Protection of Children Deprived of Their Liberty (132

to 133)

132. Corporal punishment is strictly prohibited in juvenile correctional institutions. Juveniles may

not be punished for violations of discipline unless permitted under applicable laws. When

punishment is inflicted, individual counseling is conducted, and the individual’s parents,

guardians, or next of kin are notified; the court in charge of the juvenile is also contacted. The

government is developing a draft enforcement act for detention and treatment in juvenile

correctional institutions. Referencing the CRC and the United Nations rules for the Protection

of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (“Havana Rules”), the draft prohibits the solitary

confinement of detained juveniles at correctional institutions and stipulates that certain

mandatory measures be followed in terms of preventing and handling unlawful assaults on

detained juveniles.

133. From 2016 to 2020, an annual average of six incidents were reported and filed of improper

discipline or physical abuse being inflicted upon detained children and youth by the staff of

placement institutions. To avoid the recurrence of such incidents, the competent authority

organizes annual in-service training for professional staff to enhance their awareness and

implementation of the CRC. The counseling checklist for child and youth placement

institutions was modified in 2020 to incorporate the regular inspection of placement

institutions, thus ensuring that children or youth are not subject to torture or other forms of

cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.

Prevention of Bullying on Campuses

Concluding Observation 54 / Prevention of Bullying on Campuses (134 to 136)

134. Taiwan’s guidelines for preventing bullying in schools were amended in 2020. To increase the

willingness of bullied students to file applications or for whistleblowers to report bullying, the

requirement that the ID number of students or whistleblowers be filed has been rescinded, and

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the names of the alleged perpetrator, victim, informant, witnesses, and investigators, as well as

other identifying details, are to be kept confidential. In addition, the scope of what counts as

bullying has been widened to include the behavior of teachers to students, including that of

principals and any school staff at the same or another school to students on or outside

campuses (see Paragraph 15). The bullying behavior of teachers to students may be

investigated by a school’s bullying prevention task force. Depending on its severity, the case

may be transferred to a teacher evaluation committee, teacher performance evaluation

committee, or other committees organized according to the law.

135. Schools have been encouraged to establish olive branch centers and introduce peace circles

through the correct application of the concepts and techniques of restorative justice. The

parties in the conflict are encouraged to talk to each other and restore their relationship. See

Attachment 5-27 for the results of such activities; see Attachments 5-28 and 5-29 for statistics

on the reporting, confirmation, and type of bullying cases occurring in schools; see Attachment

5-30 for service statistics for the School Bullying Prevention Hotline (0800-200-885) and the

School Bullying Prevention Section (Website) Message Board.

136. The government is dedicated to improving teachers’ and students’ awareness and knowledge of

bullying prevention and jointly managing classroom safety. It has developed best practice

examples of safe classrooms, including the planning of safe classroom environments, the

modeling of successful cases of classroom management by teachers, and the development of

campus-friendly curricula and teaching plans.

Prevention of Cyberbullying

Concluding Observation 55 / Prevention of Cyberbullying and Appeals (137)

137. The Institute of Watch Internet Network (iWIN) helps online platform providers establish

more accurate self-discipline guidelines and procedures for the prevention of cyberbullying. It

also provides appeals channels for the reporting of serious cases of cyberbullying.

E. Physical and Psychological Recovery and Social Reintegration

138. Juvenile correctional schools and their branches provide junior and senior high school courses

pursuant to the 2019 Curriculum Guidelines. If a juvenile placed in a juvenile detention center

has yet to graduate, the school they are attending must retain their student registration data in

accordance with the law. The juvenile detention center must also inform the school whenever

the individual enters and leaves the detention house. In accordance with the K-12 Education

Administration’s directions governing the subsidies for correctional education, the government

supports juvenile correctional schools to place students and provide counseling by granting

subsidies to correctional schools to hire teachers and professional counseling staff. See

Attachments 5-31 and 5-32 for the number of children and youth detained in correctional

schools and juvenile detention centers; see Attachment 5-33 for results concerning the

implementation of juvenile correction and counseling measures.

139. Children and youth and their families must receive the welfare services they need should they

fall under the remit of the Juvenile Justice Act. See Attachment 5-34 for data on children and youth

and their families undergoing at least one year of follow-up guidance following the termination,

suspension, or waiving of placement counseling or corrective education or being referred for

counseling in accordance with the Juvenile Justice Act. In addition to carrying out follow-up

counseling and independent living transition and processing services in accordance with the

relevant guidance on juveniles leaving correctional schools at the termination of their correctional

education (Attachment 5-35), the competent authority has established a national child and youth

placement and follow-up case management system to oversee the assignment and acceptance of

cases and the digitization of service records, and thus maintain better oversight over the lives of

and guidance provided to children and youth leaving correctional institutions (schools).

140. The government established the Association for Victims Support, which, in addition to

protecting persons and family members whose lives, physical well-being, and sexual autonomy

have been harmed as a result of a crime, protects children and youth who have been victims of

offences additional to these crimes. The association provides legal assistance, financial support,

counseling and guidance, rehabilitation services, and other assistance.

141. See Paragraph 353 and Attachment 9-24 for details regarding the employment of

disadvantaged juveniles returning to society and living independently upon the termination of

placements.

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Chapter VI FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND ALTERNATIVE CARE

A. Respecting Parental Guidance and the Progressive Development of Children and Youth

142. See Paragraph 14 for major amendments to the Family Education Act in 2019. The network

resources of schools, family education centers, and communities have been integrated to

provide adequate resources and reference services for families in need of family education.

Senior high schools and below provide students with family education for at least four hours in

every academic year, and arrange parenting education in cooperation with parent associations.

Schools provide family education courses (e.g., counseling, guidance, discussion) for the

parents of students who have acted in serious violation of regulations. E-learning media and

manuals for parenting education have also been developed; these promote such issues as

positive discipline and coparenting. See Attachments 6-1 and 6-2 for statistics on family

education center services.

143. Child preventive health services and the distribution of child health handbooks provide parents

with neonatal health education guidance services and promote parenting guidance service

programs. See Paragraph 113 and Attachment 7-23 for more details.

B. Parental Responsibilities

144. To support parents with children, the government provides financial support (emergency and

regular living assistance to disadvantaged children and youth and assistance for families in

difficulty), medical assistance (exemption from outpatient and inpatient copayments for

children under the age of three; subsidies for the National Health Insurance premium for

children and youth from low- to middle-income households; subsidies for the inpatient

treatment and care of disadvantaged children and youth; and dedicated funds for children and

youth suffering from rare disorders, hemophilia, and HIV / AIDS), education assistance

(subsidies for after-school care services and financial support for indigenous families with

children enrolled in preschool), and friendly workplace measures (parental leave allowance).

See Attachments 6-3 to 6-11 for more information.

145.See Paragraph 113 for support services for vulnerable families; see Paragraphs 212 to 214 for

early intervention services.

Concluding Observations 71 to 73 / Affordable Premium Educare and Childcare Services

(146)

146. A program of countermeasures is being promoted to address Taiwan’s low birth rate. Families

with children are receiving the fullest possible support through the implementation of three

strategies: the strengthening of public support for private institutions, the creation of

quasi-public mechanisms, and the increasing of child-raising allowances. Funding for the care

of children from birth to the age of six was increased from NT$15.4 billion in 2016 to

NT$55.7 billion in 2021. A further increase to NT$85 billion is planned for 2023. See

Attachment 6-12 for the results of the implementation of this policy.

147. The Income Tax Act stipulates special deductions for preschool children. In 2012, the

deduction per child per year was increased from NT$25,000 to NT$120,000. See Attachment

6-13 for more information.

148. During the COVID-19 pandemic, schools suspended courses and parents had to stay home to

take care of children. Family livelihoods were affected as a result. To reduce the financial

burden on parents, the government granted a pandemic prevention allowance to families with

children in elementary schools and preschools and to students with disabilities in junior and

senior high schools. The allowance amounted to NT$10,000 per child or student.

C. The Right Not to Be Separated from Parents

149. An implementation plan for community-based family mediation services was put into practice

in 2020. When receiving mediation or counseling, parents are directed to work together in

exercising and sharing the burden of raising children in such a way as to place the interests of

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children first. See Attachment 6-14 for the statistics on these services.

150. Service centers provide parenting education courses for family cases involving minor children

in accordance with regulations on the handling of family matters. See Attachment 6-15 for

statistics on these services.

151. Undocumented migrant workers who give birth in Taiwan are, in principle, to be safely

repatriated to their countries of origin together with their children. The NIA founded three

shelters in 2020; these provide temporary accommodation when an undocumented migrant

worker cannot be housed elsewhere due to pregnancy or accompanying children. In 2020, 72

people (of whom 35 were children) stayed in shelters managed by the NIA.

152. A structured decision-making model has been introduced into the child and youth protection

case handling process that allows safety assessments to be conducted as an auxiliary tool (see

Attachment 6-16). The model guides social workers in identifying family protection factors

and thereby reducing unnecessary out-of-home resettlements. From 2016 to 2020, the need for

resettlements due to assessments identifying unsafe circumstances was reduced; see

Attachment 6-17 for associated statistics. To avoid inappropriate resettlements as part of

applications instigated by parents, the competent authority assesses the necessity of taking

such action in accordance with municipal and county (city) government procedures for

accepting child and youth placements. See also Paragraph 165. In 2020, 82.4 percent of

placement applications were assessed through the aforementioned mechanism.

153. In addition to providing family reunification services for children placed outside of the home and

their families, the government assists such families in improving their care abilities, enhancing

parental capabilities, repairing child-family relationships, arranging visits during placements, and

offering progressive home-return services to help children and youth return to their original

families at the earliest possible juncture. See Attachment 6-18 for associated statistics.

154. The Statute on the Establishment of Juvenile Detention Houses and the Act of the

Establishment of Juvenile Reformatory Schools and Enforcement of Education entitle juvenile

inmates and reform school students to receive visits and correspondence from family and

friends. Juvenile correctional institutions may also arrange family visitations and organize

family visit days; see Attachment 5-33. Correctional institutions assist foreign juveniles in

making outside contact and arrange meetings or correspondence by providing written material

or translation assistance.

155. See Attachment 6-19 for statistics on children living with mothers in prison (detention

centers). See also Paragraph 182 for associated measures.

156. The government amended the Regulations Governing the Residency, Long-Term Residency, or

Residency for Naturalization of the People of the Mainland China Area Living with a Relative

in the Taiwan Area in 2019 to allow divorced spouses with household registration in Taiwan

who are involved in raising and maintain contact with their own minor children, or whose

forced deportation may bring about serious and irreparable harm to their children, to maintain

continued residence in Taiwan.

D. Family Reunification

157. See Attachment 6-20 for the number of visas issued to foreign minors who are the children of

R.O.C. nationals with household registration in Taiwan. For spouses from mainland China who

have successfully applied for long-term residency or settled in Taiwan, any children who were

brought to Taiwan for the first time when they were less than 16 years old and have legally

resided in Taiwan for four consecutive years and legally stayed in Taiwan for 183 days every

year may also apply for long-term residence. Spouses from mainland China attaining

household registration in Taiwan may apply for long-term residence for any of their own

children under the age of 20.

E. Recovery of Maintenance for the Child

158. Parents are to bear the costs of raising children and youth. See Paragraphs 153 and 157 in the

initial national report.

F. Children Deprived of a Family Environment

Concluding Observations 42 to 45 / Alternative Care with the Family as the Center (159 to

164)

159. Per amendments to the Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act in 2019,

children and youth may be settled with a relative or third party as an alternative to settling

them with foster families or placement institutions. To improve such relatives’ capabilities, best

practices and service plans have been developed for supporting their provision of family care.

See Attachments 5-4 and 5-5 for data on placement with relatives.

160. In 2019, the government established a working group to review the current status of and

develop alternative care policies for children and youth. Completed in 2021, the policies

developed give priority to supporting family functions, preventing unnecessary resettlement,

developing family-based care alternatives, improving the quality of care alternatives,

protecting the rights and interests of children and youth, cultivating independence in children

and youth, and enhancing supporting resources.

161. The competent authority provides foster families with professional allowances, respite care

services, home support, health examinations, counseling, and support for the care of children

and youth who have special needs. See Attachment 6-21 for related results. See Attachment

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6-22 for data on foster families.

162. Children and youth are provided with group home services if assessed as being unsuitable for

placement in institutions or foster families due to disabilities, specific illnesses, abnormal

patterns of behavior, or severe emotional distress.

163. See Attachments 6-23 and 6-24 for the number of children and youth placed in institutions.

The following measures are taken to ensure the quality of child and youth placement

institutions:

(a) The competent authority is required to inspect each institution at least three times a year,

or four if the institution has been assessed as grade B or less.

(b) Central and local governments conduct regular joint assessments and provide guidance to

institutions assessed as grades C and D to support their improvement or order them to

close.

improve assessment benchmarks.

(d) Institutions group children and youth into units according to age and needs. Family

meetings are held regularly for each unit. See Paragraph 86.

164. Regulations subsidizing the professional service fees provided to child and youth placement

institutions are amended annually to increase the amount. Conducting financial audits also

helps create a consistent accounting system and care cost calculation standard for institutions;

the government discusses reasonable placement fees with local competent authorities on this

basis.

Concluding Observation 46 / Placement upon Decision of the Court (165)

165. An assessment and decision-making mechanism has been established to oversee the

intervention of administrative agencies in parents’ applications for commissioned placement.

Municipal and county (city) government procedures for accepting commissions for child and

youth placements were established in 2019 (Attachment 6-25). When parents, guardians, or

interested parties apply to have a child or youth resettled, the competent authority works with

professional teams to assess the family’s functionality and social support systems, while also

paying particular attention to the opinions of the child or youth. If the assessment shows that

placement is unnecessary, resources appropriate to the needs of the child or youth and their

family are provided on a case-by-case basis. The competent authority also maintains a

thorough check on the number of children and youth accepted by placement institutions within

its jurisdiction, and, through team-based decision-making and assessment, provides services

supporting the independence or return home of children and youth. As of the end of 2020, the

number of children and youth accepted by institutions was reduced from 408 in 2016 to 76.

G. Periodic Review of Placement

Concluding Observations 47 and 48 / Assessment of Placement Necessity (166)

166. Regular application of placement assessment mechanisms:

(a) Commissioned placement: A regular assessment of child and youth placement and the

implementation status of family treatment is conducted every three months after the

confirmation of a placement. A group decision-making meeting is held prior to the

termination of a placement to assess if placement continues to be needed.

(b) Placement upon decision of the court: Such placements should, in principle, not exceed

one year and be subject to regular three-monthly assessments and regular three-monthly

visits to the original family. If long-term placement is needed, a long-term treatment plan

is developed. As with the placement itself, regular assessments must be conducted every

three months to review the appropriateness of the treatment plan. The opinions of children

and youth must be taken into account during the placement process. See Attachment 6-26.

167. See Attachment 6-27 for statistical data on children and youth returning home after placement

in institutions and foster families.

Concluding Observation 49 / Follow-up Services after Termination of Placements (168 to 169)

168. Building life skills and cultivating independence among juveniles who cannot return home

must be promoted during placements so that individuals develop the capacity to live an

independent life in the community.

169. Social workers provide at least one year of follow-up counseling to children and youth

returning home after the conclusion of out-of-home placements, helping them adapt to their

homes, recover relationships with their original families, and connect to resources that provide

family support services and thereby prevent any recurring need for out-of-home placement.

Juveniles who have no home to return to are provided with schooling, employment, medical,

and other services as required for their independence. See Attachments 6-28 and 6-29 for the

status of such services.

170. The competent authority provides family maintenance services after children and youth return

home following the conclusion of a placement. At least two visits are made per month in the

first three months of an individual returning home. More visits may be made if necessary.

H. Adoption

171. The Veterans Affairs Council’s directions governing allowances to dependents of veterans

under the fully government-paid home-care placement system were amended in 2019 to

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remove the provision that allowances be limited to one adopted child and extend the same

rights to both biological and adopted children.

Concluding Observation 50 / Advocacy for Domestic Adoption of Children with Special Needs

(172 to 173)

172. As of 2020, five adoption service providers had worked with nine countries to arrange

intercountry adoption services. See Attachments 6-30 to 6-32 for an overview of adoptions:

(a) From 2016 to 2020, approximately 85 percent of the 4,748 children and youth registered

for adoption were adopted domestically. Domestic adoption involving nonkin relationships

increased from 42.66 percent in 2016 to 51.43 percent in 2020.

(b) More than 97 percent of nonkin relationship adoption of children and youth without

special needs occurred domestically. For children and youth with special needs (including

older children and children with disabilities or special family backgrounds),

approximately 30 percent were adopted domestically, while the remaining 70 percent were

intercountry adoptions because no adoptive families were found in Taiwan.

173. People’s willingness to adopt children and youth with special needs is raised through such

approaches as media outreach, the provision of subsidies to adoption service providers to

implement programs that facilitate the adoption of children and youth with special needs, and

the appraisal of associated operations.

174. Regarding the termination of adoptions:

(a) According to the Civil Code, adoptions and the termination of adoptions are to be decided

by courts based on the best interests of the adopted child. See Attachments 6-33 and 6-34

for information about terminated adoptions.

(b) A 2017 study indicated that the most common reasons for terminating adoptions were

divorce, better conditions being available with the original family, disciplinary issues, and

requests by the biological father that a child’s original surname be restored.

of the adoption of minor children and the termination of adoptions. An activity to develop

multidisciplinary consensus between judicial personnel and social workers was also

organized in 2019.

Concluding Observation 51 / Acceptance of the Hague Convention on Protection of Children

and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (175)

175. To ensure the compliance of intercountry adoption with the Hague Convention on Protection

of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, Taiwan’s Permit and

Management Regulations for Children and Youth Adoption Service Providers stipulate that an

adoption service provider applying for a permit to provide intercountry adoption services must

already have been engaged in the provision of domestic adoption services for more than three

years with an evaluation result of grade A or higher. The applicant must submit a legal

certificate, to be reviewed by the government, showing that its cooperating partner is

recognized and authorized to operate in that country. When engaging in intercountry adoption

of children and youth, the adoption service provider must submit documentation proving that

priority was given to arranging a domestic adoption.

I. Illicit Transfer and Nonreturn of Children and Youth

176. See Attachments 6-35 and 6-36 for investigations based on and the implementation of Articles

241 and 242 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of China by district prosecutors offices with

respect to the forcible abductions of minors under the age of 20.

Concluding Observations 40 and 41 / Acceptance of the Hague Convention on the Civil

Aspects of International Child Abduction to Deal with the Illicit Trafficking of Children and

Youth and Their Return Home (177)

177. Taiwan’s Procedures to Assist in Searching for Missing Children or Youth Due to Parental (or

Familial) Child Abduction follow the spirit of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of

International Child Abduction. See Attachment 6-37. Preventing children from being taken

overseas is ensured by helping search for missing children and issuing temporary injunctions.

The status of children already taken overseas can be understood through diplomatic missions

or mutual judicial assistance systems. See Attachments 6-38 and 6-39.

178. From 2016 to 2020, 980 cases filed by social workers involved missing children and youth

taken away by parents or relatives without official permission. Almost 90 percent of

individuals were found. See Attachments 6-40 to 6-42 for associated statistics.

179. Taiwan and the United States signed a Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation on

International Parental Child Abduction in 2019. A joint committee held meetings in May 2019

and November 2020 to enhance communication, coordination, and information sharing.

J. Protection of Children with Fathers / Mothers in Prison or Living with Mothers in Prison

180. Correctional institutions must engage in advocacy and review work to ensure the care and

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support of the minor children of inmates. They must ensure the care of children under the age

of 12 and report to the local competent authority if any assistance is needed. See Attachment

6-43.

181. The Prison Act and Detention Act were amended in 2020 to stipulate that whenever a child

enters or leaves prison (detention center) with his or her mother, the local competent authority

to whose jurisdiction the child’s household registration applies must be notified to determine

the best interests of the child, and with assistance being extended to the family where

necessary.

182. Correctional institutions must operate nurseries, purchase associated supplies, and provide

lectures or courses on parental and child development. Women’s prisons must hire nursery staff

to provide childcare demonstration; they must also build outdoor playground facilities for

children and safeguard children’s educational opportunities by implementing Taiwan’s study

plan for children aged two or older attending day nurseries. See Attachment 6-19 for statistics

on children who accompany their mothers to prison (detention center).

Chapter VII DISABILITY, BASIC HEALTH, AND WELFARE

A. Survival and Development

183. See also Chapter 3, Section C; Chapter 5, Sections A, D, and E; and Sections C and E of this

chapter regarding the right to survival. See also Chapter 4 and Chapter 8 for the right to

development.

184. A children’s healthcare improvement program26 was approved in 2020 to enhance primary

care and health management; improve medical care for perinatal, emergency, and critical

patients; and reduce the preventable mortality of newborns and children.

185. The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act explicitly stipulates the

establishment of notification and processing systems for shortages of specific medicines and

medical devices needed for the treatment of premature babies, children suffering from serious

illnesses, and children in life-threatening conditions. To provide hospitals with assistance in

applying for or consulting on shortages of medicines and medical devices for children, the

government has established a center dedicated to clinically indispensable but difficult-to-access

children’s medicines and medical devices.

COVID-19

186. To mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of children and youth in

disadvantaged families, an additional monthly subsidy of NT$1,500 was granted for each child

during the periods of April to June 2020 and May to July 2021.

187. To avoid cluster infections in child and youth placement institutions, the competent authorities

have helped institutions within their jurisdiction establish an antipandemic preparation and

response plan, plan accommodation arrangements and care personnel scheduling for confirmed

cases, and use IT systems to regularly check and compare personnel lists to understand the risk

of infection in a timely manner.

B. Disabled Children and Youth

188. In accordance with the Act to Implement the Convention on the Rights of Persons with

Disabilities, the second state report on the implementation of the act was published in

December 2020. Its preparation gave due consideration to the participation of persons with

disabilities of all ages and regions and their representative groups.

26 The program’s remit includes improving perinatal healthcare systems; building a multilevel, multiregional

emergency care network for children; integrating hospital resources and strengthening the capacity to deal with and

quality of care of critical and undiagnosed rare diseases; developing a professional referral team and care network

for critically ill children; planning a national platform for handling undiagnosed diseases for children; training

professionals in pediatric care, promoting innovation, and translating research; developing a family-based system of

pediatricians; and promoting parenting guidance for vulnerable families.

189. See Attachment 7-1 for statistics on children and youth categorized by disability.27

Personal Safety

190. Taiwan’s guidelines on searches for missing persons were amended in 2019 to extend the age

criterion for emergency searches for persons certified as disabled from seven years of age to 12

years of age.

Concluding Observations 58 and 59 / Data on Support and Development Services for Children

and Youth with Disabilities, Inclusive Education (191 to 201)

Support and Development

191. Since 2020, children and youth with disabilities have had access to both a living allowance and

daycare subsidies. See Attachments 7-2 to 7-6 for statistics on the beneficiaries of subsidies

and services for children and youth with disabilities, the number of children and youth with

disabilities living in institutions, and the beneficiaries of support services for the family

caregivers of children and youth with disabilities.

Special Education

192. The Special Education Act guarantees special education for children and youth with disabilities.

Compulsory education at elementary and junior high schools is subject to the Compulsory

Education Act. At less than 0.08 percent, the drop-out rate for students with disabilities is

Not Yet Final ized

lower than that of students without disabilities. Local authorities must establish committees to

oversee the appraisal, placement, repeat placement, and counseling of special education

students. Various support services are also provided, including professional and assistive

services, educational assistive technologies, and Braille books and audio textbooks, as well as

reductions in or exemption from tuition fees. The Enforcement Rules of the Special Education

Act stipulate that schools must formulate individualized education plans (IEPs) for students

with disabilities based on their characteristics. To aid students’ transitions between each stage

of education, the original institution or school must provide transition documents to the new

institution or school on convening IEP meetings. See Attachment 7-7 for statistics on the

schooling of children and youth with disabilities, Attachment 7-8 for statistics on applications

for professional services for preschool students with disabilities, and Attachment 7-9 for the

ratio of students to teachers in centralized special education classes.

27 In this report, “people (persons) with disabilities” means persons who have filed applications of their own accord

according to the People with Disabilities Rights Protection Act and been qualified upon evaluation and assessment.

Statistics represent only the reporting rate of persons willing to apply for government subsidies who have been

through the appraisal process, and do not reflect the actual prevalence of persons with long-term physical, mental,

intellectual, or sensory impairments.

193. A medium-term special education plan (for the academic years 2019 to 2023) and an

implementation plan for improving student inclusion and education at senior high schools have

been established. The percentage of students enrolled in special education schools dropped

from 7 percent in 2010 to 5 percent in 2019, and special education implementation committees

have been established at all regular schools. The competent educational authorities at all levels

operate special education resource centers; teachers hired to teach regular classes must

complete related courses before starting their jobs, as well as participate in annual workshops

on special education.

194. Taiwan’s teaching principles and counseling guidelines for students with disabilities enrolled

in regular classes at senior high schools and below were amended in 2020:

(a) The principal of the school must coordinate with school units to accomplish special

education tasks, and it is clearly stipulated that the school must proactively build links to

external support networks and that all relevant units within the school must handle special

education tasks.

(b) Schools must plan and provide professional continuing education courses for teachers

engaged in teaching and counseling students with disabilities.

regular basis to understand the effectiveness of their efforts.

195. Both the competent authorities and schools work to strengthen the appraisal of gifted students

with disabilities and their counseling. Nevertheless, since no fixed appraisal regulations exist,

in practice the quality and implementation of placement and counseling differ among counties

and cities. Given low identification rates for gifted students with disabilities and the

incomplete state of counseling and support systems, a plan to improve the identification and

counseling of gifted students with disabilities has been established as a guide for best practice.

196. Taiwan’s Regulations for Establishment and Management of After-school Care Service Classes

and Centers for Children require that special education teachers or professional personnel be

hired for children and youth with disabilities according to their needs, and that equal

opportunity be ensured in the use of buildings, facilities, and equipment. See Attachment 7-10

for statistics on children and youth with disabilities enrolled in after-school care and service

centers for children; see Attachment 7-11 for subsidies for children and youth with disabilities

attending after-school care classes for children.

197. With the establishment of a campus accessibility management system in 2016, schools are

supervised in improving accessible facilities in accordance with design regulations for

accessible buildings and facilities. See Paragraph 69 of the Second National Report on the

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (hereinafter the “CRPD”). See

Paragraph 158 of the Second National Report on the CRPD for the provision of assistive

devices.

198. To provide transition guidance and services for students with disabilities, schools formulate

career transition plans and recommendations on individual needs in combination with students’

IEPs. The schooling rate is increased by arranging appropriate support and placement for

students with disabilities. The graduation rate of students with disabilities has reached 80

percent. See Attachment 7-12 for statistics on people with disabilities aged 15 to 18 receiving

vocational training. See also Paragraph 240 of the Second National Report on the CRPD.

Culture and Recreation

199. The accessibility of spaces at children’s playgrounds in parks is being improved by evaluating

the accessibility of urban parks and greenbelt environments and encouraging local authorities

to plan inclusive playgrounds with the participation of children and organizations representing

people with disabilities. Playground facilities and spaces must meet the CNS requirements and

the Ministry of the Interior’s design standards for accessible equipment and facilities. See

Attachment 7-13 for statistics on playgrounds in parks. See also Paragraphs 267 and 270 of the

Second National Report on the CRPD.

200. See Attachment 7-14 for the activities organized by subordinate agencies of the Ministry of

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Culture and the National Palace Museum for children and youth with disabilities. See also

Paragraphs 258 to 273 of the Second National Report on the CRPD for the participation of children

and youth with disabilities in cultural life and entertainment, leisure, and sports activities.

Children and Youth in Out-of-Home Placement and Correctional Institutions

201. Preschoolers with disabilities in placement institutions are provided with early intervention

treatment. Children and youth with disabilities enter the special education system upon

reaching school age. Schools provide individualized care service plans to complement the

special education resources available. Schools also provide support services for children and

youth with special needs or disabilities. In 2019, the government implemented a plan to

improve alternative care resources for the out-of-home placement of children and youth,

subsidizing local authorities to form local multidisciplinary assessment teams that assess and

integrate resources and professional development for medical services, special education, early

intervention treatment, and psychological support. The government also subsidizes institutions

in providing accessible facilities and equipment. As of 2020, subsidies had reached more than

NT$53.82 million. See Attachment 6-21 for the results of these services.

202. In recent years, correctional schools and juvenile detention houses have introduced special

education resources and comprehensive counseling resources for students with disabilities,

established a three-level counseling system, enhanced communications with juvenile courts,

and developed draft regulations on the implementation of detention and treatment in juvenile

correctional institutions.

C. Health and Health Services

Prenatal and Postpartum care

203. Since 2017, the government has implemented a care plan for high-risk pregnant women and

newborns, providing health education, follow-up care, and referral services from pregnancy to

between six weeks and six months after delivery to improve the health of mothers and

newborns at high risk.28 See Attachment 7-15 for the plan’s implementation efficiency and

inclusion criteria analysis. Since July 2021, the number of prenatal examinations provided to

expectant mothers has increased from 10 to 14, covering additional gestational diabetes

mellitus and anemia testing and two ultrasonic examinations.

204. See Attachment 7-16 for the utilization rate of prenatal examinations. See Attachment 7-17 for

the utilization rate of subsidies for prenatal genetic testing. See Attachment 7-18 for the

maternal mortality rate of pregnant women and statistics on the leading causes of

pregnancy-related deaths. See Paragraph 308 for transport subsidies supporting prenatal

examinations for indigenous women.

Improving the Quality of Medical Care for Children and Youth

205. As of August 2021, the government had funded the cultivation of 637 medical

students—including 21 obstetrics and gynecology specialists (including some still under

training), 25 pediatric specialists, and 187 midwives—to serve in local placements. Following

graduation, the students were reassigned to their hometowns, and, after serving out their initial

contracts, almost 70 percent have continued to serve in these indigenous and offshore areas.

The number of practicing pediatric specialists increased from 3,340 in 2008 to 4,469 in 2020

for a growth rate of 33 percent, with the number of pediatric specialists for every 10,000

children increasing from 6.42 to 18.99. To improve the quality of services, from 2015 to 2017

the government subsidized hospitals to implement incentive programs for pediatric medical

teams focusing on critical, intractable, and rare diseases. See Paragraphs 184, 185, and 206 for

details of the 2020 program.

28 Covers health risk factors (mother’s use of tobacco and alcohol, multiple births, or diagnoses of gestational

hypertension or gestational diabetes mellitus in combination with an educational background lower than senior or

vocational high school, indigenous or new immigrant status, membership of high-risk groups for substance abuse, or

mental health problems), socioeconomic risk factors (mother under the age of 20, from low / low- to

middle-income household, or victim of domestic violence who has not had prenatal checkups), and newborns

whose mothers did not receive prenatal checkups for the duration of their pregnancy.

206. In 2020, to develop a family-based child healthcare model and enhance primary healthcare

services for children under the age of three, six counties and cities having jurisdiction over 202

medical institutions received subsidies to implement a pilot scheme employing early childhood

physicians.

Preventive Health Checkups and Vaccinations for Children and Youth

207. See Attachment 7-19 for the percentage of infants born with low weight; see Attachment 7-20

for the weight, gestational age, and birth defects of infants born through assisted reproduction;

see Attachment 7-21 for statistics on hearing screening for newborns; see Attachment 7-22 for

statistics on the screening of congenital metabolic diseases in newborns; see Attachment 7-23

for the utilization rate of children’s preventive health checkups; see Attachment 7-24 for

statistics on vision screening for preschoolers.

208. Taiwan’s current program of preventive vaccinations includes nine routine and flu vaccines

covering 15 infectious diseases. The coverage rate of the routine vaccinations for children

exceeds 96 percent for the basic shot and exceeds 93 percent for the booster shot; see

Attachment 7-25. The annual government-funded flu vaccination covers children and

adolescents aged six months through 18 years. School-based vaccination programs are also

conducted.

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209. Vaccination policies introduced in the last five years:

(a) In 2017, the use of the cell-cultured live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine took

over as a substitute for the inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine prepared using mouse

brains.

(b) In 2018, the hepatitis A vaccine was incorporated into the routine preventive vaccination

program, subsidies were expanded to cover fees for the routine vaccination of children,

and vaccination health education and HPV vaccination services were promoted among

first-year female students in junior high schools.

sixth-grade students or lower in elementary schools from low- and low- to middle-income

households, extended the Human Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin (HBIG) vaccination to

newborns whose mothers exhibit a positive HBsAg (s-Antigen) test result, and changed to

the use of quadrivalent influenza vaccines.

(d) In 2021, the competent authority arranged for youth aged 12 to 17 (inclusive) to receive

BNT COVID-19 vaccinations on campuses or at contracted medical institutions.

210. Preventive or therapeutic care is provided to HIV-positive pregnant and parturient women

(infants) during pregnancy, labor, and the postnatal period, including drugs to prevent

mother-to-child transmission, medical subsidies to receive caesarean sections for HIV-positive

expectant mothers not covered by the National Health Insurance system, substitutes for breast

milk to avoid mother-to-child transmission due to breast-feeding, and subsidies for regular

examinations and the hiring of personnel to monitor medication. There were no cases of

mother-to-child transmission in Taiwan in 2020.

211. Medical expenses for the treatment of HIV / AIDS are covered by the National Health

Insurance system. In accordance with the HIV Infection Control and Patient Rights Protection

Act, the government must budget for the medical expenses of persons for two years following

a confirmed diagnosis and commencement of treatment; medical expenses are covered by the

National Health Insurance system thereafter. See Attachment 7-26 for the number of confirmed

cases of HIV-positive children and youth; see Attachment 7-27 for the living conditions of

HIV-positive children and youth; see Attachment 7-28 for statistics on youth affected by

sexually transmitted diseases.

Early Intervention Treatment

212. Community-based services are made available to children with developmental delays in

accordance with an associated implementation plan. The number of serviced areas increased

from 34 townships in 2014 to 92 townships in 2019. See Attachment 7-29 for the

implementation of subsidies for early intervention treatment expenses.

213. Mitigating the difference in early intervention treatment resources between urban and rural

areas:

(a) In 2019, the government formulated a 2019-21 deployment plan for intervention in areas

lacking resources. Deployment in all 37 townships lacking health, social welfare, and

education resources was completed in 2020; deployment in the 130 townships lacking

two of these types of resources is in progress; and deployment has been completed in 123

townships, with a coverage rate of 94.61 percent.

(b) Under plans to add measures for consolidated family-based early intervention care fees as

part of Taiwan’s program of improved National Health Insurance payments for early

intervention outpatient services, a 20 percent markup is granted to institutions located in

mountainous areas and on offshore islands; see Attachment 7-30 for implementation

results. Under a separate National Health Insurance program also designed to improve

healthcare benefits in mountainous areas and on offshore islands, a 30 percent markup is

granted to institutions providing mobile early intervention services at community-based

service stations.

214. See Paragraphs 39 to 40 of the Second National Report on the CRPD for early intervention

measures.

Prevention and Management of Obesity

Concluding Observation 64 / Prevention and Management of Obesity (215 to 216)

215. See Paragraph 106 on protecting students’ privacy during health examinations.

216. The prevalence of overweight and obese students in elementary schools decreased from 28.1

percent in 2016 to 27.1 percent in 2019, while the prevalence of overweight and obese students

in junior high schools increased slightly from 29.5 percent to 31.3 percent during the same

period; see Attachment 7-31. Measures for preventing and managing obesity are described

below:

(a) Referencing the WHO Ending Childhood Obesity Guidelines, a 2020-21 childhood obesity

prevention and intervention pilot program provided intervention strategies for schools,

families, hospitals, and communities. A 2020-21 childhood health and obesity prevention

and management system-building pilot program implemented front-end preventive

controls and back-end follow-up referrals based on the historical growth curves of children.

Furthermore, attempts to develop medical institutions that promote child and youth health

have drawn on previous efforts to promote healthy body types, with accreditation,

operational processes, and assessment methodologies for treating children and youth

modelled on prevailing health hospital certification standards.

(b) Good health is promoted in schools based on the concept of “85210.”29 Learning about

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healthy body types is a mandatory part of the curriculum at senior high schools and below.

preschool lunches have been amended. A plan to develop food education materials for

elementary schools has also been implemented to provide suitable food education

materials, enhance the promotion of healthy body types on campuses, and provide classes

on controlling body weight or individual counseling services.

Physical Fitness of Students

217. Taiwan’s national physical fitness testing regulations require schools to conduct at least one

physical fitness test every academic year; the Ministry of Education’s Sports Administration

must regularly publish current national physical fitness norms. The percentage of students

passing the basic threshold (i.e., ranking in the 25th percentile or better in four physical fitness

activities) during the 2016 to 2019 academic years were 59.95 percent, 60.38 percent, 60.76

percent, and 59.8 percent, respectively.

29 This refers to getting eight hours of good sleep per day, consuming five servings of fruits and vegetables per day,

using the four most common electronic devices (TV, computer, games console, cellphone) for less than two hours

per day, getting at least 30 minutes of exercise in one day, and consuming regular drinking water instead of sugared

beverages (i.e., “zero” sugared beverages).

218. A program designed to ensure that children receive at least 150 minutes of exercise at schools

has been established, requiring that senior and vocational high schools and below: (1)

implement morning, recess, or after-school fitness classes; (2) use flexible classes to

implement sports activities, integrated with school club activities, if needed; (3) provide

support to establish a range of sports clubs; and (4) promote interclass competitions.

Promoting Mental Health

Concluding Observations 62 and 63 / Efficacy of Mental Health Services (219 to 220)

219. Taiwan’s national mental health plan stipulates the following measures for children and youth:

(a) In 2019, mental health was added as a subsidized option for local governments in their

management of health promotion programs at schools under their jurisdiction. Mental

health education became mandatory at junior and senior high schools as of the 2021

academic year.

(b) A mental health learning platform has been established to promote the dissemination of

mental health education, informed mental health awareness, and provide related

educational training.

provide free or discounted psychological counseling services. In addition to providing

psychological counseling services, the 1925 Hotline also assesses referrals or links to other

service resources.

(d) Juvenile correctional schools have been adding counselors, special education teachers, and

counseling personnel since August 2021 to implement mental health promotion programs

covering student counseling, career planning, suicide prevention, and abstinence.

220. See Paragraphs 70 to 72 for child and youth suicide prevention measures.

Promoting and Using Health Knowledge

221. The Regulation for the Implementation of Smoking Cessation Education was amended in 2020

to diversify smoking cessation education channels and methods. In addition to physical classes,

schools also provide courses or counseling services via the internet and other media. Smoking

cessation education must exceed two hours; more time may be required for smokers under the

age of 18 who relapse within one year.

222. Outreach regarding the harmfulness of electronic cigarettes focuses on second-hand smoke,

third-hand smoke, smoking cessation, and the fundamental danger of the habit. To increase

effectiveness, outreach is implemented through a combination of TV and radio programming,

online social marketing events, and outdoor and print media.

223. The juvenile drinking rate increased slightly from 25.7 percent in 2009 to 27.7 percent in 2017.

Estimates indicate that approximately 415,000 young people have consumed at least one

alcoholic beverage. The message that there is no lower limit to safe alcohol consumption and

information about alcohol intolerance is communicated via multiple media. The continued

implementation of an integrated cigarette, alcohol, and betel nut prevention program is also

strengthening combined efforts to deter consumption.

224. To improve the ability of children and their caregivers to prevent and treat nearsightedness, the

competent authority uses multiple media to promote digital products and eyecare. Directions

recommending that warning indicators be placed on consumer electronics have been

established to suggest how students should foster good habits and use digital products properly.

225. A diverse range of health education methods is employed to communicate disease prevention

know-how and promote and implement such habits as frequent hand washing with soap, cough

etiquette, and staying home when ill. Picture books about COVID-19 and other diseases have

also been published to improve children’s understanding of diseases and associated prevention

measures.

Sexual and Reproductive Health

Concluding Observations 65 to 67 / Sexual and Reproductive Health Plan (226、229)

Not Yet Final ized

226. Sexual and reproductive health measures taken by schools:

(a) Sexual and reproductive health has been incorporated into curriculum guidelines, and

curriculum review committees have student representatives gather the opinions of

children and youth.

(b) Taiwan’s 2019 Curriculum Guidelines explicitly require the appropriate incorporation of

gender equity education and other issues into the design of curricula, including such

issues as biological sex traits, sexual orientation, gender traits, and respect for different

gender identities. Schools may select or compile suitable teaching materials depending on

regional variation and the characteristics and needs of their students.

227. Schools establish health and physical education counseling groups and central counseling

teams to improve the professional competence of health education teachers at elementary and

junior high schools. A three-level counseling system formed by the central and local

governments and schools provides professional advisory services on such issues as health

education curricula, teaching materials, teaching, measurement, and behavioral research.

228. Measures to improve knowledge of sex education among children and youth and their parents:

(a) A gender awareness and growth digital handbook and CD have been published for parents

to use in self-learning and in parenting education activities.

(b) The Health 99+ Education Resource website established by the Health Promotion

Administration provides high-quality health education resources through relevant articles.

range of sex-related issues.

229. Assistance for pregnant minor students:

(a) Upon discovering that a minor student is pregnant, a school must form a task force and

provide various forms of assistance. In addition to providing pregnant students or student

mothers with a well-rounded and well-tailored education, it must also provide counseling

and assistance regarding transfers, placement, healthcare, employment, family support,

financial security, and legal matters. It must also be flexible regarding regulations dealing

with such students’ grading and status on the school roll.

(b) In 2020, registration and outpatient expenses for miscarriages and childbirths were

incorporated into the insurance benefits covered under the Group Insurance of Students at

Schools at Senior Secondary Level or Below and Young Children at Educare Service

Institutions Act.

providing associated support and advice, have been established. Projects providing

integrated services have been subsidized; associated training for professional personnel is

also available.

Concluding Observations 90 and 91 / Assessment of the Effectiveness of Dealing with Drug

Abuse / Drugs as a Health Issue Rather than a Criminal Issue (230 to 231)

Medical Assistance for Drug Abusers

230. See Attachment 7-32 for statistics on the drug addiction treatment services provided by the

Taoyuan and Changhua branches of Chengjheng High School in 2017 in accordance with

Taiwan’s integrated drug addiction treatment and improvement plan for correctional

institutions. In 2018, the government began to provide juvenile correctional institutions with

treatment-oriented courses focusing on seven areas, including the concepts of addiction and

abstinence strategies, pursuant to a science-based drug offender treatment model. This was

subject to an effectiveness evaluation and improvement plan in 2020.

231. In 2019, subsidies were granted to private sector institutions in the drug addiction treatment

community managing a total of 69 beds. To encourage related medical institutions to develop

addiction treatment models for juveniles, a preliminary pilot scheme to establish integrated

addiction treatment demonstration centers was launched in the same year. In 2020, the

government provided subsidies for 50 persons under a scheme to subsidize addiction treatment

expenses and established a management system for drug and alcohol addiction treatment cases.

Environmental Monitoring and Outreach

Concluding Observation 68 / Environmental Quality Monitoring (232 to 234)

232. A drinking water management and inspection control plan has been implemented in

accordance with the Drinking Water Management Act and associated regulations to oversee the

work of local environmental protection agencies in implementing inspection controls. Unlisted

pollutants are to be sampled subject to tiered controls and an annual program of sequential

testing and monitoring.

233. Environmental safety mechanisms in senior high schools and below:

(a) Schools conduct man-made and natural disaster drills. Police, firefighting, social, and civil

administration units and parents are invited to such drills.

(b) The Ministry of Education has established measures and emergency response processes to

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address sudden deteriorations in air quality at senior high schools and below, including

preschools.

234. The gradual expansion of environmental information-gathering and convenient early warning

services is helping the public better understand the current quality of the environment. The

Environmental Hormones Management Plan also continues to reduce people’s exposure to

environmental hormones.

D. Social Security and Child Care Services and Facilities

Social Security Measures

235. See Attachment 7-33 for the number of children and youth covered by National Health

Insurance.

236. See Attachment 7-34 for the number of children and youth from low- and

low-to-middle-income households. The Savings Account Plan for the Future Education and

Development of Children and Youth launched in 2018 enables parents and local governments

to jointly use savings accounts to accumulate funds for the future education and career

development of children and youth. See also Attachments 7-35 to 7-37 for the implementation

results and living subsidies for children and students from low-income households.

237. Subsidized lunches are provided to students in need pursuant to the Directions Governing

Central Government Disbursements to Cover Local Governments’ Costs of Subsidizing School

Lunches. The mechanism benefits elementary and junior high school students who come from

low- and low-to-middle-income households and are unable to pay lunch fees due to sudden

factors affecting the family or other circumstances confirmed by a teacher during a home visit,

including the involuntary unemployment or unpaid leave of parents for more than one month

or if either parent is disabled.

238. The government announced in 2019 that, in accordance with the Employment Service Act, it

will dedicate more efforts toward promoting employment among youth over 15 and under 18

who are neither in school nor employed. Such youth are eligible for an allowance for

vocational training, job-hunting transportation, or a temporary job, and a subsidy for technician

certification training. The government also provides them with on-the-job training and

readaptation opportunities, as well as other allowances and subsidies.

Concluding Observations 71 to 73 / Affordable Premium Educare and Child Care Services

Child Care and Educare Service Measures

239. The government has implemented strategies, such as a national child care policy, for children

six years old and under, increasing the scale of affordable educare services and reducing school

fees. See also Paragraph 146. Some child care-sharing measures in the private sector are as

follows:

(a) A pilot program for companies and agencies (institutions) to provide employees with

child care services was established in 2018. It requires that companies and agencies

(institutions) investigate the needs of employees for child care services and provide them

in the form of at-home child care or access to home nursery services or baby care centers.

(b) The government has amended the Regulations on Subsidy and Standards for Establishing

Breastfeeding (Breast Milk Collection) Rooms, Child Care Facilities and Measures to

increase the frequency of subsidization to twice a year and loosen the subsidy application

criteria for child care fees. See Attachment 7-38 for the status of the subsidization. In

addition, the government has increased the upper limit of subsidies for employers to build

child care facilities to NT$3 million. See Attachment 7-39 for statistics on child care

facilities or measures of business entities with more than 100 employees.

E. Standard of Living

240. See Attachment 7-40 for statistics on households receiving interest subsidies for mortgages and

rental subsidies. See Paragraph 147 for the impact of special tax deductions for preschool

children.

241. The Housing Act was amended in 2021 to increase the percentage of social housing that must

be rented to economically or socially disadvantaged persons, including persons with three or

more minor children, from 30 percent to 40 percent.

242. See Paragraph 60 for living standard assurances for foreign children and youth.

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Chapter VIII EDUCATION, LEISURE AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES

A. Education and Vocational Training

Guaranteeing Equal Opportunity to Receive an Education

243. The student-teacher ratio of preschools must be no less than 15:1 in classes for children

between three and five years of age or 8:1 in classes for children two years of age. See

Attachments 8-1 to 8-3 for the number of full-time teachers and student-teacher ratios in

primary schools, and junior, senior, and vocational high schools; the number of substitute

teachers in primary schools, and junior, senior, and vocational high schools; and the average

enrollment rates at different levels of education. See Attachment 8-4 for the net enrollment rate

of children between six and 14 years of age.

244. The Enforcement Act for Non-school-based Experimental Education at High School Level or

Below provides that parents of students in elementary and junior high schools may select an

education method other than school-based education. Senior high school students may choose

to keep their student identification registration or obtain student IDs issued by the competent

authority and participate in non-school-based experimental education. For students lacking

student identification registration, regulations have been established to protect their rights to

education. See Attachment 8-5 for the number of participants.

245. When the government decides to close and merge schools, it must address the rights of students

in the plan. It also requires the establishment of a mechanism for the financial monitoring and

auditing of private senior high schools and follow-up actions on the improvement of the

liability management of schools, as well as the provision of necessary counseling, maintenance

of the schools’ sound operation, and protection of the students’ right to education.

246. Schools may use synchronous, nonsynchronous, or mixed online teaching methods during the

COVID-19 pandemic to ensure that students can engage in remote learning at home. During

the suspension of classes, special education schools must make online classes available for

students with disabilities and with special needs and create appropriate individualized

education programs for them. Teachers should use multiple teaching methods and check to see

how much the students have learned. They may also use a learning-assistance program to

enhance the learning of students. The government supports students in remote areas and from

economically disadvantaged families by making available mobile devices, 4G SIM cards, and

routers for online learning. The Ministry of Education brings together digital learning

resources and courses from the public and private sectors so as to offer online learning support

via the educloud platform. Students returning to Taiwan on a short-term basis may study at

schools in the district of their household registration.

247. See Paragraph 229 for the right to education of pregnant students. See Attachment 8-6 for

figures on the number of pregnant senior high school students who remain in school.

248. Assistance measures for disadvantaged students in senior high schools:

(a) Cooperative education classes have been provided since the 2018 academic year. The

practical technical program is free of miscellaneous charges.

(b) Miscellaneous charges and other schooling related fees are reduced or canceled for

students with special needs.

financial assistance with respect to tuition for students from low-income households, as

well as emergency funds and work-study grants.

(d) Schools accept applications for education savings accounts and introduce private funds to

assist students in receiving an education.

(e) The Ministry of Education has built the HelpDreams platform to integrate information on

scholarships and grants offered by the government and civil society groups.

Concluding Observations 69 and 70 / Student Loans (249、252)

249. The competent authority is responsible for setting tuition fees, miscellaneous charges, and

collection and payment service fees. Agent fees are collected by the parents’ association with

the representatives of impartial persons present. The principle of a balanced budget must be

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followed, and an announcement must be made prior to the collection of fees.

250. Vocational high school students are exempt from tuition fees, including students in senior high

schools and from families with an annual income of less than NT$1.48 million.30 A fixed

subsidy is granted to students studying in private senior high schools. See Attachment 8-7 for

tuition subsidies for senior and vocational high school students; see Attachment 8-8 for the

tuition fees of senior high schools.

251. At this stage, the number of students in senior high schools applying for student loans account

for less than 1.6 percent of the total number of senior high school students. The average

amount of the loans per semester amount to less than 2.5 percent of the national average

income.

30 The total annual household income of NT$1.48 million is calculated with reference to the most generous standard in

Taiwan specified in the household income standards for the sale and rent of public housing promulgated in 2015.

252. The low-interest loan system for students at senior high schools or above has five payment

postponement measures.31 See Attachments 8-9 and 8-10 for the statistics on student loans.

The interest rate has been reduced to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020,

the competent authority lowered the low-income threshold for deferred payment, doubled the

period during which only interest is paid, and increased the time to apply for payment

postponement.

Concluding Observation 74 / More Educational Resources in Remote Areas (253 to 257)

253. The percentage of subsidized students from offshore islands, remote areas, and indigenous

communities approved in accordance with regulations governing government grants for the

training of teachers and their assignment, and with reference to requirements for state-financed

teachers reported by local governments, typically reaches up to 70 percent every academic year.

However, in the last two years, this percentage has fallen to 60 percent due to the need to teach

teachers in special areas using government funds. In accordance with the Act for Education

Development of Schools in Remote Areas and the Teacher Education Act, postgraduate teacher

education programs were provided for teachers in remote areas in the 2021 academic year.

254. The Act for Education Development of Schools in Remote Areas was promulgated in 2017,

and the Ministry of Education’s implementation guidelines for education subsidies for schools

in remote areas and those not categorized in remote or urban areas were adopted in 2019.

Close attention is paid to schools in remote areas to better ensure that they have adequate

resources. The standards for the recognition and classification of schools in remote areas

classify schools into three categories (remote areas, especially remote areas, and extremely

remote areas) and provide them with subsidies accordingly. Implementation measures are as

follows:

(a) Subsidies for after-school care are granted to students from low-income households, with

disabilities, or from indigenous families or other disadvantaged backgrounds.

(b) Full subsidies for learning assistance classes may be granted to elementary and junior

high school students in remote areas.

31 The grace period allows students to wait to repay a loan until one year after graduation or leaving the army. The

interest-only period allows borrowers to apply for deferred payment of the principal; the postponement period must

be at least one year per application and a total of four deferment applications are allowed. The deferred payment

period allows low and low-to-middle income households with an average monthly income of less than NT$40,000

to apply for deferred payment of the principal without interest; the postponement period must be at least one year

per application and a total of four deferment applications are allowed. The extended repayment period allows

borrowers to apply for an extension of up to 1.5 times the original period, except for low and low-to-middle-income

households, which can apply for an extension of up to two times the original period. The deferred payment of the

principal without interest due to a serious disaster allows application for deferred payment of the principal without

interest in case of a serious disaster as determined by the Ministry of Education; the postponement period must be at

least one year per application, and a total of three applications are allowed.

remote areas and those not categorized in mountainous or urban areas.

(d) Newly added funded items include integrated funds for county and city governments to

formulate an overall plan for the development of education in remote areas and funds

granted to schools in remote areas for facilities and equipment, teachers’ professional

development, and exploration of diversified learning for students.

255. In 2021, the government plans to invest NT$3.5 billion in the construction of central kitchens,

formation of strategic food material purchase alliances, and subsidization of wages, transport,

operation, and maintenance to ensure the consistent and stable supply of food materials for the

lunches of students in remote areas.

256. Regulations for the establishment and management of after-school care classes stipulate that

public elementary schools in offshore islands, remote areas, indigenous areas, or special areas

may have priority to set up after-school care classes and must first enroll children from

low-income households, with disabilities, or from indigenous families. See Attachment 6-8 for

the status of the subsidization.

257. The competent authority organizes the English Teaching Volunteer Service Program for

Overseas Youth and works with overseas compatriot youth to improve education and provide

English teaching resources for children and youth in remote areas. See Attachment 8-11 for the

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status of the implementation.

Concluding Observations 87 and 88 / Children and Youth from Indigenous Families to Study

in Cities (258)

258. The supporting measures for students from indigenous families to study in cities:

(a) The directions of the K-12 Education Administration of the Ministry of Education

governing grants and accommodation subsidies to indigenous students in senior high

schools and below and the Council of Indigenous Peoples’ implementation guidelines

regarding grants to impoverished indigenous students in elementary and junior high

schools require the provision of schooling and accommodation subsidies and grants.

(b) The competent authority has implemented an after-school support plan for indigenous

students and a subsidization plan for encouraging indigenous students to develop multiple

intelligences. It has also established the urban indigenous peoples development plan to

provide preschools with subsidies and academic counseling measures.

Encouraging Regular School Attendance and Lowering Dropout Rates

Concluding Observation 78 / Resources for Dropouts and Students Discontinuing Education

(259 to 264)

259. The competent authority has established a three-level dropout prevention mechanism. The

Ministry of Education’s dropout reporting and resumption management system allows

elementary and junior high schools to report dropouts, search for them, and restore their

student status. Dropouts who are unable to adapt to a regular school curriculum after resuming

their education can choose to pursue other diversified education counseling measures with the

same functions. See Attachment 8-12 for statistics on dropouts at the end of academic years.

260. Police, immigration, and social affairs units work with local governments to check the data on

missing students via the reporting system every day and participate in the vulnerable family

cases management platform with the support of the local governments.

261. The Ministry of Education’s enhancement strategy for providing resumption counseling to

elementary and junior high school dropouts requires a monthly summary of the increase and

decrease of dropouts and review meetings. A dropout affairs communication meeting must be

held every six months to supervise and direct schools under each local government that have a

higher number of dropouts and a higher dropout rate.

262. Local governments supervise junior high schools within their respective jurisdictions to hold

meetings prior to the graduation of students and assess students who have previously dropped

out and are unwilling to advance to higher schools or do not have obvious aptitude. Such

students should be encouraged to transfer to the career exploration program for youth32 as

early as possible. See also Paragraph 266.

263. The competent authority executes the implementation plan of stable schooling measures for

students in senior high schools and assists schools in planning and implementing numerous

flexible or aptitude exploration courses and follow-up counseling. The competent authority and

schools work together to introduce different network resources to help students attend school

in a stable manner.

264. The implementation guidelines regarding preventive follow-up for dropouts from senior high

schools and resumption counseling were amended in 2020, requiring access to relevant

resources to help dropouts. The competent authority works with labor, legal, police, and social

affairs units so as to make resource dissemination lists and provide them to schools and local

governments for reference. See Attachments 8-13 and 8-14 for statistics on the number of

students discontinuing education and the discontinuation rate.

32 The Care and Assistance Program for Junior High School Graduates Neither Enrolled nor Employed was renamed

in December 2020.

Enabling All Children and Youth to Have Access to Educational and Vocational Information

and Guidance

265. The 2019 Curriculum Guidelines incorporate career planning in the design of curricula to help

students understand their interests, aptitudes, and capabilities and to instill a work ethic in them.

266. The competent authority helps youth plan their careers and prepare themselves for

employment:

(a) Implementation of the career exploration program for youth:

(i) For youth who do not advance to higher education or obtain employment after

graduating from junior high schools, the government uses such approaches as resource

integration, multiple searches, counseling and assistance, and follow-up care to assist

them in exploring careers, attending other schools, or obtaining a job. See Attachment

8-15 for the status of the implementation.

(ii) Short-term job opportunities are provided taking into consideration that the minds and

interests of youth are not stable yet. The government also offers allowances to

encourage them to finish work and provides job training or employment assistance or

other supporting resources, depending on individual requirements.

(b) The government organizes employment-related events and provides career counseling,

resume consultation, practice interviews, and one-stop customized employment services.

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In addition, it arranges vocational training or job referrals based on employability. See also

Attachment 8-16.

insurance, labor pension, and related remedies through different channels.

267. Protection of student participants’ rights:

(a) The Act of the Cooperative Education Implementation in Senior High Schools and the

Protection of Student Participants’ Right specifies the protection of student participants’

rights, including monthly living allowance payments, arrangement of training schedules,

regulations on rest time and leave, conclusion of contracts, labor insurance,

implementation of school counseling and interviews, and coordination and appeal.

(b) The Act of the Cooperative Education Implementation in Senior High Schools and the

Protection of Student Participants’ Right requires that schools provide student participants

with basic and preservice training, help them acquire basic skills in professional areas,

emphasize safety and health, and focus on ethics and labor rights.

governing the subsidization of senior high schools to implement cooperative education

were amended in 2019. The directions require that schools provide courses in the

introduction of labor rights and interests and cooperative education prior to job training.

(d) The competent authority holds cooperative education application information meetings or

competence and knowledge improvement workshops every year to enhance awareness

among administrative staff members on labor rights in cooperative education.

268. A survey on senior high school graduate enrollment and employment is held every year to

understand the development of the graduates. See Attachment 8-17 for statistical data.

International Cooperation and Exchanges

269. See Attachments 8-18 and 8-19 for statistics on elementary and junior high school students

participating in international exchange programs and international assistance for child and

youth education and job training.

B. Aims of Education

Human Rights Education

Concluding Observation 75 / Human Rights Education (270 to 273)

270. The 2019 Curriculum Guidelines incorporate the topic of human rights in the aims, core

competencies, and major learning items of social studies curricula. A handbook on integrating

such issues has been compiled for reference. It contains detailed basic concepts, learning aims,

core competencies, learning themes, and the substantial content of human rights education,

helping teachers integrate such issues in a variety of courses and subjects.

271. The Ministry of Education’s human rights and civic education mid-range plan was amended in

2016 to incorporate four approaches: creating friendly school environments that respect human

rights and encourage public participation; developing and providing human rights and civic

education courses and teaching materials; strengthening teachers’ professional ethics and

understanding of human rights, civic knowledge, and the rule of law; and widely disseminating

and promoting human rights and civic education concepts and practices.

272. Taiwan’s guidelines regarding teacher professionalism: Stages of preservice teacher education

and criteria governing preservice teacher education programs were promulgated in 2018. It

guides teacher-training universities on integrating key issues, including human rights and

children’s rights, in the preservice education curricula for teachers.

273. The Ministry of Education established an implementation plan for the creation of central and

local teaching counseling networks. Accordingly, central human rights education counseling

groups and central and local human rights education counseling teams were set up to form a

three-tiered counseling system. These groups and teams hold human rights education

workshops, develop teaching resources, and formulate human rights teaching materials based

on the different ages of learners.

Concluding Observation 79 / Provision of Guides to Schools and Detailed Punishment

Measures (274 to 275)

274. The Directions Governing the Regulations on Teacher’s Counseling and Discipline of Students

Established by Schools were amended in 2020. They lay out the aims and principles of

discipline and require deliberation of situations and basic considerations. The directions also

list the normal and positive disciplinary measures that may be taken. See Paragraph 129 for

more information on corporal punishment, illegal punishment, or inappropriate discipline of

students by teachers.

275. The principles on the establishment of dress codes for senior high school students have been

amended to provide that counseling or disciplinary measures may be taken for students in

violation of dress codes corresponding to violation severity. However, these measures are

limited to positive discipline, verbal corrective feedback, listing in the daily performance

record, notification to a guardian for assistance, written self-examination, and sitting for

introspection.

276. See Paragraph 29 for student appeals.

Concluding Observation 80 / Military Instructors’ Withdrawal from Campus (277)

277. Military instructors have not been incorporated in schools since 2017, and 3,935 other

professional personnel have been trained to help manage student affairs and campus security.

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Funds are budgeted every year to support senior high schools and above to hire such personnel.

C. Cultural Rights of Indigenous and Minority Children and Youth

Concluding Observation 86 / Cultural Diversity (278 to 279)

278. Taiwan had 3,615,967 children and youth in 2020, with 136,758 of them being of indigenous

descent, 41 of Mongolian descent, and 110 of Tibetan descent. The number of Hakka children

and youth has been estimated to be about 710,000, but comprehensive data is not available.

279. The 2019 Curriculum Guidelines first incorporated local languages (including Holo, Hakka,

indigenous languages, and Eastern Min) in Ministry of Education-mandated courses, requiring

at least one class every week in elementary schools. Starting in the 2022 academic year, they

also incorporated local languages for students in Grades 7 and 8, requiring at least one class

every week. Such classes are flexible for Grade 9 students. See Attachment 8-20 for the

number of classes and participating students. See Attachments 8-21 to 8-23 for statistics on

children and youth aged 19 or under passing the Holo, Hakka, and indigenous language

proficiency certificate examinations.

280. The Development of National Languages Act promulgated in 2019 requires the transmission,

revitalization, and development of natural and sign languages used by different ethnic groups

in Taiwan. The government has amended the 2019 Curriculum Guidelines accordingly.

(a) The competent authority has been training instructors in national languages since the 2020

academic year. It has surveyed students to determine the level of student interest to learn

Taiwanese sign language, estimate the demand for instructors, arrange support personnel

training, and initiate plans for the compilation of textbooks and animated drawings.

(b) National languages have been incorporated as Ministry of Education-mandated courses since

the 2020 academic year and will be provided at senior high schools and below in the future.

281. The Indigenous Peoples Basic Law was passed to protect the basic rights of indigenous

peoples in education, language, culture, and media communication. The Act for the

Establishment of the Indigenous Peoples Cultural Foundation stipulates that indigenous

broadcasting and TV stations must broadcast news and child and youth programs in the

languages of the 16 indigenous groups.

282. The government subsidizes educare service centers and provides children and preschool

educators with opportunities to learn indigenous languages and cultures. See Paragraph 56.

The competent authority has implemented a social education and learning plan for parenting

and family education to provide indigenous peoples with opportunities for participation,

learning, and growth.

283. The Education Act for Indigenous Peoples calls for respect to be given to the cultures and

values of indigenous peoples when selecting and compiling teaching materials for indigenous

education curricula. In addition to offering indigenous language courses, senior high schools

and below arrange and encourage teachers to teach in indigenous languages pursuant to the

2019 Curriculum Guidelines. Governments at all levels must provide students in preschool and

the 12-year basic education system with opportunities to learn the languages, history, science,

and cultures of indigenous peoples. Local governments also subsidize elementary and junior

high schools to offer indigenous language courses.

284. Regulations on the arrangement of some classes to provide experimental education for

indigenous peoples in public senior high schools and below were promulgated in 2020. They

stipulate that the development of curricula and assessments for indigenous peoples be based on

the special characteristics of their knowledge and cultures.

285. The K-12 Education Administration of the Ministry of Education formulated directions

governing subsidies to indigenous student clubs in senior high schools and below to provide

subsidies for the establishment of indigenous student clubs and promotion of the understanding

of and respect for cultural diversity.

286. The Hakka Basic Act amended in 2018 provides a legal basis for Hakka children and youth to

receive education in their native language. The regulations on the training, qualification, and

employment of Hakka language instructors in senior high schools and below and preschools

require prioritized employment of qualified teachers or educators who possess a Hakka

proficiency certificate of high-intermediate level or above. The regulations also stipulate the

selection and compilation of digital teaching materials (including teaching creativity

handbooks) for preschool children and reduction of the adjustment time for teachers with a

native language other than Hakka or coming from urban or non-Hakka regions.

287. Outstanding teaching plans on multicultural education are selected every year to encourage

teachers to integrate cultural diversity into curricula. Local governments are also subsidized to

organize multicultural events or international days for new immigrants. The government

promotes the instruction of the languages of new immigrants in elementary and junior high

schools, compilation of teaching materials, training of instructors, subsidization of children of

new immigrants to obtain experience at international workplaces, and implementation of

international culture exchange programs between senior and vocational high school students in

Taiwan and Southeast Asia. See Attachment 8-24 for statistics on New Immigrants

Development Fund subsidies for multicultural and language and cultural learning for new

immigrants and their children.

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D. Leisure, Recreation, and Cultural Activities

Flexible and Diversified Courses

288. The Ministry of Education has established the Implementation Plan for Inspection of

Normalized Teaching in Junior High Schools to have local governments supervise schools in

their jurisdiction to standardize teaching with respect to class grouping, curriculum planning

and implementation, teaching activities, assessment, and administrative measures.

289. The 2019 Curriculum Guidelines require that schools consider their vision for development,

the needs of the community, and the overall status of industries to design curricula that meet

the needs of students and comply with the guidelines.

Concluding Observations 83 and 84 / Sufficient Free Activity Time for Children and Youth at

Schools and Instruction for Parents and Teachers (290 to 293)

290. The government encourages schools to take measures favorable for students to physically

exercise. See also Paragraph 218.

Concluding Observation 77 / Pressure of Schoolwork (291 to 293)

291. Ministry of Education guidelines on planning schedules for students in senior high schools

were established to ensure the normal daily routines of students. If a complaint is received

from a student, a counseling team will intervene and provide counseling services, as needed.

292. The Ministry of Education organizes a national student affairs meeting every year and urges

schools at all levels to help parents understand the importance of the rights of children and

youth to have adequate sleep, rest, and recreation.

293. Teachers are encouraged to reduce repetitive writing assignments and develop diverse,

innovative, and meaningful assignments and activities. The guidelines on practice tests

provided by junior high schools or competent authorities for entrance to a higher school or

comprehensive assessment program stipulate that junior high schools may give practice tests

only to third-year students and may not request that these tests be taken in the first week after

the summer or winter vacation.

Playground Equipment Safety

Concluding Observation 85 / Rights to Rest and Leisure of Children and Youth (294 to 300)

294. See Attachment 6-9 for statistics on after-school care centers for children. In accordance with

the Establishment and Management Regulations for After-School Care Classes, these centers

must have spaces for playing and resting. Audits of their safety measures must also be

conducted at least once every year.

295. See Paragraphs 199 and 200 for more on the way of life and recreation of children with

disabilities.

296. Improvement status of campus playgrounds:

(a) A plan for the improvement of playgrounds in public and private preschools was created to

speed up the improvement and inspection of playgrounds in public and private preschools.

A total of 521 public preschools have been subsidized, and 1,480 private preschools have

received subsidies to improve their playgrounds.

(b) From 2018 to 2022, the government also granted subsidies to 1,845 public elementary

schools to improve playgrounds.

Participation of Children and Youth in Cultural Activities

297. National social education institutions provide opportunities for children and youth to

participate in learning through exhibitions, demonstrations, guided tours, camp events, book

lending, and the production and broadcasting of radio programs. See Attachment 8-25 for

statistics on children and youth visiting social education institutions. Such institutions promote

arts education from a multicultural approach, plan permanent and cultural exhibitions, and

organize performing arts programs. See Attachment 8-26 for statistics on children and youth

visiting the venues. See Attachment 8-27 for statistics on public venues provided by central

government agencies and local governments.

298. The government organized the Together We Experience Art program in 2018 through

cross-agency cooperation and by subsidizing art and culture venues, art and culture

organizations, persons engaged in art and culture work, and schools to work together and

develop interactive courses.

299. The Ministry of Education encourages schools at all levels, social education institutions within

its remit, and civil society groups to apply for subsidies for their arts education activities. In

accordance with the ministry’s directions regarding subsidies for art education activities, the

subsidization is applicable to traveling exhibitions and shows, courses, and teaching activities

provided by art and culture organizations and senior high schools and below.

300. In 2020, the K-12 Education Administration of the Ministry of Education created an

implementation plan for the subsidization of senior high schools and below to found local

culture clubs. Since 2018, the Youth Performing Arts League has been subsidized to implement

The Kite Project to enhance measures supporting diversified education and improve the

adaptability of students at schools through drama education incorporated into curricula.

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Chapter IX SPECIAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

A. Children in Emergency Situations / (a) Refugee Children

301. The government has not established a refugee act. Applications for asylum are handled on a

case-by-case basis. The government will give appropriate assistance to an applicant in full

consideration of international practice and national legislation. Thus far, no person has been

repatriated to a country or region where they may be subject to torture or inhuman treatment.

302. See Attachment 9-1 for information on international assistance.

A. Children and Youth in Emergency Situations / (b) Children in Armed Conflict

303. The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of

Children in Armed Conflict is used as a reference for the formulation of recruitment guides of

military schools and colleges and determination of persons to be recruited and their

qualifications. The Curriculum Guidelines are also used as a standard to design the curriculum

of the Chung Cheng Armed Forces Preparatory School. To be recruited voluntarily, one must

be 18 years of age or above.

304. The purchase of T65K2 rifles used for teaching purposes in senior high schools and above was

discontinued in 2018. As of the end of 2020, 70 percent of these rifles had already been

removed.

A. Children and Youth in Emergency Situations / (c) Street Children

305. The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act makes illegal the abandonment

of children and youth. Any person discovering such a case may report it to the local competent

authority. The competent authority will then investigate the case and the needs of the family

involved and assign the case to a domestic violence and sexual assault prevention center or a

social welfare service center. Social welfare service centers provide support services for

families that move more than three times in a year due to such circumstances as weak care

systems, the insufficient resources or knowledge of the caregiver, and the resultant unstable

living conditions of their children and youth.

306. The dropout reporting and resumption management system of elementary and junior high

schools and the dropout reporting system of senior high schools within the education systems,

as well as the child and youth protection network information exchange platform and the

vulnerable family management platform within the social affairs system, are linked to better

manage cases. See Paragraph 142 for relevant service resources.

307. The competent authority provides living assistance to youth who do not have the ability to earn

a living or who are in school without a legal supporter or are cared for by a legal supporter

incapable of making a living, assists youth with schooling and medical care, grants them

medical subsidies, and helps them become capable of living independently. The competent

authority gives assistance to youth unable to return home after termination of placement for

their independent living and adaptation. See also Paragraphs 168 and 169.

B. Children Belonging to Minorities or Indigenous Groups

Concluding Observations 87 and 88 / Special Protective Measures for Children and Youth

from Indigenous Families (308 to 317)

Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate

308. The regulations on subsidies for transportation expenses for indigenous peoples to access

medical or social welfare resources were amended in 2019 to add subsidization for the

transportation costs of pregnant women traveling to medical institutions for prenatal

examination and childbirth services.

309. The competent authority encourages health departments of local governments to coordinate with

medical institutions within their respective jurisdictions to provide outreach services to children

for preventive health checkups. It also implements the Follow-up Care Plan for Pregnant Women

Not Yet Final ized

and Infants at High Risk. See Attachment 7-15 for the plan results. There is a child healthcare

optimization program that also requires the creation of follow-up and care programs for

children with low birth weight so as to reduce preventable deaths. See also Paragraph 184.

310. The government has subsidized the National Health Insurance premiums of indigenous peoples

since 2020 in order to reduce financial barriers to medical services. See Attachment 9-2 for

relevant data.

Indigenous Culture Instructors and Labor Power

311. See Chapter 8, Section C for the rights to culture and education of indigenous and minority

groups.

312. The government has organized workshops on indigenous culture and cultural diversity since

2018 to help teachers and students understand indigenous peoples, uphold the rights of

indigenous students, and respect differences:

(a) The competent authority supervises local governments in providing opportunities for

workshops on indigenous culture and cultural diversity in accordance with the Education Act

for Indigenous Peoples. It also arranges in-service training courses for instructors of key

indigenous schools, including full-time indigenous language teachers and other personnel.

(b) The government subsidizes local authorities to support indigenous language teachers. A

total of 151 full-time indigenous language teachers from 15 counties and cities received

subsidies in the 2019 academic year, and 181 full-time indigenous language teachers

from 16 counties and cities received subsidies in the 2020 academic year.

Assistance in Schooling of Indigenous Children and Youth

313. The government provides assistance to indigenous children and youth to ensure they can

obtain an education. See Paragraph 258.

Joint Creation of Tribal Preschools

314. The authorities may facilitate intertribal mutual help to render educare services for indigenous

children, giving them opportunities to learn the language, history, and culture of their tribe and

manifest the spirit of mutual concern. See Paragraph 56.

Alternative Care in Compliance with Culture and Convention

315. The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act allows placement of children

and youth with a suitable third party. See also Paragraph 159. An indigenous child or youth

may be placed with a person in the tribe with whom he or she has a dependency relationship.

316. When placing an indigenous child or youth, top priority will be given to placing him / her in an

indigenous foster family. To cultivate cultural sensitivity among foster families, courses on

multicultural issues must be incorporated in the educational training of foster families. See

Attachment 9-3 for statistics on indigenous foster families. See Attachment 9-4 for statistics on

indigenous children and youth staying with foster families and in placement institutions.

Parenting Education and Support Services in Line with Culture

317. In 2018, the government established the Parenting Education Assessment and Counseling

Guide for the Protection of Children and Youth to provide appropriate and meaningful services

that meet the special needs of indigenous parenting education.

C. Children and Youth in Situations of Exploitation / (a) Economic Exploitation (Including

Child Labor)

Concluding Observation 89 / Child and Youth Labor Protection (318 to 323)

318. The number of youth 15-17 years of age and covered by labor insurance decreased from

29,008 at the end of 2016 to 21,387 at the end of 2020. If categorized by industry, most of these

youth were engaged in the accommodation and food service industries (41 percent), followed

by the wholesale and retail trade industry (27 percent). See Attachment 9-5. See Attachment

9-6 for statistics on children below 15 years of age allowed by local competent authorities to

work. See Attachment 9-7 for statistics on apprentice-training contracts for youth.

319. To better uphold children and youth labor rights, the competent authority has formed a

cross-agency child and youth workplace safety and health rights group with four policy

directions: enhancing labor inspection, providing educational training, optimizing related

public education and counseling, and enhancing cross-agency and interdepartmental

cooperation.

320. The central authority organizes a national workplace safety and health week to enhance

awareness of workplace safety and health with respect to children and youth. The Occupational

Safety and Health Act stipulates that persons below 18 years of age must not be engaged in

dangerous or harmful work and that this must be a key element of labor inspections. The

preventive measures for accidents commonly seen in the industries that most youth / child

laborers and apprentices are engaged in were incorporated in key inspection items in 2021.

Businesses that often hire youth must be inspected in order to understand the labor conditions

of students and laborers working part-time jobs there. The competent authority enhances the

workplace safety and health inspection of hypermarkets, supermarkets, food service industries,

and construction sites and supervises businesses in enhancing facilities and measures to better

ensure the safety and health conditions of workplaces.

321. The basic wage requirements apply to laborers, regardless of age, who are hired by businesses

subject to the Labor Standards Act, which also requires that employers of child laborers keep

Not Yet Final ized

the letters of consent from the legal guardians and age certificates of such laborers on file. The

number of cases in violation of this stipulation of the act decreased from seven in 2019 to five

in 2020.

322. Regarding labor-management disputes, youth may file complaints using the 1955 Hotline 24

hours a day or the online public opinion mailbox. Local governments also provide appeal

channels such as the 1999 hotline and a complaint service counter, as well as a mediation

service mechanism, to assist in resolving labor-management disputes.

323. The rights of overseas compatriot students participating in cooperative education programs are

protected in the same way as their classmates from Taiwan. See Paragraph 267.

C. Children and Youth in Situations of Exploitation / (b) Drug Abuse

Preventing Children and Youth from Using Illegal Drugs

324. Education policies focus on the subjectivity of students and whole-person wellness. Thus, a

three-level preventive measure has been planned for drug abuse on campus, while

incorporating drug education in the health and physical education aspects of curriculum

guidelines.

325. Schools use a variety of promotional channels to educate students about drugs and tactics for

refusing them. See Attachment 9-8 for the percentage of students in schools at all levels

receiving such antidrug messages in 2020.

326. A total of 138 students at the senior high school level and below sought help for using drugs

(self-admitted) in 2020. This was 29.94 percent of the total drug abuse cases reported. (A total

of 461 students were reported in the entire year.)

327. Schools at all levels work with police departments to form hotspot patrol networks and

increase the frequency of patrols in high-risk places where youth gather regularly, whether

through school inspections, patrols of areas near schools, regular police patrols, or the

establishment of patrol boxes. The results are reviewed every quarter.

328. The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act requires the contact person on

duty to report immediately upon learning of a child or youth using drugs or controlled

substance. Local governments must proceed with the classification and rating procedure and

submit an investigation report within 24 hours. There were 944 reported cases in 2020.

329. Follow-up treatment of children and youth using drugs:

(a) Children using Category 1 and Category 2 narcotics and youth using Category 1 to

Category 4 narcotics were subject to handling by the juvenile court from 2016 to 2019 in

accordance with the Juvenile Justice Act.

(b) Provisions on children in conflict with the law were deleted in 2020 in accordance with

amendments to the Juvenile Justice Act made in 2019. Instead, children using narcotics are

now subject to school guidance rather than juvenile court proceedings.

rather at-risk youth. The Youth Counseling Committee, as well as relevant school and

social affairs units, must provide them with counseling services.

(i) For teenagers not attending school, a local government may, independently or in

cooperation with civil society groups, provide guidance. In addition, Article 102 of

the Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act stipulates that parents

receive parenting education and acquire support for accompanying their children.

(ii) Schools must form campus antidrug units to provide guidance, improve student

access to resources, and enhance referral and follow-up services once guidance is

discontinued. The authorities have created multiple related education activities for

cases on campus that need more attention and involve drug abuse. See Attachment

9-9 for statistics on students using drugs reported by schools.

(iii) In 2019 and 2020, the percentage of reported recidivism of youth drug offenders

within six months after local governments closed guidance cases was 1 to 2 percent

on average, indicating the positive effect of such guidance.

(d) The Narcotics Hazard Prevention Act stipulates that teenagers caught using Category 1 and

Category 2 narcotics enter into a rehabilitation center for observation or rehabilitation.

(e) See Attachment 9-10 for statistics on youth involved with narcotics (including use, sale,

and transport) and subject to protective measures or penalties imposed by district courts

pursuant to the Juvenile Justice Act.

330. See Attachment 9-11 for statistics on juvenile reformatory schools’ treatment of youth using

narcotics.

331. The government has implemented relevant plans using a drug control fund since 2019. See

Attachment 9-12 for the outcomes of the plan.

Preventing Children and Youth from Being Used to Engage in the Production, Selling, and

Trafficking of illegal drugs

332. The government has implemented a safe living and drug investigation plan and strategic antidrug

actions for the new generation, which focuses on such issues as buildings and communities used as

hideouts by drug traffickers; criminal organizations involved in drugs and the sale of drugs by gang

Not Yet Final ized

members on campus; places where drug users use drugs together; places where youth are easily

enticed to use drugs; hotspots where drugs are traded; enhanced suppression of amphetamine,

ketamine, and new psychoactive substances; investigation of drug sources; and the protection of

children and youth from narcotics and psychotropic drugs specified in relevant international

treaties. From 2016 to July 31, 2021, a total of 1,744 suspects in drug-related crimes were

uncovered, two of them being under the age of 18. See Attachment 9-13 for the status of drug

manufacture, sale, and transportation cases investigated by district prosecutors’ offices.

C. Children and Youth in Situations of Exploitation / (c) Prevention of Sexual Exploitation

and Sexual Abuse

333. Children and youth found suffering sexual exploitation or suspected of being sexually

exploited are handed over to the competent authority of the county (city) government for

assessment within 24 hours. An emergency placement for 72 hours will be arranged, if needed.

If long-term placement is found needed upon reassessment, the competent authority will apply

to the court for the placement decision. Placement may not exceed three months. If extension

of placement is found needed upon reassessment prior to the termination of the initial

placement, the competent authority must apply to the court again for an extension, with a

maximum of one year. Hence, in addition to the expert assessment, the decision of the court

based on the trial is needed for the placement of children and youth in situations of sexual

exploitation. See Attachments 9-14, 9-15, and 9-16 for statistics on the number of placement

cases from 2017 to 2020.

334. See Paragraphs 169 and 170 for counseling measures for children and youth returning home

upon conclusion of placement.

C. Children and Youth in Situations of Exploitation / (d) Sale, Trafficking, and Abduction

335. See Paragraph 25 for information on cooperation on human trafficking prevention. See

Attachment 9-17 for the number of sexually exploited children and youth who are found to be

trafficking victims as uncovered by judicial police departments.

C. Children and Youth in Situations of Exploitation / (e) Other Forms of Exploitation

336. The Human Subjects Research Act and Medical Care Act protect the rights of human research

subjects. See Paragraph 344 of the initial national report. For persons participating in the

biobanks of specific groups, the person building the biobank must acquire consent from the

legal representatives of children under seven years of age. Where minors over seven years of

age are involved, the consent of both the minor and their legal representative is needed. A plan

must be made available to govern the use of the data and information in the biobank, including

the applications of researchers. The use of such information is subject to review by an ethics

committee that governs biomedical research.

337. For research applications involving a detained juvenile, a notice will be sent to remind the

researcher that written consent forms from the youth, his/her legal representative, and the

juvenile court handling the case are needed. After receipt of the written consent forms, together

with the research protocol, interview outline or questionnaire, and the institutional review

board certificate, the application will be examined for approval. Counselors must be present to

offer assistance during the research.

D. Children in Conflict with the Law / (a) The Administration of Juvenile Justice

Concluding Observations 95 to 97 / The Administration of Juvenile Justice (338 to 354)

338. The Juvenile Justice Act was amended in 2019 with the following focuses:

(a) Deletion of provisions involving children in conflict with the law; provisions with regard

to status offense and delabeling of at-risk youth; restrictions on the grounds for judicial

intervention in cases of at-risk youth (which was replaced by a mechanism for prioritized

administrative counseling)

(b) Respect for the right of subject and the right to procedural guarantees of youth

Administrative Priority for Children in Conflict with the Law and At-risk Youth

339. The government established regulations for the prevention and counseling of juveniles’

delinquent behavior in 2020 to plan the work division among social, education, and police

authorities, as well as youth counseling committees, and assist in the integration of prevention

and counseling resources.

340. Youth in conflict with the law are reported to the competent education or social affairs

authorities depending on their student registration data. The education counseling mechanism

includes the following elements:

(a) In 2020, letters were sent to schools on the flowchart to counsel students over seven and

under 12 years of age for deviant behavior; individualized needs assessment, counseling

intervention, and result checklist; and the implementation plan for prevention and

counseling of students over seven and under 12 years of age for deviant behavior. The

letters require schools to launch three-tiered counseling mechanisms, enhance their

management system and supporting mechanisms, and engage in online transfer

cooperation.

Not Yet Final ized

(b) The government provided empowerment courses for educational personnel in 2020.

Following the amendment of the Juvenile Justice Act, local governments were invited to

hold conferences on the prevention and counseling of children’s deviant behavior. The

government developed curricula to improve the professional competence of teachers and

school staff members on handling deviant behavior of children and relevant teaching

materials.

external student living counseling committee) to provide school contacts that can receive

police department notices. Local governments will notify school contacts to arrange

student counseling, contact parents, and integrate resources of related agencies

(institutions) to provide assistance.

341. District courts transferred 118 children who were under 12 years of age and with cases pending

in these courts to social affairs units for assessment and counseling in accordance with the

Juvenile Justice Act as implemented in 2020. The government provides vulnerable families

with support services and treatment services to protect children after assessing their physical

and mental development and family circumstances. Such services were provided in 70 cases,

with 33 cases being transferred to educational units to provide guidance.

Respect for the Right of Subject and the Right to Procedural Guarantees of Youth

342. See Attachment 9-18 for statistics on juvenile criminal cases. See Paragraph 84 for the right of

children and youth to express views during the judicial process. See Attachment 9-19 for the

number of juvenile cases that the Legal Aid Foundation approved for aid involving the

violation of criminal laws as specified in Article 3, Paragraph 1, Subparagraph 1 of the

Juvenile Justice Act. See Attachment 9-20 for the cause analysis of juvenile cases approved for

aid.

343. To safeguard the sound self-development of juveniles, enhance their growth environment, and

build up their character, the government has established the Juvenile Justice Act to address

juveniles in conflict with the law. During trial, a judge must decide which treatment would be

most favorable to a juvenile in consideration of his/her need for protection.

344. The Juvenile Justice Act makes a distinction between juvenile protection matters and juvenile

criminal cases. (A case may be addressed in criminal procedure only when the juvenile is at

the age of 14 when committing a crime, has the ability to take criminal responsibility, and

meets specific requirements.) It explicitly specifies various aspects and systems including

juvenile investigation officers, juvenile probation officers, pretrial investigations, diversion

actions, diverse protective measures other than criminal punishment, undisclosed procedures

and data confidentiality, assistants, removal of previous case records, parenting education

counseling, and adjudication relief proceedings.

Judicial Diversion—Diverse Measures Depending on the Case and the Severity of the

Violation

345. See Paragraphs 339 and 340 for the diversion measures for children in violation of laws and

at-risk youth.

346. See Attachments 9-21 and 9-22 for child and juvenile criminal offenders and status offenders

investigated by district courts and transfer to guidance. See Attachment 9-23 for the number of

offenders subject to the protective measures of placement and guidance.

347. To ensure the smooth operation of independent transition schools and the coverage of subsidies

for full-time care of students and meet the requirements for the extended transfer to placement

specified in the amended Juvenile Justice Act, the competent authority plans to have transition

schools reorganized to provide placement for children and youth transferred by courts and

provide diverse protection services. Guidelines on the subsidization for independent transition

schools have also been established to protect the right to education of students.

348. The competent authority is promoting the transformation of reform schools into juvenile

reformatory schools that officially incorporate counselors, special education teachers, social

workers, and psychologists in the organizational roster. A coordination group for the transition

of student registration data of children and youth and the education upon their return to school

has been formed to deal with transition and resumption affairs.

349. The government amended the draft of the enforcement act for the detention treatment in

juvenile correctional institutions in accordance with the Juvenile Justice Act. See also

Paragraph 132.

350. The Juvenile Justice Act was amended so that psychologists, social workers, and correctional

officers may jointly participate in the assessment process and related work of juvenile

detention centers. They help provide assessment reports to juvenile courts for trials involving

juveniles.

351. To enhance the ability of child and youth placement institutions to take care of children in

conflict with the law, the competent authority has implemented an enhancement plan to

provide alternative care resources for the out-of-home placement of children and youth and has

been providing cross-discipline support and resources. It has also implemented a child and

youth placement quality improvement plan to provide diversified professional services and

provide educational training regarding care services to professional personnel. See Attachment

9-24 for the number of children and youth transferred by juvenile courts to placement centers

and educational institutions for placement. Not Yet Final ized

352. Prior to leaving an institution (school), a juvenile must coordinate with the local government

to attend a meeting on his/her transition with the placement counseling office. The staff

member in charge of the follow-up duties must connect with the juvenile beforehand and

develop a plan for his/her return home, independence, case assignment, and follow-up

guidance. See also Paragraph 139.

353. The competent authority provides job placement services to juveniles who are transferred by a

judicial unit and in need of employment. It assists them by providing programs such as career

exploration classes and workplace exploration opportunities. See Attachment 9-25 for results.

Restorative justice

354. The Juvenile Justice Act stipulates that the juvenile court, upon finding a delinquency to be

inconsequential, may decide not to submit the matter for a hearing, but instead may, depending

on the circumstances and with the consent of the juvenile and his/her statutory agent and the

victim, transfer the juvenile to an appropriate organization, institution, group, or individual for

reform counseling and transfer the juvenile to a welfare or cultivation institution for

appropriate guidance.

D. Children in Conflict with the Law / (b) Children Deprived of Their Liberty (Including All

Forms of Detention, Imprisonment, or Placement in Custodial Settings)

355. The Juvenile Justice Act explicitly stipulates that the detention of a juvenile is only allowed for

cases where a juvenile cannot be ordered for custody or an order for custody would be clearly

inappropriate. The detention period may not exceed two months. Should the detention need to

be extended, the extended duration may not exceed one month. In 2019, the Juvenile Justice

Act was amended, adding a provision specifying that detained juveniles, their statutory agents,

the persons currently protecting the juveniles, or their assistant may at any time submit an

application for the juvenile court to pronounce a custody arrangement so as to terminate the

juveniles’ detention.

356. According to the rules for protecting juveniles under investigation and the detention letter,

juvenile courts should do their best to arrange for custody or other forms of placement rather

than opt for detention. In cases where a juvenile court decides to send a juvenile to placement

and knows that the juvenile has special circumstances or there are other matters to be noted,

the juvenile court must indicate them in the detention letter for the attention of the juvenile

detention center. It must also keep close contact with the juvenile detention center in order to

continuously assess the necessity of detention. The Juvenile Justice Act also stipulates that a

juvenile defendant may not be detained unless there are no alternatives.

357. In Taiwan, the (imprisonment) institutions for children and youth under 18 years of age who

are accused or have been confirmed of having acted in violation of the Criminal Code are

called juvenile correctional institutions. There are currently four juvenile reformatory schools

and 21 juvenile detention centers (two dedicated detention centers, 16 coworking offices, and

three ancillary branches).

358. Juvenile detention centers in the form of coworking offices or ancillary branches must separate

the living areas and routes for detained juveniles and adults. The measures for separation from

the adult detention area also apply during the temporary detention of juvenile inmates.

359. Juvenile reformatory schools implement measures related to the detention of juveniles in

accordance with the Act of the Establishment of Juvenile Reformatory Schools and

Enforcement of Education and the CRC. They also protect the right to education of detained

juveniles based on the 2019 Curriculum Guidelines. See also Paragraph 138.

360. See Paragraph 132 for the prohibition of corporal punishment and solitary confinement in

juvenile correctional institutions.

361. The competent authority has established principles for the implementation of employment

promotion services for detained juveniles in juvenile correctional institutions so as to improve

their skills. Each year they are required to conduct investigations of the needs for the next year

and provide occupational training classes. See Attachment 9-26 for the number of participants.

362. From 2016 to 2020, the courts terminated the placement of 453 children and youth whom the

courts ordered to be placed pursuant to the Juvenile Justice Act. See Attachment 9-27 for the

age, gender, and average placement period. See Attachment 9-28 for the average detention

time of youth leaving correctional institutions and juvenile detention centers.

D. Children in Conflict with the Law / (c) The Prohibition on Sentencing Juveniles to Capital

Punishment and Life Imprisonment

363. The Criminal Code specifies that the death penalty or life imprisonment may not be imposed

on offenders who are under the age of 18.

D. Children in Conflict with the Law / (d) Training of Juvenile Justice Professionals

364. See Paragraphs 33 and 34 for the participation of police personnel, personnel of prosecutorial

authorities, correctional officers, and personnel of the Judicial Yuan in CRC training. See also

Attachment 1-8.

Not Yet Final ized

365. See Paragraph 85 for the implementation plan regarding training for interviews or

interrogations of child victims or victims with mental disabilities of sexual assault.

366. Workshops on protecting juveniles have been held since 2019. See Attachment 9-29 for

in-service training of personnel of juvenile correctional institutions.

367. Training workshops for juvenile affairs police have been provided since 2019 to improve the

professional knowledge of police officers of local police departments in addressing cases

involving juveniles, enhance the coordination and communication between units, and improve

the effectiveness of the operations.

Chapter X FOLLOW-UP ACTIONS ON OPTIONAL PROTOCOLS

A. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children,

Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography

Concluding Observation 10 / Acceptance of Optional Protocols (368 to 369)

368. The Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act incorporates the offenses listed in the

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child

Prostitution and Child Pornography in terms of scope of protection. It recognizes the

vulnerability of child victims and provides support services.

369. See Chapter 5, Section C and Chapter 9, Section C (d) for the prevention of child and youth

sexual exploitation and human trafficking efforts conducted by authorities.

B. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of

Children in Armed Conflict

Concluding Observation 10 / Acceptance of Optional Protocols (370)

370. Students at military schools and colleges in Taiwan usually become military officers when

reaching the age of 18. See also Paragraphs 26 and 291 in the initial national report.

371. See Chapter 9, Section A (b) for the implementation of the Optional Protocol to the

Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict.

Comparison Table for the Concluding Observations on the Initial Report of the Republic of

China (Taiwan) on the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and

the Second Report

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

I. Introduction

1 In June 2014, the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China N/A

(Taiwan) passed the Implementation Act of the Convention on the

Rights of the Child (“the Implementation Act”). The Act came into

force on 20 November 2014 and provides the framework for

domestic harmonization of the CRC. On 22 April 2016 Taiwan’s

Legislative Yuan passed a Bill to support the adoption of the CRC

paving the way for the President to sign the Instrument of

Accession to the CRC in May 2016.

2 The Executive Yuan, according to the Implementation Act, N/A

published the initial State report in November 2016 and its English

version was made available in March 2017. In order to review its

initial State report, the Government of Taiwan invited five

independent international children’s rights experts to form an

Not Yet Final ized

International Review Committee (‘Review Committee’). They

were Jaap Doek (Chairperson) (The Netherlands), Judith Karp

(Israel), Nigel Cantwell (United Kingdom / Switzerland); Laura

Lundy (Northern Ireland) and John Tobin (Australia).

3 The Review Committee examined the initial report of Taiwan N/A

which was submitted to the Review Committee in March 2017.

The Review Committee received reports from civil society

organizations including children’s organizations and groups of

children. The Review Committee submitted a List of Issues to

Taiwan in June 2017 and received detailed written replies in

September 2017. The Review Committee also received a number

of additional reports from civil society in response to the List of

Issues and the State’s replies to the List of Issues.

4 As part of the review on 20 November 2017, the Review N/A

Committee held private meetings with children and members from

civil society. On 21 and 22 November 2017, the Review

Committee engaged in a public dialogue with the Government

delegation. The Review Committee adopted the present Concluding

Observations and presented them on 24 November 2017.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

5 The Review Committee acknowledges the serious and sincere N/A

efforts of the Government of Taiwan to implement the CRC. The

Review Committee greatly appreciates the constructive dialogue

with the Government during the review, which was attended by

representatives from all relevant ministries and government bodies.

The active participation of civil society and in particular children

was also essential to the review process.

6 The Review Committee expresses its appreciation to the Ministry N/A

of Health and Welfare, and particularly its CRC team, for providing

the Review Committee with substantive and logistical support.

II. Recognition of International Human Rights Treaties

7 The Review Committee welcomes the decision of Taiwan to adopt N/A

not only the CRC but also the following international human rights

treaties:

(a) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights;

(b) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;

against Women; and

(d) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

III. Main Areas of Concern and Recommendations

A. General Measures of Implementation (Articles 4, 42, and 44 (6))

Legislation

8 The Review Committee notes with appreciation that the CRC was ⚫ Paragraph 6

accepted without reservations and that a special Act was adopted (Section B,

for the implementation of the CRC. The Review Committee Chapter 1)

recommends that the Government undertake a process of child

rights impact assessment as it continues to review its domestic laws

with a view to harmonizing them with the provisions of the CRC.

9 The Review Committee recommends that the Implementation Act ⚫ Paragraph 7

should be amended to provide a clear statement that the provisions (Section B,

of the CRC prevail in the case of a conflict with domestic legal Chapter 1)

provisions.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

10 The Review Committee encourages the Government to adopt the ⚫ Paragraph 4

Optional Protocols to the CRC on the Involvement of Children in (Section A,

Armed Conflict and on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Chapter 1)

Child Pornography. ⚫ Paragraphs 368

and 369 (Section

A, Chapter 10);

Paragraph 371

(Section B,

Chapter 10)

Comprehensive National Plan of Action

11 The Review Committee recommends that the Government develop ⚫ Paragraph 17

and implement a national and comprehensive plan of action for the (Section C,

implementation of the CRC, with the involvement of regional and Chapter 1)

local authorities, civil society organisations, relevant professionals,

children, and parents.

Coordination

Not Yet Final ized

12 The Review Committee welcomes the establishment of the ⚫ Paragraph 18

Promotional Team for Children and Youth Welfare and Rights (Section D,

tasked with coordination and promotion of policies regarding the Chapter 1)

rights and welfare of children and youth, and of the Executive

Yuan’s promotional group for Child and Youth Welfare and Rights.

The Review Committee recommends that the Government ensure

that these groups have sufficient power to execute their tasks and

are provided with adequate human and financial resources.

13 The Review Committee recommends that a children’s committee ⚫ Paragraph 20

be established in the Legislative Yuan. This committee should (Section D,

consult with children, relevant professional bodies and civil society Chapter 1)

in the development of proposals for legislation that affects children

and their human rights.

Independent Monitoring

14 The Review Committee notes with concern that Taiwan has not yet ⚫ Paragraph 26

established an independent National Human Rights Institution (Section G,

(‘NHRI’). Chapter 1)

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

15 The Review Committee recommends the establishment without

delay of either an NHRI with a dedicated division for the

monitoring of the rights of the child or a children’s ombudsman’s

office or children’s rights commissioner, in accordance with the

recommendations made by the CRC Committee in its General

Comment No 2 (2002). This body should comply with the “Paris

Principles” and, in particular, be able to receive, investigate and

address complaints notified by or on behalf of children, relating to

the public and private sector, in a child-sensitive manner, ensuring

the privacy and protection of complainants.

Complaints Procedures

16 The Review Committee notes with appreciation the information ⚫ Paragraphs 27 to

provided on the opportunities for children to make complaints in 31 (Section G,

the settings of education, social welfare, health and juvenile justice. Chapter 1)

17 The Review Committee recommends that all children receive

information about the opportunities and procedures for making

complaints. The Government should ensure that the procedures are

child-friendly, that the child is provided with adequate support

(including where appropriate by parents or competent NGOs) and

that the privacy of the child is protected. Furthermore, it

recommends that the Government take the necessary measures to

protect children who make complaints, and those who do so on

behalf of a child, from retaliation, intimidation or other negative

repercussions. The complaints procedure must be subject to

independent review.

Resource Allocation

18 The Review Committee commends the Government for ⚫ Paragraphs 21 and

introducing its first Child Budget. It recommends that, in line with 22 (Section E,

the Committee on the Rights of the Child’s General Comment No. Chapter 1)

19 on Public Budgeting (2016), the Government ensure

transparent and participatory budgeting through public dialogue,

including with children, and establishes mechanisms to monitor

and evaluate the adequacy, efficacy and equitability of the

distribution and use of resources, including at the level of local

authorities.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

Data Collection

19 The Review Committee appreciates the provision of statistical ⚫ Paragraph 23

information regarding the implementation of the rights of the child (Section E,

in areas such as family environment and alternative care, health Chapter 1)

and welfare, education, and special protective measures.

20 In the light of the Committee on the Rights of the Child’s General

Comment No. 5 on General Measures of Implementation, the

Review Committee recommends that the Government further

improves its system of data collection and considers establishing a

central data collection unit. The information collected should cover

all areas of the Convention and be disaggregated by gender, age,

urban / rural, and indigenous and ethnic backgrounds, as well as,

where relevant and appropriate, disability, nationality and sexual

orientation.

Awareness-raising and Training

Not Yet Final ized

21 The Review Committee notes the training on children’s rights ⚫ Paragraphs 33 and

provided at the central level by various ministries and at the local 34 (Section H,

level. However, the Review Committee is concerned at the lack of Chapter 1)

information on the quality and effectiveness of training and that the

focus appears to be mainly on civil servants.

22 The Review Committee recommends that the Government ensure

training in children’s rights for all professionals working with or

for children such as teachers, social workers, medical

professionals, professionals working in residential and foster care

and in the field of special protective measures for children, police,

judges and prosecutors and others working in the field of juvenile

justice. In all training, special attention should be given to the

general principles of the CRC, the right to non-discrimination, the

best interests of the child as a primary consideration, the right to

life, survival and development, and the right to be heard, as well as

the principle of evolving capacities. All training should be

monitored and evaluated on an ongoing basis. Parents should also

receive information about children’s rights through schools, local

government, welfare and health services, and through the media.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

Cooperation with Civil Society and the Business Sector

23 The Review Committee commends the positive relationships and ⚫ Paragraphs 35 to

open dialogue between the government and civil society 41 (Section I,

organisations. It encourages this cooperation as a means of Chapter 1)

furthering the realisation of children’s rights in Taiwan.

24 With reference to the CRC Committee’s General Comment No. 16

(2013) on State Obligations Regarding the Impact of Business on

Children’s Rights, the Review Committee recommends that the

Government establish and implement regulations to ensure that the

business sector complies with the rights of the child, particularly in

the area of children’s employment and working conditions, media

(including social media and the internet) and protection of the

environment.

B. The Definition of the Child

25 The Review Committee notes that the age of majority in Taiwan is ⚫ Paragraph 43

20. The Review Committee’s mandate is restricted to persons under (Chapter 2)

the age of 18. However, it wishes to highlight the fact that the

implementation of the CRC in Taiwan may generate some

inconsistencies and confusion on the applicability of rights to youth

18 or 19 years old.

26 The Review Committee notes with appreciation that the

Government has committed to enacting legislation which will

harmonize the current minimum ages for marriage, setting them for

both boys and girls at 18 in accordance with the recommendations

of international treaty bodies.

C. General Principles

Non-discrimination (Article 2)

27 The Review Committee notes with appreciation the information ⚫ Paragraphs 48 to

provided on various legal provisions for the prevention and 59 (Section A,

protection against discrimination of especially vulnerable children Chapter 3)

such as indigenous children, LGBTI children, children with

disabilities and stateless children. However, the Review Committee

is concerned at the lack of information on the effectiveness of the

policies and programs to ensure the implementation of these

provisions and to address resistance to the implementation of the

Gender Equity Education Act.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

28 The Review Committee recommends that the State continue, in

on-going consultation with children, professionals working with or

for children and civil society, to promote and support

awareness-raising campaigns on the right to nondiscrimination of

especially vulnerable children, and to take the necessary measures

to ensure the full implementation of the various legal provisions

prohibiting discrimination of children.

The Best Interests of the Child as a Primary Consideration

(Paragraph 1 of Article 3)

29 The Review Committee notes that legislation related to the ⚫ Paragraphs 62 and

protection of children and the Civil Code requires that decisions by 63 (Section B,

courts or other authorities should be based on the best interests of Chapter 3)

the child. The Review Committee recommends that the

Government ensure that this right is:

(a) interpreted consistently with the Committee’s General

Comment No 14 on the best interests of the child; and

(b) integrated and applied consistently in all legislative,

administrative and judicial proceedings and decisions and in

Not Yet Final ized

all policies, programs and projects that are relevant to and

have an impact on children, including immigration and

juvenile justice laws and regulations.

The Right to Life, Survival, and Development (Article 6)

30 The Review Committee notes that the State acknowledges the high ⚫ Paragraphs 70 to

rate of suicides and attempted suicides among children and 72 (Section C,

recommends that it assess and address the causes of suicide among Chapter 3)

children and youth and extend its current efforts to reduce the very

high levels of child suicide.

The Right of the Child to be Heard (Article 12)

31 The Review Committee welcomes the steps that have been taken to ⚫ Paragraphs 73 to

include children as members of school and local government 86 (Section D,

committees and commends in particular the inclusion of children in Chapter 3)

the review of the National Curriculum guidelines. However, the

Review Committee expresses its concern that sociocultural attitudes

continue to restrict children from freely and safely expressing their

views in the home, in schools and in the wider community.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

32 The Review Committee draws the Government’s attention to the

CRC Committee’s General Comment No. 12 on the right of the

child to be heard and recommends that it take measures to

strengthen the implementation of this right in accordance with

Article 12 of the Convention. It recommends that the Government:

(a) undertake research to identify the issues that are most

important to children and how their views might be best heard

on those issues in all settings;

(b) undertake training programs and awareness-raising activities

with parents, teachers, social workers, judges and others

working with or for children, to promote the meaningful and

empowered participation of all children within the family,

schools and community;

establishing a mechanism that will allow for the views of

children to be heard in the legislative and policy making

process; and

(d) take measures to ensure the effective implementation of

legislation, recognizing the right of the child to be heard in

relevant administrative and legal proceedings, including by

ensuring that children are informed of their right to be heard

and are supported to exercise it meaningfully.

D. Civil Rights and Freedoms

The Right to Acquire a Nationality (Paragraph 1 of Article 7)

33 The Review Committee welcomes the efforts of the government to ⚫ Paragraph 60

enable more stateless children who are not adopted to acquire the (Section A,

nationality of the Republic of China / Taiwan. The Review Chapter 3)

Committee has noted in particular reports of problems associated ⚫ Paragraph 91

with the entitlements and status of children born to migrant (Section A,

mothers and unknown fathers when the mother returns to her home Chapter 4)

country without the child. The Review Committee recommends

that the Government take all appropriate measures to ensure that

these children are not left stateless or deprived of any services and

benefits to which other children in Taiwan are entitled.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

The Right to Freedom of Expression (Article 13)

34 The Review Committee is concerned at reports that exercise of the ⚫ Paragraph 94

right to freedom of expression may be restricted in practice, (Section C,

particularly in schools, due to negative attitudes on the part of Chapter 4)

adults and the children’s fear of punishment. It recommends that

the Government ensure that children can enjoy their right to

freedom of expression in all settings, and promote and support e.g.

the production and distribution of student newspapers or bulletins

or other publications in and outside schools.

The Right to Freedom of Association and to Freedom of Peaceful

Assembly (Article 15)

35 The Review Committee notes with concern that children and young ⚫ Paragraphs 101

people below the age of 20 cannot establish their own association and 102 (Section

and can only become a member of an existing association if they F, Chapter 4)

have the permission of their parents or guardians. This position is

not consistent with the child’s right to freedom of association and

Not Yet Final ized

fails to respect the evolving capacities of the child.

36 The Review Committee recommends that the Government take the

necessary legislative and other measures to ensure that children, in

accordance with their age, maturity and evolving capacities, can

fully enjoy, without any discrimination, their right to freedom of

association and to freedom of peaceful assembly, including the

right to peaceful protest.

The Right to Privacy (Article 16)

37 The Review Committee notes with concern reports that teachers ⚫ Paragraphs 103 to

have carried out searches of students’ personal belongings for 105 (Section G,

reasons other than those stipulated by law, and have released Chapter 4)

children’s confidential information. The Review Committee

recommends that the Government take all necessary measures to

protect children from such unlawful and arbitrary interference with

their right to privacy. Teachers should be informed of the relevant

regulations and be subject to disciplinary proceedings when they

violate these regulations.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

The Right Not to Be Subjected to Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman

and Degrading Treatment (Article 37 (a))

38 The Review Committee also expresses concern about the use of ⚫ Paragraphs 132

solitary confinement and restraints in correctional and other and 133 (Section

residential facilities. It recommends that the Government ensure D, Chapter 5)

that the regulations governing the use of solitary confinement and

the conditions under which it is carried out are in full conformity

with Article 37 of the Convention and the UN Rules on the

Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Liberty (“Havana Rules”)

(para 67) and to take all necessary measures to guarantee respect

for those regulations. Furthermore, it recommends that the

Government review the regulations governing use of restraints to

ensure that they correspond to standards set out in the Havana

Rules (paras 63 & 64).

E. Family Environment and Alternative Care (Articles 5 and 9-11;

Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 18; Articles 20, 21, and 25; and

Paragraph 4 of Article 27)

Family Support

39 While welcoming the various measures in place to support parents ⚫ Paragraphs 113 to

in their childrearing responsibilities, financially and otherwise, the 115 (Section A,

Review Committee notes reports that single-parent households Chapter 5)

(including following a divorce) and some low-income, high-risk

households may not be able to access adequate support. The

Review Committee urges the Government to take all feasible

measures to widen access to appropriate and necessary support to

include all such households.

Illicit Transfer and Non-return (Article 11)

40 The Review Committee notes the information that reporting of ⚫ Paragraph 177

illicit transfer of a child is not mandatory and that the number of (Section I,

reports may reflect only part of the number of children who are Chapter 6)

victims of illicit transfer. Furthermore, the legislative provisions

seem insufficient for preventing such transfers.

41 The Review Committee recommends that Taiwan adopt The Hague

Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction

(1980) as a binding document for dealing with cases of illicit

transfer and (non-) return of children.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

Children Deprived of Family Environment and Alternative Care

(Paragraphs 1 and 20 of Article 9)

42 The Review Committee is concerned about the use of residential ⚫ Paragraphs 159 to

care and the way it is organized. It notes that measures have been 164 (Section F,

taken by the Government to reduce the placement in residential care Chapter 6)

facilities of children who are or have to be separated from their

parents / family. It also notes that the number of children in

residential care is not falling significantly while the number of

non-State residential care providers continues to grow. The Review

Committee is concerned that quality assurance may not be

effectively carried out under the present system of authorization,

inspection, and audits. The Review Committee understands that

resources currently made available to private facilities may not

enable the latter to recruit and retain qualified staff in adequate

numbers. The Review Committee is concerned that overcapacity

may create an incentive to place children in residential care facilities

instead of family-based care. The Review Committee recommends

that the Government examine the reasons for this overcapacity and

allocate resources in ways that ensure the most appropriate

placement of children in need of alternative care, consistent with

the UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children.

Not Yet Final ized

43 The Review Committee welcomes the Government’s target of

increasing the proportion of children in formal kinship care. The

Review Committee suggests that the Government examine the

extent to which an ongoing increase in kinship care can be

facilitated by alleviating certain onerous requirements regarding

eligibility and access to subsidies for potential kinship carers.

44 The Review Committee also welcomes the Government’s policy to

promote foster care, including in relation to caring for children

with special needs and the increased training and support for foster

care givers that this implies. The Review Committee recommends

that the Government continue and strengthen this policy.

45 The Review Committee recommends that, in line with the UN

Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children, the Government

draw up a comprehensive and costed strategy to deinstitutionalize

the alternative care system by, among other things, supporting and

strengthening families in order to prevent the need for placements,

and promoting and facilitating the use of family-based alternative

care, in particular kinship care, for these children.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

46 Furthermore, the Review Committee recommends that the ⚫ Paragraph 165

Government take the necessary legislative measures to ensure that (Section F,

all placements of children in alternative care are based on a Chapter 6)

decision of the family court, that the term of such placement is set

by law and that extending the duration of the placement should be a

decision of the court and meet criteria set by law. A particular

concern of the Review Committee is that parents can arrange the

placement of their children without any involvement of the court in

assessing whether the placement is necessary and in the best

interests of the child.

47 The Review Committee notes that children who are maltreated and ⚫ Paragraph 166

face imminent and serious risk can be put in protective placement (Section G,

for up to 72 hours, and that this placement can be extended Chapter 6)

repeatedly for 3 months by a decision of the court. The Review ⚫ Paragraphs 168

Committee is concerned that only after a stay of 2 years in an and 169 (Section

emergency residential facility are the authorities required to make a G, Chapter 6)

long-term treatment plan if the child cannot return to her / his

family.

48 The Review Committee recommends the Government establish an

effective system of regular review of all placements of children in

alternative care in accordance with Article 25 of the CRC and the

UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care for Children. Special

attention should be given to the review of placements in emergency

centers and residential facilities by assessing, at least every year,

whether the placement is still necessary in the best interests of the

child and / or whether the child can be placed in a family-based

form of alternative care. The Government should also take the

necessary measures to prevent the frequent moving of children

from one alternative care setting to another.

49 Finally, in line with the UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of

Children, the Review Committee emphasizes the importance of

having in place an effective and suitable policy and program for

children leaving the alternative care system, preparing them (and,

where applicable, their families) for the leaving care process and

providing all necessary after-care support for an appropriate period.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

Domestic and Intercountry Adoption (Article 21)

50 The Review Committee notes that the annual number of domestic ⚫ Paragraphs 172

adoptions is lower than that of adoptions of Taiwanese children and 173 (Section

abroad, but notes with concern the high rate of terminations of H, Chapter 6)

intrafamilial and step-parent adoptions. The Review Committee ⚫ Paragraph 175

recommends that the causes of these terminations be analyzed, that (Section H,

remedial action be taken so as to reduce their rate, and that all Chapter 6)

necessary efforts be made to ensure appropriate care for any child

involved. While the Review Committee recognizes that domestic

adopters may often be unwilling to take responsibility for children

with special needs (including those with disabilities and older

children) and that intercountry adoption may therefore be seen as

the only solution for the latter, it urges the Government to raise

awareness and promote the adoption of these children domestically.

51 The Review Committee is concerned about the level and

effectiveness of the Government’s oversight of the intercountry

adoption procedure, including the authorization and monitoring of

private adoption agencies. It recommends that Taiwan adopt The

Not Yet Final ized

Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in

Intercountry Adoption (1993) as a binding document for dealing

with cases of intercountry adoption from and into Taiwan.

F. Violence against Children (Article 19; Paragraph 3 of Article 24;

Paragraph 2 of Article 28; and Articles 34, 37 (a), and 39)

52 The Review Committee welcomes the various actions taken by the ⚫ Paragraphs 111 to

Government to address violence against children, in particular 116 (Section A,

related to corporal punishment and bullying, and the programs Chapter 5)

providing service to high-risk children and youth and to

disadvantaged children aged 6 or under.

53 The Review Committee recommends that the Government:

(a) continue and strengthen these and other activities and develop

and implement, taking into account the guidance and

recommendations of the CRC Committee in its General

Comment No 13 (2011), a multiyear comprehensive national

plan of action for the prevention of and the protection of

children against all forms of violence in all settings, including

the family; and

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

53 (b) provide the necessary human and financial resources for the

implementation of this plan of action which include national

and local and NGO activities that contribute to ending all

forms of violence against children by 2030, a goal of the

Sustainable Development Goals (target 16.2.).

54 The Review Committee welcomes the Guidelines for Prevention of ⚫ Paragraphs 134 to

Bullying on Campus, however it is concerned at the lack of concrete 136 (Section D,

information about their implementation and the ineffective Chapter 5)

reporting by victims or others and follow-up mechanisms. The

Review Committee recommends that the Government:

(a) review its monitoring and reporting processes in consultation

with children to ensure they are effective;

(b) enhance the understanding and awareness of both teachers and

students of the negative impact of bullying on the child victim

and the school community;

encourage victims and witnesses to report incidents of

bullying; and

(d) provide effective counselling and restorative practices for

children who are victims, perpetrators, and other children who

may be affected by bullying.

55 In relation to cyberbullying the Review Committee recommends ⚫ Paragraph 137

that the Government urge platform operators to develop and (Section D,

strengthen appropriate services and mechanisms for handling Chapter 5)

prevention and cyberbullying complaints.

56 The Review Committee welcomes the information that corporal ⚫ Paragraphs 127

punishment has been prohibited by law in schools and institutions. and 128 (Section

However corporal punishment in the family setting has not been D, Chapter 5)

prohibited and the use of corporal punishment in schools continues.

57 The Review Committee recommends that the Government:

(a) adopt an explicit prohibition on corporal punishment in the

home, consistent with the CRC Committee’s General

Comment No 8;

(b) conduct awareness-raising and educational campaigns on the

negative impact of corporal punishment and other forms of

degrading and humiliating treatment and provide information

on alternative methods for promoting positive behavior;

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

57 (c) take all appropriate measures to ensure that all people working

in public and private schools and institutions refrain from the

use of corporal punishment; and

(d) educate all professionals working with or for children on the

importance of reporting all suspected incidents of violence

against children to the appropriate authorities.

G. Disability, Basic Health, and Welfare (Article 6; Paragraph 3 of

Article 18; Articles 23, 24, and 26; and Paragraphs 1-3 and 33 of

Article 27)

The Rights of Children with a Disability (Article 23)

58 The Review Committee urges the Government to implement the ⚫ Paragraphs 191 to

recommendations of the Review Committee for the Convention on 201 (Section B,

the Rights of Persons with a Disability. It further recommends that Chapter 7)

the Government ensure the collection of accurate disaggregated

data on children with a disability and take appropriate measures to

Not Yet Final ized

ensure that such children:

(a) can access appropriate schooling in rural areas;

(b) transition into meaningful employment after the completion of

their schooling;

opportunities by, for example, the development of all-abilities

playgrounds; and

(d) receive appropriate support services for themselves and their

families.

59 The Review Committee is concerned at the high number of

children with disabilities living in residential facilities. It welcomes

the fact that the Government has adopted a five-year strategy to

increase the number of children with disabilities living in

community-based settings and having access to mainstream

inclusive schools.

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

The Right to Health (Article 24)

60 The Review Committee is concerned that all children must obtain ⚫ Paragraphs 87 to

the consent of their parents in order to receive medical treatment, 90 (Section D,

irrespective of their capacity. This position is inconsistent with the Chapter 3)

view of the Committee on the Rights of the Child which has

explained that a child of sufficient understanding is capable of

providing consent to medical treatment including in circumstances

where her / his parents are unwilling to provide consent.

61 The Review Committee recommends that the Government amend

the relevant laws to ensure that the consent required for medical

treatment of a child is consistent with the CRC, especially Articles

5 and 12. It also recommends that the Government consider the

implementation of the recommendation of the CRC Committee in

its General Comment No 12 (para 102) that states adopt

legislation which provides for a fixed age at which the right to

consent transfers to the child.

62 The Review Committee welcomes efforts by the Government to ⚫ Paragraphs 70 to

provide specialist mental health services for children, including the 72 (Section C,

provision of community mental health clinics, specialist mental Chapter 3)

health professionals and hotlines for children. However, the ⚫ Paragraphs 219

Committee is concerned about the incidence of children and 220 (Section

experiencing problems with their mental health, especially the high C, Chapter 7)

suicide rate and the effectiveness of the services provided.

63 The Review Committee recommends that the Government:

(a) continue to collect data on children with mental health

conditions and youth suicide which, where possible and

appropriate, is disaggregated according to the nature of the

condition, age, gender, rural / urban location, indigenous

status, and sexual orientation;

(b) monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the services

provided to children, including data on the referral rate and

outcomes of children who access helplines

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

63 (c) ensure mental health services, including child-friendly

preventative services, are available, accessible, acceptable and

of appropriate quality consistent with General Comment No

15 on the Right to Health of the CRC Committee; and

(d) actively seek the views of children, consistent with article 12

of the CRC, to assist with the development, implementation

and monitoring of mental health services for children.

64 The Review Committee welcomes the range of initiatives adopted ⚫ Paragraphs 215

by the Government to address the issue of childhood obesity. and 216 (Section

However, it recommends that: C, Chapter 7)

(a) the Government evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of

such initiatives; and

(b) exercise caution when weighing children in schools, to ensure

that this process is undertaken in a way that protects a child’s

right to privacy and does not subject a child to humiliation.

65 The Review Committee notes that, since 2011, the Government has ⚫ Paragraphs 226 to

adopted a progressive program to deliver education on sexual and 229 (Section C,

reproductive health to children. It also notes that significant Chapter 7)

Not Yet Final ized

concerns are held by various groups with respect to the

effectiveness and appropriateness of this program; that the

incidence of sexually transmitted diseases remains high and is

increasing for some diseases and that there are still a significant

number of teenage pregnancies.

66 The Review Committee recommends that the Government review

the current program to evaluate whether any amendments are

required to improve its effectiveness and ensure its

appropriateness. This review should consult all interested parties

including children and adolescents, parent groups, health

professionals and educators.

67 The Review Committee further recommends that the review assess

whether the current sexual and reproductive health program:

(a) is consistent with the recommendations of the Committee on

Economic Social and Cultural Rights regarding adolescents in

its General Comment 22 on Sexual and Reproductive Health

and the recommendations of the CRC Committee in its

General Comments on Adolescent Health and Development

(GC 4) and the Rights of Adolescents (GC 20);

(b) is age appropriate and evidence based;

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

67 (c) is designed to protect the right to sexual and reproductive

health of all children, including children who identify as

LGBTI and children with a disability;

(d) accommodates the views of children in the design, delivery

and evaluation of the program, consistent with article 12 of

the CRC;

(e) includes information on respectful relationships and measures

to empower children before they engage in sexual activity;

(f) provides appropriate information and support services to a girl

who becomes pregnant; and

(g) educates parents to understand a child’s right to sexual and

reproductive health.

68 The Review Committee heard concerns from children with respect ⚫ Paragraphs 232 to

to the quality of the environment and the potential for this to harm 234 (Section C,

their health, and recommends that the Government take measures Chapter 7)

to monitor the impact of the environment on children’s health. The

Review Committee also recommends that the Government develop

systems or processes that enable children to express their concerns

to the Government regarding the environment or other matters

relevant to children’s health, and address these concerns with

adequate legislative and other actions, taking into account the

recommendations of the UN CRC Committee following its 2016

Day of General Discussion on Children’s Rights and the

Environment.

H. Education, Leisure and Cultural Activities (Articles 28-31)

The Right to Education (Articles 28-29)

Closing the Gap

69 The Review Committee welcomes the fact that compulsory ⚫ Paragraphs 249 to

education between the ages of 6 and 15 is free of tuition fees. 252 (Section A,

Nevertheless, the Review Committee is concerned with the Chapter 8)

growing need of students at private vocational and senior high

schools to apply for loans to pay tuition and other learning costs

and living expenses.

100

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

70 The Review Committee recommends that the Ministry of

Education (‘MOE’) undertake an overall review of the tuition

rates of private vocational and senior high schools, and establish a

review system in this regard to protect economically disadvantaged

students from being charged excessively by private schools. The

Review Committee further recommends that the Government

introduce appropriate programs to assist students who experience

difficulties in the repayment of their debt.

Preschools

71 The Review Committee is concerned at the shortage of public and ⚫ Paragraph 146

non-profit preschools and the high financial burden for parents (Section B,

enrolling their children in private preschools. The Committee is Chapter 6)

also concerned by the need of local authorities for additional ⚫ Paragraph 239

human and financial resources to enable them to comply with (Section D,

Article 7 of the Early Childhood Education and Care Act. Chapter 7)

72 The Review Committee welcomes the Maximizing the Public

Education and Care Services Project (2017-2020) to assist local

governments to establish more public preschools enabling more

parents to access high-quality education and care for their children

Not Yet Final ized

at a fair cost.

73 The Review Committee encourages the Government to evaluate the

effectiveness of the implementation of this project with regard to

the increase in the number of public preschools and the

proportional increase in the number of trained preschool teachers,

and to revise their wages to address the high staff turnover rate.

The Review Committee recommends that the Government aim to

achieve free tuition for public preschools and affordable tuition for

private preschools.

Budget Allocation for Education in Remote and Rural Areas

74 The Review Committee acknowledges that the Government is ⚫ Paragraphs 253 to

committed to allocating additional resources to the education of 257 (Section A,

children in remote and rural areas. However, the Review Chapter 8)

Committee remains concerned that the allocation of these resources

may not always be sufficient to ensure a quality education for

children in these areas. The Review Committee recommends that

the Government continue to provide additional resources for rural

and remote education and adopt measures to monitor the extent to

which children enjoy their right to education, consistent with

articles 28 and 29 of the CRC.

101

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

Children’s Rights and Civic Education

75 The Review Committee recommends that human rights and, in ⚫ Paragraphs 270 to

particular, the rights of the child be made a mandatory part of the 273 (Section B,

curriculum in all forms and at all levels of education, including the Chapter 8)

National Curriculum. The Review Committee further recommends

that accessible materials be produced for all ages and abilities of

children, and that knowledge and training in children’s rights be a

prerequisite for teachers. The Review Committee further

recommends that the MOE support activities concerning children’s

empowerment in civic and citizenship education.

Student Representation in School Affairs

76 The Review Committee acknowledges that the High School ⚫ Paragraphs 81 and

Education Act provides for the creation of self-governing students 82 (Section D,

organizations, but it is concerned that the Act is not effectively Chapter 3)

implemented. The Review Committee recommends that the MOE

monitor the establishment of self-governing student organizations

in all schools, including private schools, without the intervention of

school personnel in their elections or functions. The Review

Committee further recommends that self-governing organizations

be effectively represented in all school committees dealing with

school affairs and students’ educational interests.

Reform of the Curricula Guidelines

77 The Review Committee is concerned about the stress caused to ⚫ Paragraphs 79 and

students as a result of the pressure for high academic attainment, 80 (Section D,

where a strong emphasis is placed on examinations and the Chapter 3)

curriculum lacks flexibility, leaving students with limited scope to ⚫ Paragraphs 291 to

pursue their own educational interests. The Review Committee 293 (Section D,

welcomes the ongoing review by the MOE of the curricula with a Chapter 8)

view to making it more flexible, more compatible with students’

interests and less stressful for students. The Review Committee

encourages the MOE to continue this review process with the

effective participation of students.

Dropout Students

78 The Review Committee is concerned that not all services for students ⚫ Paragraphs 259 to

who drop out of school are integrated. The Review Committee 264 (Section A,

recommends that the Government integrate these services and ensure Chapter 8)

the sufficient allocation of resources to support such students.

102

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

Disciplinary Measures

79 The Review Committee notes that schools can draw up their own ⚫ Paragraphs 274

guidelines for the discipline of students and is concerned that this and 275 (Section

could expose children to arbitrary and unlawful disciplinary B, Chapter 8)

measures such as collective punishment. The Review Committee

recommends that the Government provide and publicise a directive

to schools which outlines those disciplinary measures which are

compatible with children’s rights.

80 The Review Committee is concerned at the employment of military ⚫ Paragraph 277

training officers in schools and recommends that this practice be (Section B,

phased out as expeditiously as possible. Chapter 8)

Corporal Punishment

81 The Review Committee is concerned that the ban on corporal ⚫ Paragraphs 129 to

punishment in schools is not adequately monitored and enforced. It 131 (Section D,

recommends that all necessary measures be taken by the MOE to Chapter 5)

Not Yet Final ized

ensure the effective implementation of the ban, and that teachers

who use this measure be appropriately sanctioned.

Mechanism of Appeals

82 The Review Committee is concerned with the effectiveness of the ⚫ Paragraphs 27 to

existing appeal procedures for students’ complaints. It recommends 31 (Section G,

that the Government set up an independent mechanism providing a Chapter 1)

confidential and safe reporting process to address individual

appeals on wrongful administrative decisions or measures taken by

all schools, including private, reform, correctional, and transition

schools. Students should be entitled to be heard in such hearings

and receive independent representation. including from NGOs.

The Child’s Right to Rest, Play, Leisure (Article 31)

83 The Review Committee is deeply concerned about the very long ⚫ Paragraphs 290 to

hours that children spend at school or in other formal educational 293 (Section D,

settings outside school. It notes that the Government has reformed Chapter 8)

the state examination system in the hope that this may reduce the

pressure on children in relation to academic attainment.

103

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

84 The Review Committee recommends that the Government review

and regulate the structure of the school day in order to ensure that

schools provide children with adequate and regular periods of free

time. Furthermore, it recommends that the Government undertake

measures to educate parents and teachers about the harmful effects

of a lack of adequate sleep and of access to play and leisure on

children’s learning and development and physical and mental

health.

85 The Review Committee commends the Government’s efforts to ⚫ Paragraphs 294 to

increase children’s access to play space in urban environments 300 (Section D,

through the provision of safe playgrounds. It stresses that the Chapter 8)

Government should ensure that all children, including children

with disabilities, have access to play and that children should be

able to enjoy that right in the natural environment. With reference

to General Comment No. 17 (2013) on the right of the child to

rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts,

the Review Committee recommends that the Government, as well

as local authorities, implement measures to guarantee the right of

the child to rest and leisure and to engage in play and recreational

activities appropriate to the age of the child, including by adopting

and implementing play and leisure policies with sufficient and

sustainable resources. The Review Committee recommends that

Government fully involve children in planning, designing, and

monitoring the implementation of play policies and activities

relevant to play and leisure, at the community, local and national

levels.

86 The Review Committee notes the existing efforts to ensure that all ⚫ Paragraphs 278

children can learn about diverse cultures, including indigenous and 279 (Section

cultures and languages. It encourages the Government to review C, Chapter 8)

and extend these activities in consultation with children, their

families and minority communities.

I. Special Protection Measures (Articles 22, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37

(b) and (d), and 38-40)

Indigenous Children (Article 30)

87 The Review Committee welcomes the numerous measures taken by ⚫ Paragraph 258

the Government to protect the rights of indigenous children and the (Section A,

important role played by the National Council of Indigenous Peoples. Chapter 8)

104

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

88 The Review Committee recommends that the Government continue ⚫ Paragraphs 308 to

to implement, monitor, and evaluate the effectiveness of special 317 (Section B,

measures to protect the rights of indigenous children in Chapter 9)

collaboration with indigenous communities including children

from such communities. The Review Committee further

recommends that the Government pay special attention to:

(a) measures to reduce the infant mortality rate among indigenous

children;

(b) the ability of indigenous children to receive instruction in their

indigenous language by appropriately qualified teachers;

move from rural to urban areas to undertake education;

(d) measures to support the development of preschools by tribal

co-operatives, including the allocation of adequate resources

and the involvement of indigenous community members in

the development, staffing and operation of such preschools;

(e) supporting customary alternative care arrangements in

indigenous communities; and

(f) the provision of culturally appropriate parenting education and

support services.

Not Yet Final ized

Child Labour (Article 32)

89 The Review Committee notes with concern reports that children, ⚫ Paragraphs 318 to

including younger children, are working in conditions that often 323 (Section C,

involve long hours and / or may be harmful to their health and Chapter 9)

development. The Review Committee recommends that the

Government:

(a) collect data on the number of children working, disaggregated

according to the nature of the work, age, gender and whether

the child comes from an indigenous, rural or urban

background; and

(b) take appropriate measures to protect the rights of such

children.

Drug Abuse (Article 33)

90 The Review Committee welcomes the various measures taken to ⚫ Paragraphs 230

prevent drug abuse, such as the establishment of local Abuse and 231 (Section

Prevention Centers and the project “say-no-to-drugs,” and the C, Chapter 7)

designation of medical treatment institutions for the treatment of

children addicted to drugs. However, the Review Committee is

concerned at the lack of information on the effectiveness of these

measures.

105

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

91 The Review Committee recommends that the Government

regularly conduct evaluations of the implementation of these

measures and their effectiveness with the involvement of child and

adolescent drug users, in order to adjust or strengthen these

measures where necessary. In addition, the Review Committee

recommends that the Government treat the use of drugs as a health

problem and not as a crime.

Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (Article 34)

92 The Review Committee welcomes the adoption in 2015 of the ⚫ Paragraphs 121 to

Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act, which entered 125 (Section C,

into force on 1 January 2017, and the related plans for the Chapter 5)

prevention of sex trade involving children and for the

reinforcement of sex crimes investigations. However, the Review

Committee is concerned that an emergency placement of a child

victim of sexual exploitation or sexual abuse can be extended for a

long period of time while it is not clear what the grounds for the

extension are. Furthermore, the Review Committee is concerned

that the protection of a child victim of sexual abuse as a witness in

a judicial (criminal) proceedings against the alleged perpetrator is

not always in full compliance with international human rights

standards and recommendations.

93 The Review Committee recommends that the Government specify

by law the grounds for the extension of an emergency placement of

a child victim of sexual exploitation or sexual abuse, and that it

review and amend, where necessary, the existing provisions on the

protection of child victims as witnesses in judicial proceedings in

order to comply with the rules set in Article 8 Optional Protocol on

the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography and

the recommendations in Resolution 2005 / 20 of the UN Economic

and Social Council on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims

and Witnesses of Crime.

Conditions of Detention (Article 37)

94 The Review Committee is concerned by reports of the ⚫ Paragraphs 132

mistreatment of children while deprived of their liberty and and 133 (Section

recommends that the Government take effective measures to D, Chapter 5)

ensure:

106

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

94 (a) full compliance with article 37 of the Convention and the UN

Rules on the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty;

(b) that all staff working with children deprived of their liberty

are informed about the rights of such children; and

their liberty are fully investigated.

Juvenile Justice (Article 40)

95 The Review Committee notes with appreciation the measures taken ⚫ Paragraphs 338 to

by the Government to prevent juvenile delinquency and the 354 (Section D,

establishment, based on the Juvenile Delinquency Act, of a Chapter 9)

well-structured juvenile justice system. However, the Review

Committee is concerned with:

(a) the use of different age limits and categories in the Juvenile

Delinquency Act which lead to the appearance of children

aged 7 to 12 in the juvenile (criminal) justice statistics, and

the lack of clarity regarding children aged 12 and 13 due to

the fact that the minimum age of criminal responsibility

(MACR) is set at 14; Not Yet Final ized

(b) criminalizing problematic behaviour of children by including

such behaviour in the criminal law as status offences; and

juveniles in conflict with the criminal law throughout the

juvenile justice proceedings, due to the fact that legal

assistance has to be paid for in most instances.

96 In light of the CRC Committee’s General Comment No 10 on

Children’s Rights in Juvenile Justice, the Review Committee

recommends that the Government bring the juvenile justice system

fully into line with the CRC and other relevant standards. In

particular, the Review Committee recommends that the Government:

(a) deal with children below the age of 14 who have been alleged as,

accused of or recognized as having infringed the criminal law,

under the Protection of Children and Youth Welfare and Rights

Act and not under the Juvenile Delinquency Act, and undertake

the necessary legislative and other measures to that effect;

107

Point Concluding Observations Paragraph

96 (b) abolish status offences and provide children with problematic

behaviour with the necessary support and protection in the

context of the Protection of Children and Youth Welfare and

Rights Act;

children in conflict with the criminal law from the beginning,

and throughout the legal proceedings;

(d) require by law that pre-trial detention is reviewed regularly by

a court / judge, preferably every two weeks, in order to ensure

that pre-trial detention does not last any longer than is strictly

necessary; and

(e) ensure that sentences involving deprivation of liberty are a

measure of last resort.

97 The Review Committee notes that no restorative justice mechanism

is in place within the juvenile justice system and there are limited

diversionary measures. The Review Committee recommends that

the Government explore the possibility of introducing restorative

justice measures and promote genuine diversionary measures

which occur before court proceedings.

J. Dissemination

98 The Review Committee recommends that the initial report, the ⚫ Paragraph 32

written replies to the list of issues and the present concluding (Section H,

observations be made widely available in the languages of the Chapter 1)

country.

108

來源 PDF: 34_20220426151747_297158.pdf

Contents

Chapter I. GENERAL MEASURES OF IMPLEMENTATION ......................................................... 1

Attachment 1-1 (Paragraph 5） List of Laws and Regulations under Review .............................. 1

Attachment 1-2 (Paragraph 21） Ratio of Budgets for Children and Youth to Net Expenditures

of All Levels of Government and GDP & Ratios by Category ..................................... 6

Attachment 1-3 (Paragraph 24） Examples of International Cooperation and Aid ....................... 8

Attachment 1-4 (Paragraph 29） Statistics on the Appeals of Students ...................................... 14

Attachment 1-5 (Paragraph 29） Statistics on the Petitions of Students Working Outside

Schools under Cooperative Education Programs ........................................................ 15

Attachment 1-6 (Paragraph 32） CRC Dissemination Activities by Government Agencies ....... 17

Attachment 1-7 (Paragraph 33） Trainees and Numbers of Participants Receiving CRC

Education and Training in Government Agencies at All Levels ................................. 18

Attachment 1-8 (Paragraphs 34 and 362） Content of CRC Educational Training Received by

Professionals Dealing with Matters Related to Children and Youth ........................... 20

Chapter II. DEFINITION OF CHILD AND YOUTH ....................................................................... 23

Attachment 2-1 (Paragraph 42） Population Overview of Children and Youth .......................... 23

Chapter III. GENERAL PRINCIPLES .............................................................................................. 26

Attachment 3-1 (Paragraph 64） Top 10 Causes of Infant Deaths .............................................. 26

Attachment 3-2 (Paragraph 64） Top 10 Causes of Child and Youth Deaths .............................. 28

Attachment 3-3 (Paragraph 64） Mid-Year Populations, Deaths, and Mortality Rates of

Children and Youth ...................................................................................................... 30

Attachment 3-4 (Paragraph 65） Analysis of Child and Youth Deaths from Notifiable

Communicable Diseases .............................................................................................. 45

Attachment 3-5 (Paragraphs 65 and 69） Statistics on Unnatural Deaths of Children and Youth47

Attachment 3-6 (Paragraph 65） Number of Deaths Caused by Accidents and Injuries

(Children and Youth） ................................................................................................ 53

Attachment 3-7 (Paragraph 65） Number of Deaths Caused by Suicide

(Children and Youth） ................................................................................................ 54

Attachment 3-8 (Paragraph 65） Number of Deaths Caused by Suicide (Children and Youth

from Indigenous Families） ........................................................................................ 55

Attachment 3-9 (Paragraph 65） Number of Deaths Caused in Criminal Cases involving

Children and Youth, and Statistics on the Type of Criminal Cases ............................. 56

Attachment 3-10 (Paragraph 70） Statistics on Causes of Child and Youth Attempted Suicide

from the Suicide Prevention Report System................................................................ 57

Attachment 3-11 (Paragraph 72） Statistics on Reported Suicides and Self-Harm Incidents of

Students of Senior High Schools and Below, and Budget Allocation for

Implementation Strategies of the Student Self-Harm Prevention Work Plan .............. 60

Attachment 3-12 (Paragraph 73） Statistics on Child and Youth Participation in Local

Government Decision-making and Coordination Meetings ........................................ 63

Chapter IV. CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS .............................................................................. 64

Attachment 4-1 (Paragraph 94） Statistics on School Publications in Senior High Schools in

Taiwan ......................................................................................................................... 64

Attachment 4-2 (Paragraph 98） Game Rating Improvement Data ............................................ 64

Attachment 4-3 (Paragraph 105） Number of People in Senior High Schools Punished for

Invasion of Privacy ...................................................................................................... 65

Chapter V. VIOLENCE TOWARDS CHILDREN AND YOUTH .................................................. 66

Attachment 5-1 (Paragraph 109） Statistics on People Obligated to Report Abuse or Neglect

of Children or Youth and the Number and Types of Cases Reported .......................... 66

Attachment 5-2 (Paragraph 109） Number of Abused Children or Youth, Types of Abuse,

Deaths from Serious Abuse ......................................................................................... 68

Attachment 5-3 (Paragraph 109） Statistics on Children and Youth Put in Protective

Placement..................................................................................................................... 74

Attachment 5-4 (Paragraph 109） Analysis of Instances of Emergency Placement for Child

and Youth Protection.................................................................................................... 75

Attachment 5-5 (Paragraph 109） Analysis of Instances of Continuous Placement for Child

and Youth Protection.................................................................................................... 77

Attachment 5-6 (Paragraph 109） Numbers of People in Family Non-Litigation Matters for

Placement Concluded and Approved by District Courts — Based on the Protection

of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act .......................................................... 78

Attachment 5-7 (Paragraph 109) Instances and Ratio of Different Types of Emergency

Placement for Child and Youth Protection .................................................................. 84

Attachment 5-8 (Paragraph 109) Instances and Ratio of Different Types of Continuous

Placement for Child and Youth Protection .................................................................. 84

Attachment 5-9 (Paragraph 110） Data on the Use of Article 70-1 of the Protection of

Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act by Local Police Agencies .................... 85

Attachment 5-10 (Paragraph 111） Diagram of the Overall Child and Youth Protection

Concept under the Strengthening Social Safety Net Program ..................................... 86

Attachment 5-11 (Paragraph 112） Annual Labor Power Requirement for the Strengthening

Social Safety Net Program .......................................................................................... 87

Attachment 5-12 (Paragraph 113） Statistics on Services for High-Risk Families ..................... 88

Attachment 5-13 (Paragraph 113） Statistics on Services for Vulnerable Families .................... 88

Attachment 5-14 (Paragraph 113） Statistics on Subsidies for the Support Service Program

for Children and Youth in Communities (Family Guardian） ................................... 89

Attachment 5-15 (Paragraph 113） Statistics on the Active Care Program for Disadvantaged

Children Under the Age of Six .................................................................................... 90

Attachment 5-16 (Paragraph 114） Operations of the Regional Medical Integration Center

Project for the Protection of Children and Youth ........................................................ 91

Attachment 5-17 (Paragraph 116） Instances of Persons Being Accompanied by the Local

Government Family Cases Service Center in Court in Family Cases Covered by the

Jurisdiction of the Court .............................................................................................. 92

Attachment 5-18 (Paragraph 119） Cases Received by the Institute of Watch Internet Network

(iWIN） Concerning the Distribution of Inappropriate Images of Children and

Youth............................................................................................................................ 92

Attachment 5-19 (Paragraph 120） Cases Identified, Suspects, and Victims of Child and Youth

Sexual Exploitation Rescued by Municipality and County (City） Governments .... 93

Attachment 5-20 (Paragraph 120） Investigations Concluded by District Prosecutors Offices

with Respect to Violations of the Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation

Prevention Act ............................................................................................................. 94

Attachment 5-21 (Paragraph 120） First Instance Decisions of Criminal Cases at District

Courts Involving Defendants Acting in Violation of Articles 31 to 40, 42, and 45

of the Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act ....................................... 96

Attachment 5-22 (Paragraph 121） Persons in Unlitigated Family Placements Concluded and

Approved by District Courts Based on the Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation

Prevention Act ........................................................................................................... 101

III

Attachment 5-23 (Paragraph 126） Confirmed Victims in Sexual Assault and Harassment

Cases as Investigated Pursuant to the Gender Equity Education Act ........................ 104

Attachment 5-24 (Paragraph 129） Administrative Penalties Imposed on Teachers at Senior

High Schools and Below in Cases of Unlawful Punishment

(Corporal Punishment） ........................................................................................... 105

Attachment 5-25 Paragraph 130）Campus Life Questionnaire—Survey on Corporal

Punishment Inflicted on Students (Ratio of Students Never Experiencing

Corporal Punishment） ............................................................................................. 105

Attachment 5-26 (Paragraph 130） Persons Punished due to Inflicting Corporal Punishment,

Using Improper Discipline, or Committing Sexual Harassment in Violation of the

Early Childhood Education and Care Act .................................................................. 106

Attachment 5-27 (Paragraph 135) On-campus Promotion of Restorative Justice ..................... 107

Attachment 5-29 (Paragraph 135) School Bullying Types ........................................................ 109

Attachment 5-30 (Paragraph 135） School Bullying Prevention Hotline and School Bullying

Prevention Online Message Board Services .............................................................. 109

Attachment 5-31 (Paragraph 138） Number of Children and Youth Leaving Juvenile

Correctional Schools.................................................................................................. 110

Attachments 5-32 (Paragraph 138） Children and Youth Leaving Juvenile Detention Centers . 110

Attachment 5-33 (Paragraph 138） Correctional Counseling Measures for Children and

Youth at Correctional Institutions .............................................................................. 111

Attachment 5-34 (Paragraph 139） Children and Youth and Their Families Undergoing

Follow-up Guidance Following the Termination, Suspension, or Waiving of

Placement Counseling or Corrective Education or Being Referred for Counseling . 113

Attachment 5-35 (Paragraph 139） Flowchart for the Provision of Transfer Guidance Services

for Juveniles Leaving Correctional Schools Upon Termination of Correctional

Education ................................................................................................................... 114

Chapter VI. FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND ALTERNATIVE CARE ...................................... 116

Attachment 6-1 (Paragraph 142) Family Education Activities, Family Education Consultation

Hotlines, and Individualized Parenting Education Services Sponsored by the

Family Education Centers of Local Competent Authorities ...................................... 116

Attachment 6-2 (Paragraph 142) Parenting Education Activities Sponsored by the Family

Education Centers of Local Competent Authorities .................................................. 117

Attachment 6-3 (Paragraph 144) Living Assistance for Disadvantaged Children and Youth ... 118

Attachment 6-4 (Paragraph 144) Emergency Living Assistance for Disadvantaged Children

and Youth ................................................................................................................... 119

Attachment 6-5 (Paragraph 144) Assistance for Families in Hardship...................................... 120

Attachment 6-6 (Paragraph 144) Medical Care Subsidies for Children and Youth ................... 120

Attachment 6-7 (Paragraph 144) Budgets for Dedicated Funds for Patients

(including Children) with Rare Diseases, Hemophilia, and HIV/AIDS .................. 121

Attachment 6-8 (Paragraphs 144 and 256) Subsidies for After-school Care Classes for

Children ..................................................................................................................... 121

Attachment 6-9 (Paragraphs 144 and 294) After-school Care Centers for Children ................. 122

Attachment 6-10 (Paragraph 144) Implementation of After-school Support Plan for Children

from Indigenous Families and Subsidies for Indigenous Children Attending

Preschool ................................................................................................................... 122

Attachment 6-11 (Paragraph 144) Parental Leave Allowance ................................................... 123

Attachment 6-12 (Paragraph 146) Promotion of National Child Care Policy for Children

Aged 0 to 6 Years ....................................................................................................... 124

Attachment 6-13 (Paragraph 147） Impact of Special Tax Deductions for Preschool

Children ..................................................................................................................... 126

Attachment 6-14 (Paragraph 149） Family Mediation Services ............................................... 126

Attachment 6-15 (Paragraph 150) Parenting Education Courses for Family Cases Provided by

Family Case Service Centers ..................................................................................... 127

Attachment 6-16 (Paragraph 152) Flowchart for Child and Youth Protection Case Processing . 128

Attachment 6-17 (Paragraph 152) Safety Assessments of Child and Youth Protection Cases

Conducted via Structured Decision-making Model .................................................. 129

Attachment 6-18 (Paragraph 153） Family Preservation and Reunification Services for Child

and Youth Protection.................................................................................................. 129

Attachment 6-19 (Paragraphs 155 and 182) Children Living with Mothers in Prison

(Detention Centers) .................................................................................................. 130

Attachment 6-20 (Paragraph 157) Visas Issued to Foreign Minors Who Are the Children of

R.O.C. Nationals with Household Registration in Taiwan ........................................ 130

Attachment 6-21 (Paragraphs 161 and 201) Implementation Results of Enhancement Plan for

Alternative Care Resources for the Out-of-home Placement of Children and Youth .. 131

Attachment 6-22 (Paragraph 161) Foster Families and Foster Children ................................... 131

Attachment 6-23 (Paragraph 163) Children and Youth Placed in Institutions and Period of

Placement................................................................................................................... 132

Attachment 6-24 (Paragraph 163) Children and Youth Placed in Placement Institutions ......... 133

Attachment 6-25 (Paragraph 165) Procedure for Municipality and County (City) Governments

to Accept Commissions for Child and Youth Placement ........................................... 134

Attachment 6-26 (Paragraph 166) Children and Youth in Long-term Placement (Over Two

Years) ........................................................................................................................ 141

Attachment 6-27 (Paragraph 167) Children and Youth Returning Home after Placement in

Institutions and Foster Families................................................................................. 142

Attachment 6-28 (Paragraph 169) Reasons for Conclusion of Cases Receiving Services

Under the Independent-living Program ..................................................................... 143

Attachment 6-29 (Paragraph 169) Results of the Independent-living Program for Youth

Leaving Foster Care................................................................................................... 143

Attachment 6-30 (Paragraph 172) Adoption of Children and Youth by Number and Type ...... 144

Attachment 6-31 (Paragraph 172) Adoption of Children and Youth by Country ...................... 144

Attachment 6-32 (Paragraph 172) Overview of Child and Youth Adoption Cases ................... 145

Attachment 6-33 (Paragraph 174) Terminated Adoptions ......................................................... 145

Attachment 6-34 (Paragraph 174） Adoptions of Children Under 18 Approved and

Terminated by District Family Courts ....................................................................... 146

Attachment 6-35 (Paragraph 176） Prosecutions by District Prosecutors Offices in

Accordance with Articles 241 and 242 of the Criminal Code of the Republic

of China ..................................................................................................................... 151

Attachment 6-36 (Paragraph 176） Convictions by District Prosecutors Offices in

Accordance with Articles 241 and 242 of the Criminal Code of the Republic

of China ..................................................................................................................... 152

Attachment 6-37 (Paragraph 177） Procedures to Assist in Searching for Missing Children

or Youth Due to Parental (or Familial） Child Abduction ....................................... 153

Attachment 6-38 (Paragraph 177） Persons Abducting Children and Youth ............................ 154

Attachment 6-39 (Paragraph 177） Family Types Involved in Children and Youth Abduction . 154

Attachment 6-40 (Paragraph 178） Children and Youth Subject to Parental or Familial

Abduction .................................................................................................................. 155

Attachment 6-41 (Paragraph 178） Children and Youth Abducted by Age ............................... 155

Attachment 6-42 (Paragraph 178） Reported Cases of Missing Children and Youth Taken

Away by Parents or Relatives Without Official Permission ...................................... 156

Attachment 6-43 (Paragraph 180） Survey and Reporting of Care Needs for Minor Children

of Reform Institution Inmates.................................................................................... 157

Chapter VII. DISABILITIES, BASIC HEALTH, AND WELFARE.............................................. 158

Attachment 7-1 (Paragraph 189） Number of Registered Children with Disabilities by Type

and Age ...................................................................................................................... 158

Attachment 7-2 (Paragraph 191） Beneficiaries of Subsidies for Children and Youth with

Disabilities—Living Subsidy for Persons with Disabilities ...................................... 159

Attachment 7-3 (Paragraph 191） Beneficiaries of Subsidies for People with Disabilities

(Including Children and Youth with Disabilities）—Day Care and Residential

Care Subsidies for People with Disabilities .............................................................. 162

Attachment 7-4 (Paragraph 191） Beneficiaries of Subsidies for People with Disabilities

(Including Children and Youth with Disabilities）—Assistive Device Subsidies

for People with Disabilities ....................................................................................... 164

Attachment 7-5 (Paragraph 191） People with Disabilities (All Ages） Accommodated in

Welfare Institutions .................................................................................................... 166

Attachment 7-6 (Paragraph 191） People with Disabilities (including Children and Youth with

Disabilities） Receiving Family Caregiver Support Services .................................. 167

Attachment 7-7 (Paragraph 192） Schooling of Children and Youth with Disabilities............. 168

Attachment 7-8 (Paragraph 192） Professional Services for Preschool Students with

Disabilities ................................................................................................................. 169

Attachment 7-9 (Paragraph 192） Student-Teacher Ratio in Centralized Special Education

Classes ....................................................................................................................... 170

Attachment 7-10 (Paragraph 196） Children and Youth with Disabilities Enrolled in After-

school Care and Service Centers ............................................................................... 170

Attachment 7-11 (Paragraph 196） Subsidies for Children and Youth with Disabilities

Attending After-school Care Classes ......................................................................... 171

Attachment 7-12 (Paragraph 198） Persons with Disabilities between the Ages of 15 and 18

Receiving Vocational Education ................................................................................ 171

Attachment 7-13 (Paragraph 199） Playgrounds in Parks ......................................................... 172

VII

Attachment 7-14 (Paragraph 200） Activities Organized by the Subordinate Agencies of the

Ministry of Culture and the National Palace Museum for Children and Youth with

Disabilities ................................................................................................................. 173

Attachment 7-15 (Paragraph 203） Project Implementation Efficiency and Inclusion Criteria

for Care Plan for High-risk Pregnant Women and Newborns ................................... 179

Attachment 7-16 (Paragraph 204） Utilization Rate of Prenatal Examinations ........................ 181

Attachment 7-17 (Paragraph 204） Utilization Rate of Subsidies for Prenatal Genetic Testing . 182

Attachment 7-18 (Paragraph 204） Maternal Mortality Rate and Leading Causes of

Pregnancy-related Deaths ......................................................................................... 183

Attachment 7-19 (Paragraph 207） Infants Born with Low Birth Weight (2019）.................. 185

Attachment 7-20 (Paragraph 207） Weight, Age, and Birth Defects of Infants Born with

Assisted Reproduction (2018） ................................................................................ 185

Attachment 7-21 (Paragraph 207） Hearing Screening for Newborns ...................................... 186

Attachment 7-22 (Paragraph 207） Newborn Screening for Congenital Metabolic Diseases .. 186

Attachment 7-23 (Paragraph 207） Utilization Rate of Children’s Preventive Health Checkups 187

Attachment 7-24 (Paragraph 207） Eyesight Screening for Preschoolers................................. 188

Attachment 7-25 (Paragraph 208） National Immunization Coverage Rates for Infants and

Young Children .......................................................................................................... 189

Attachment 7-26 (Paragraph 211） Children and Youth Infected with HIV/AIDS ................... 190

Attachment 7-27 (Paragraph 211） Living Conditions of HIV-positive Children and Youth

(Including Institutions） (2020） ............................................................................ 190

Attachment 7-28 (Paragraph 211） Youth Affected by Sexually Transmitted Diseases ............ 191

Attachment 7-29 (Paragraph 212） Subsidies for Expenses for Early Intervention Treatment 191

Attachment 7-30 (Paragraph 213） Implementation of Improved National Health Insurance

Payments for Early Intervention Outpatient Services ............................................... 192

Attachment 7-31 (Paragraph 216） Weight of Junior High School Students ............................ 192

Attachment 7-32 (Paragraph 230) Drug Addiction Treatment Services Provided by the Taoyuan

and Changhua Branches of Chengjheng High School............................................... 193

Attachment 7-33 (Paragraph 235） Number of Children and Youth Covered by National

Health Insurance ........................................................................................................ 194

Attachment 7-34 (Paragraph 236） Statistics on Children and Youth from Low-Income and

Middle-to-Low-Income Households ......................................................................... 195

VIII

Attachment 7-35 (Paragraph 236） Data on Savings Accounts for Future Education and

Development of Children and Youth ......................................................................... 196

Attachment 7-36 (Paragraph 236） Living Subsidy for Children from Low-Income

Households ................................................................................................................ 197

Attachment 7-37 (Paragraph 236） Schooling Subsidy for Children from Low-Income

Households ................................................................................................................ 198

Attachment 7-38 (Paragraph 239） Statistics on Subsidies to Business Entities for Child

Care Facilities or Measures ....................................................................................... 199

Attachment 7-39 (Paragraph 239） Statistics on Child Care Facilities or Measures of

Business Entities with More Than 100 Employees ................................................... 199

Attachment 7-40 (Paragraph 240） Statistics on Households Receiving Interest Subsidies

for Mortgages and Rental Subsidies .......................................................................... 200

Chapter VIII. EDUCATION, LEISURE, AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES ................................. 201

Attachment 8-1 (Paragraph 243） Number of Full-Time Teachers and Student-Teacher Ratios in

Primary Schools and Junior, Senior, and Vocational High Schools .......................... 201

Attachment 8-2 (Paragraph 243） Number of Full-Time Substitute Teachers in Primary

Schools and Junior, Senior, and Vocational High Schools ........................................ 202

Attachment 8-3 (Paragraph 243） Average Enrollment Rates at Different Levels of Education 202

Attachment 8-4 (Paragraph 243） Net Enrollment Rate of School-Age Population between

Six and 14 Years of Age............................................................................................. 203

Attachment 8-5 (Paragraph 244） Statistics on Participation in Non-School-Based

Experimental Education ............................................................................................ 203

Attachment 8-6 (Paragraph 247） Number of Pregnant Students at the Senior High School

Level and below Who Remained in School .............................................................. 204

Attachment 8-7 (Paragraph 250) Tuition Subsidies for Senior and Vocational High School

Students ..................................................................................................................... 204

Attachment 8-8 (Paragraph 250) Tuition Fees for Senior High Schools in the 2021

Academic Year ........................................................................................................... 205

Attachment 8-9 (Paragraph 252) Statistics on the Number of Students of Senior High Schools

and Higher Levels Applying for Student Loans and the Amount of Loans Granted ... 206

Attachment 8-10 (Paragraph 252) Statistics on Subsidies for Interest on Student Loans for

Senior High Schools .................................................................................................. 207

Attachment 8-11 (Paragraph 257） Statistics on Participants in the Overseas Youth English

Teaching Volunteer Service Program ........................................................................ 208

Attachment 8-12 (Paragraph 259) Total Concurrent Dropout Rate, Total Resumption Rate,

Number of Primary and Junior High School Dropouts, and Dropout Rate ............... 208

Attachment 8-13 (Paragraph 264) Statistics on Senior High School Students Discontinuing

Education and Discontinuation Rate ......................................................................... 210

Attachment 8-14 (Paragraph 264) Statistics on Grades of Senior High School Students

Discontinuing Education ........................................................................................... 211

Attachment 8-15 (Paragraph 266) Implementation of the Career Exploration Program

for Youth ................................................................................................................... 211

Attachment 8-16 (Paragraph 266) Career Planning and Employment Preparation Assistance

to Youth ..................................................................................................................... 212

Attachment 8-17 (Paragraph 268) Statistics on Enrollment and Employment of Senior High

School Graduates in Taiwan ...................................................................................... 212

Attachment 8-18 (Paragraph 269) Statistics on Teachers and Students Participating in

International Exchange Programs .............................................................................. 214

Attachment 8-19 (Paragraph 269) International Assistance Projects on Child and Youth

Education and Vocational Training ............................................................................ 214

Attachment 8-20 (Paragraph 279） Number of Classes Teaching Local Languages and

Participating Students ................................................................................................ 215

Attachment 8-21 (Paragraph 279） Statistics on Children and Youth Aged 19 or Under

Passing Holo Proficiency Certificate Examinations .................................................. 215

Attachment 8-22 (Paragraph 279） Statistics on Children and Youth Aged 19 or under

Passing Hakka Proficiency Tests ............................................................................... 216

Attachment 8-23 (Paragraph 279） Statistics on Children and Youth Aged 19 or under

Passing Indigenous Language Tests .......................................................................... 216

Attachment 8-24 (Paragraph 287） Statistics on Subsidies for Multicultural and

Language/Cultural Learning for New Immigrants and Their Children Provided

by the New Immigrants Development Fund.............................................................. 217

Attachment 8-25 (Paragraph 297） Statistics on Children and Youth Visiting Institutions

of the Ministry of Education ...................................................................................... 218

Attachment 8-26 (Paragraph 297） Statistics on Children and Youth Visiting Venues of the

Ministry of Culture .................................................................................................... 219

Attachment 8-27 (Paragraph 297） Statistics on Public Venues Provided by Central

Government Ministries and Local Governments....................................................... 221

Chapter IX. SPECIAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES ...................................................................... 222

Attachment 9-1 (Paragraph 302） International Child and Youth Refugee Assistance Projects . 222

Attachment 9-2 (Paragraph 310） Council of Indigenous Peoples Expenditures on Subsidies

for Health Insurance Premiums of Indigenous Peoples in 2020 ............................... 223

Attachment 9-3 (Paragraph 316） Statistics on Indigenous Foster Families ............................. 224

Attachment 9-4 (Paragraph 316） Statistics on Indigenous Children and Youth Staying with

Foster Families and in Placement Institutions ........................................................... 224

Attachment 9-5 (Paragraph 318） Number of Youth Aged 15 to 17 Covered by Labor

Insurance .................................................................................................................... 225

Attachment 9-6 (Paragraph 318） Statistics on Children Aged under 15 Allowed by Local

Competent Authorities to Work ................................................................................. 226

Attachment 9-7 (Paragraph 318） Statistics on Recorded Apprentice Training Contracts ....... 227

Attachment 9-8 (Paragraph 325） Percentage of Students in Schools at All Levels Receiving

Antidrug Messages .................................................................................................... 228

Attachment 9-9 (Paragraph 329） Statistics on Students Using Drugs Reported by Schools ... 229

Attachment 9-10 (Paragraph 329） Statistics on Youth Involved with Narcotics and Subject to

Protective Measures or Penalties Imposed by District Courts Pursuant to the

Juvenile Justice Act .................................................................................................. 230

Attachment 9-11 (Paragraph 330) Statistics on Juvenile Reformatory Schools’ Treatments

for Youth Using Narcotics ......................................................................................... 236

Attachment 9-12 (Paragraph 331） Outcomes of Government Programs Using Drug

Control Fund .............................................................................................................. 237

Attachment 9-13 (Paragraph 332） Status of Cases of Manufacturing, Selling, and

Transporting Drugs Investigated by District Prosecutors Offices ............................. 239

Attachment 9-14 (Paragraph 333） Statistics on Sexual Exploitation Cases of Children and

Youth in Placement .................................................................................................... 239

Attachment 9-15 (Paragraph 333） Number of Children and Youth Suspected to Have Been

Sexually Exploited after Returning Home from Transition Schools ......................... 240

Attachment 9-16 (Paragraph 333） Number of Students Returning Home after Attending

Independently Operated Transition Schools .............................................................. 240

Attachment 9-17 (Paragraph 335） Number of Sexually Exploited Children and Youth

Identified by Judicial Police Departments as Being Trafficking Victims .................. 241

Attachment 9-18 (Paragraph 342） Statistics on Juvenile Criminal Cases ............................... 241

Attachment 9-19 (Paragraph 342） Number of Juvenile Cases Approved for Aid by the

Legal Aid Foundation in 2020 ................................................................................... 242

Attachment 9-20 (Paragraph 342） Juvenile Cases Approved for Aid by Legal Aid Foundation

by Type of Offense .................................................................................................... 243

Attachment 9-21 (Paragraph 346) Statistics on Child and Juvenile Criminal Offenders and

Status Offenders Investigated by District Courts ...................................................... 244

Attachment 9-22 (Paragraph 346) Statistics on Child and Juvenile Protection Cases Judged

by District Courts....................................................................................................... 246

Attachment 9-23 (Paragraph 346） Statistics on Child and Juvenile Criminal Delinquents and

Status Offenders Subject to Placement and Guidance Imposed by District Courts .. 248

Attachment 9-24 (Paragraph 351） Number of Children and Youth Transferred by Juvenile

Courts to Placement and Educational Institutions for Placement .............................. 249

Attachment 9-25 (Paragraph 359） Statistics on Employment Services for Juveniles Leaving

Correctional Institutions, Including Recommendations by Correctional Institutions

and Services Provided by Public and Private Agencies ............................................ 249

Attachment 9-26 (Paragraph 361） Statistics on Participation in Vocational Training Classes

for Youth Organized by the Ministry of Labor and Juvenile Correctional

Institutions ................................................................................................................. 250

Attachment 9-27 (Paragraph 362） Average Placement Time for Children and Youth Who

Were Transferred by Courts to Placement ................................................................. 251

Attachment 9-28 (Paragraph 362） Average Detention Time for Youth Who Left Correctional

Institutions and Juvenile Detention Houses (Average Number of Days Spent in

Detention） ............................................................................................................... 252

Attachment 9-29 (Paragraph 366） Statistics on Participation in Juvenile Protection Operation

Workshops Organized by the Agency of Corrections, Ministry of Justice................ 253

XII

Chapter I. GENERAL MEASURES OF IMPLEMENTATION

Attachment 1-1 (Paragraph 5） List of Laws and Regulations under Review

Serial Name and article of Relevant CRC

Competent authority

number law or regulation article

No violation upon second review

1 Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 186 Articles 1, 12, 40 Judicial Yuan

2 Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 253

Code of Criminal Procedure, Article Articles 3, 9, 18, 19 Judicial Yuan

253-1

4 Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 467

Articles 3, 9, 18, 19 Judicial Yuan

5 Code of Criminal Procedure, Article 468

Government Employee and School Staff Ministry of Civil

6 Articles 4, 18

Insurance Act, Article 35 Service

7 Immigration Act, Article 24 Article 9 Ministry of the Interior

8 Immigration Act, Article 32 Article 9 Ministry of the Interior

9 Civil Code, Article 1055 Articles 3, 12, 9, 18 Ministry of Justice

10 Criminal Code, Article 286 Articles 1, 3, 6, 19 Ministry of Justice

Enforcement rules for the issuance of ROC Ministry of Foreign

11 visas to foreign passport holders, Paragraph Article 9

1 of Article 13 Affairs

Ministry of National Defense regulations

Ministry of National

12 on the allocation of educational subsidies Article 26

Defense

for children, Article 6

13 Family Education Act, Article 2 Articles 24, 29 Ministry of Education

Ministry of Education

Protection of Children and Youths Welfare

14 Articles 12, 31 (competent authorities

and Rights Act, Article 41

of relevant industries）

Enforcement Rules for the Family

15 Articles 18, 24 Ministry of Education

Education Act, Article 7

Enforcement Rules for the Family

16 Article 24 Ministry of Education

Education Act (new articles proposed）

Serial Name and article of Relevant CRC

Competent authority

number law or regulation article

Regulations on the composition and

operation of committees reviewing the

17 Articles 16, 17 Ministry of Education

appeals of student participants in senior

high schools, Article 5

Regulations on the composition and

operation of committees reviewing the

18 Articles 16, 17 Ministry of Education

appeals of student participants in senior

high schools, Article 9

Ministry of

Postal Remittances and Savings Act,

19 Articles 3, 14 Transportation and

Article 5

Communications

Regulations on the implementation and Ministry of

20 promotion of the rule for car drivers and Article 6 Transportation and

passengers to fasten seat belts, Article 5 Communications

Ministry of

Aircraft Flight Operation Regulations,

21 Article 6 Transportation and

Article 242

Communications

Ministry of

Aircraft Flight Operation Regulations,

22 Article 6 Transportation and

Article 292

Communications

Ministry of

Regulations for Automobile

23 Article 6 Transportation and

Transportation Operators, Article 49

Communications

Regulations for Placement of Helpless Ministry of Health and

24 Article 3

Children and Youth, Article 8 Welfare

Ministry of Health and Welfare directions

governing the establishment of promotion Ministry of Health and

25 Article 12

groups for the prevention of child and Welfare

youth Accidents and Injuries, Article 3

National

26 Satellite Broadcasting Act, Article 28 Articles 1, 17 Communications

Commission

National

27 Radio and Television Act, Article 34-3 Articles 1, 17 Communications

Commission

Serial Name and article of Relevant CRC

Competent authority

number law or regulation article

National

Draft amendment to the Radio and

28 Articles 1, 17 Communications

Television Act, Article 34-1

Commission

National

Draft amendment to the Satellite

29 Articles 1, 17 Communications

Broadcasting Act, Article 28

Commission

Act Governing Relations between the Mainland Affairs

30 People of the Taiwan Area and the Articles 2, 3, 9, 21

Mainland Area, Article 65 Council

Regulations on the Management of the

31 Article 32 Council of Agriculture

Crew of Fishing Vessels, Article 9

Amended or submitted to the Legislative Yuan for review

1 Juvenile Justice Act, Article 3 Article 40 Judicial Yuan

Government Employee and School Staff Ministry of Civil

2 Article 18

Insurance Act, Article 28 Service

3 Assembly and Parade Act, Article 10 Article 15 Ministry of the Interior

4 Civil Associations Act, Article 8 Article 15 Ministry of the Interior

Regulations governing the residency,

long-term residency, or residency for

5 naturalization of the people of the Articles 3, 9, 12, 18 Ministry of the Interior

mainland China area living with a

relative in the Taiwan area, Article 14

Directions for searching for missing

6 Articles 6, 28 Ministry of the Interior

persons, Article 6

7 Civil Code, Article 973

Article 2 Ministry of Justice

8 Civil Code, Article 980

9 Prison Act, Article 10 Article 19 Ministry of Justice

10 Family Education Act, Article 14 Article 18 Ministry of Education

11 Family Education Act, Article 15 Articles 16, 19, 28 Ministry of Education

Guidelines for preventing bullying in

12 Article 19 Ministry of Education

schools, Article 12

Serial Name and article of Relevant CRC

Competent authority

number law or regulation article

Enforcement Rules for the Family Articles 13, 24,

13 Ministry of Education

Education Act, Article 2 29, 31, 32

Regulations for senior high schools and

14 below to provide family education and Articles 16, 19, 28 Ministry of Education

counseling support, Article 8

Directions governing the composition and

operations of the national 12-year basic

15 Article 12 Ministry of Education

education curriculum standards council,

Article 7

Principles on the establishment of dress

16 Article 12 Ministry of Education

codes for senior high school students

K-12 Education Administration principles

on the subsidization for preventive follow-

17 Article 31 Ministry of Education

ups and schooling resumption counseling

for dropout students

K-12 Education Administration directions

18 on the subsidization for nonprofit Article 28 Ministry of Education

preschools

Ministry of Education directions on the

promotion of and subsidization for

19 collaboration between local governments Article 28 Ministry of Education

and private preschools for the provision

of quasi-public educare services

Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Ministry of Health and

20 Article 34

Prevention Act, Article 45 Welfare

Directions governing the establishment

of the Executive Yuan’s Child and Youth Ministry of Health and

21 Article 12

Welfare and Rights Promotion Group, Welfare

Article 3

Ministry of Health and Welfare

directions governing the establishment Ministry of Health and

22 Article 12

of promotion groups for the welfare and Welfare

rights of children and youth, Article 3

National

23 Radio and Television Act, Article 21 Articles 1, 17 Communications

Commission

Serial Name and article of Relevant CRC

Competent authority

number law or regulation article

Veterans Affairs Council directions

governing supplies to dependents of

Articles 2, 3, 6, Veterans Affairs

24 veterans under the fully government-

21, 26 Council

paid home care placement system,

Article 3

Veterans Affairs Council working rules Veterans Affairs

25 Articles 3, 6, 18, 24

for maintenance workers, Article 12 Council

Guidelines on exposure limits for time- Environmental

26 varying fields, magnetic fields and Article 1 Protection

electromagnetic fields, Article 2 Administration

Environmental

Regulations on penalties for violation of

27 Article 24 Protection

the Noise Control Act

Administration

Under discussion

1 Immigration Act, Article 9 Article 9 Ministry of the Interior

2 Immigration Act, Article 23 Article 9 Ministry of the Interior

3 Immigration Act, Article 31 Article 9 Ministry of the Interior

4 Immigration Act, Article 33 Article 9 Ministry of the Interior

5 Law of Extradition, Article 2 Article 37 Ministry of Justice

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Notes: All laws and regulations were reviewed between 2016 and 2018. A total of 63 articles were

suspected of noncompliance. It has been confirmed that 31 of these articles were not in

violation of the CRC after being reviewed again by child and youth groups and civil society

groups. As of June 2021, 27 of the remaining articles found noncompliant with the CRC

were amended or submitted to the Legislative Yuan for review; five articles remain under

discussion.

Attachment 1-2 (Paragraph 21） Ratio of Budgets for Children and Youth to Net Expenditures of All Levels of Government and GDP & Ratios by

16.94% 16.55% 16.02% 15.69% 15.35%

Population

Population of Children Aged

2,449,649 2,437,779 2,414,712 2,389,411 2,352,964

0-11

Children % of Total

10.41% 10.34% 10.24% 10.12% 9.99%

Population

Population of Youth Aged

1,537,553 1,462,883 1,363,808 1,312,796 1,263,003

12-17

Youths % of Total Population 6.53% 6.21% 5.78% 5.56% 5.36%

0 Years Old 196,873 183,442 170,572 168,211 157,307

1 Year Old 216,007 210,181 197,260 183,215 177,373

2 Years Old 214,590 216,300 210,485 197,667 183,276

3 Years Old 197,963 214,516 216,231 210,503 197,323

4 Years Old 237,630 197,960 214,431 216,205 210,023

5 Years Old 201,142 237,687 197,941 214,439 215,813

6 Years Old 169,367 201,057 237,529 197,799 213,958

7 Years Old 195,401 169,223 200,824 237,288 197,348

8 Years Old 199,267 195,282 169,089 200,725 236,734

9 Years Old 206,089 199,183 195,197 169,071 200,333

10 Years Old 206,976 206,073 199,125 195,206 168,677

11 Years Old 208,344 206,875 206,028 199,082 194,799

12 Years Old 218,583 208,263 206,825 205,973 198,612

13 Years Old 227,389 218,477 208,215 206,751 205,500

14 Years Old 246,260 227,354 218,475 208,216 206,320

15 Years Old 257,011 246,270 227,396 218,524 207,797

16 Years Old 305,886 256,917 246,180 227,337 218,036

17 Years Old 282,424 305,602 256,717 245,995 226,738

Source: Ministry of the Interior

2. Categorized based on marital status and gender

Unit: person

Marital Total Child and Youth 15 Years 16 Years 17 Years

Year Gender

Status Population Population Old Old Old

Total 10,183,254 3,986,744 257,010 305,780 282,073

Unmarried Male 5,458,744 2,076,802 133,726 159,588 147,422

Female 4,724,510 1,909,942 123,284 146,192 134,651

Total 10,364,347 423 1 101 321

Married Male 5,220,813 12 — 1 11

Female 5,143,534 411 1 100 310

Total 1,673,523 34 — 5 29

2016 Divorced Male 794,574 1 — — 1

Female 878,949 33 — 5 28

Total 1,318,692 1 — — 1

Widowed Male 245,139 — — — —

Female 1,073,553 1 — — 1

Total 23,539,816 3,987,202 257,011 305,886 282,424

Total Male 11,719,270 2,076,815 133,726 159,589 147,434

Female 11,820,546 1,910,387 123,285 146,297 134,990

Total 10,149,283 3,900,271 246,270 256,827 305,301

Unmarried Male 5,437,667 2,030,733 128,699 133,670 159,407

Female 4,711,616 1,869,538 117,571 123,157 145,894

Total 10,365,393 365 — 86 279

Married Male 5,220,089 2 — — 2

Female 5,145,304 363 — 86 277

Total 1,718,652 26 — 4 22

2017 Divorced Male 814,912 — — — —

Female 903,740 26 — 4 22

Total 1,337,899 — — — —

Widowed Male 246,912 — — — —

Female 1,090,987 — — — —

Total 23,571,227 3,900,662 246,270 256,917 305,602

Total Male 11,719,580 2,030,735 128,699 133,670 159,409

Female 11,851,647 1,869,927 117,571 123,247 146,193

Total 10,106,799 3,778,166 227,396 246,106 256,437

Unmarried Male 5,412,103 1,965,973 119,092 128,627 133,533

Female 4,694,696 1,812,193 108,304 117,479 122,904

2018

Total 10,362,098 327 — 71 256

Married Male 5,216,794 — — — —

Female 5,145,304 327 — 71 256

Unit: person

Marital Total Child and Youth 15 Years 16 Years 17 Years

Year Gender

Status Population Population Old Old Old

Total 1,763,667 26 — 3 23

Divorced Male 835,237 — — — —

Female 928,430 26 — 3 23

Total 1,356,368 1 — — 1

2018 Widowed Male 248,779 — — — —

Female 1,107,589 1 — — 1

Total 23,588,932 3,778,520 227,396 246,180 256,717

Total Male 11,712,913 1,965,973 119,092 128,627 133,533

Female 11,876,019 1,812,547 108,304 117,553 123,184

Total 10,064,411 3,701,940 218,524 227,284 245,781

Unmarried Male 5,387,695 1,925,998 114,601 119,073 128,522

Female 4,676,716 1,775,942 103,923 108,211 117,259

Total 10,356,627 239 — 53 186

Married Male 5,211,725 — — — —

Female 5,144,902 239 — 53 186

Total 1,808,456 28 — — 28

2019 Divorced Male 855,466 — — — —

Female 952,990 28 — — 28

Total 1,373,627 — — — —

Widowed Male 250,300 — — — —

Female 1,123,327 — — — —

Total 23,603,121 3,702,207 218,524 227,337 245,995

Total Male 11,705,186 1,925,998 114,601 119,073 128,522

Female 11,897,935 1,776,209 103,923 108,264 117,473

Total 9,999,542 3,615,748 207,797 217,990 226,565

Unmarried Male 5,354,988 1,880,382 108,254 114,331 118,737

Female 4,644,554 1,735,366 99,543 103,659 107,828

Total 10,322,361 202 — 46 156

Married Male 5,192,150 0 — 0 0

Female 5,130,211 202 — 46 156

Total 1,849,802 17 — — 17

2020 Divorced Male 874,409 0 — — 0

Female 975,393 17 — — 17

Total 1,389,531 — — — —

Widowed Male 252,218 — — — —

Female 1,137,313 — — — —

Total 23,561,236 3,615,967 207,797 218,036 226,738

Total Male 11,673,765 1,880,382 108,254 114,331 118,737

Female 11,887,471 1,735,585 99,543 103,705 108,001

Source: Ministry of the Interior

Chapter III. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Attachment 3-1 (Paragraph 64） Top 10 Causes of Infant Deaths

Unit: person, per 100,000 live births

2016 2017 2018

Rank Number Mortality Number Mortality Number Mortality

Cause of Death Cause of Death Cause of Death

of Deaths Rate of Deaths Rate of Deaths Rate

All causes of death 811 390.7 All causes of death 772 396.7 All causes of death 752 416.3

Congenital malformations, Congenital malformations, Congenital malformations,

1 deformations, and 166 80.0 deformations, and 152 78.1 deformations, and 135 74.7

chromosomal abnormalities chromosomal abnormalities chromosomal abnormalities

Respiratory conditions Respiratory conditions Respiratory conditions

2 originating in the perinatal 117 56.4 originating in the perinatal 107 55.0 originating in the perinatal 102 56.5

period period period

Disorders related to length of Disorders related to length Disorders related to length of

3 56 27.0 80 41.1 55 30.4

gestation and fetal growth of gestation and fetal growth gestation and fetal growth

4 Accidents and Injuries 46 22.2 Accidents and Injuries 59 30.3 Accidents and Injuries 51 28.2

Infections specific to the Infections specific to the Infections specific to the

5 42 20.2 39 20.0 37 20.5

perinatal period perinatal period perinatal period

Hemorrhagic and

Sudden infant death Sudden infant death

6 32 15.4 23 11.8 hematological disorders of 27 14.9

syndrome syndrome

fetuses and newborns

Hemorrhagic and

Heart diseases (excluding Sudden infant death

7 hematological disorders of 26 12.5 17 8.7 22 12.2

hypertensive heart diseases) syndrome

fetuses and newborns

Heart diseases (excluding

8 Pneumonia 17 8.2 Pneumonia 17 8.7 21 11.6

hypertensive heart diseases)

Fetuses and newborns

Hemorrhagic and affected by the mother’s

Heart diseases (excluding

9 16 7.7 hematological disorders of 13 6.7 condition and complications 16 8.9

hypertensive heart diseases)

fetuses and newborns from pregnancy and

childbirth

10 Other brain disorders 13 6.3 Sepsis 12 6.2 Pneumonia 8 4.4

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Unit: person, per 100,000 live births

2019 2020

Rank Number Mortality Number Mortality

Cause of Death Cause of Death

of Deaths Rate of Deaths Rate

All causes of death 671 383.3 All causes of death 586 363.3

Congenital malformations,

Congenital malformations, deformations,

1 deformations, and chromosomal 141 80.5 105 65.1

and chromosomal abnormalities

abnormalities

Respiratory conditions originating in the Disorders related to length of gestation

2 74 42.3 79 49.0

perinatal period and fetal growth

Disorders related to length of gestation Respiratory conditions originating in the

3 70 40.0 76 47.1

and fetal growth perinatal period

4 Accidents and Injuries 46 26.3 Accidents and Injuries 39 24.2

Infections specific to the perinatal Infections specific to the perinatal

5 27 15.4 29 18.0

period period

Hemorrhagic and hematological

6 26 14.9 Sudden infant death syndrome 23 14.3

disorders of fetuses and newborns

Fetuses and newborns affected by the

7 Sudden infant death syndrome 24 13.7 mother’s condition and complications 19 11.8

from pregnancy and childbirth

Fetuses and newborns affected by the

Hemorrhagic and hematological disorders

8 mother’s condition and complications 18 10.3 18 11.2

of fetuses and newborns

from pregnancy and childbirth

Heart diseases (except hypertensive heart

9 Other brain disorders 9 5.1 11 6.8

diseases)

10 Pneumonia 6 3.4 Pneumonia 11 6.8

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Attachment 3-2 (Paragraph 64） Top 10 Causes of Child and Youth Deaths

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

2016 2017 2018

Rank Number Mortality Number Mortality Number Mortality

Cause of Death Cause of Death Cause of Death

of Deaths Rate of Deaths Rate of Deaths Rate

All causes of death 1,472 36.7 All causes of death 1,387 35.2 All causes of death 1,358 35.4

Specified conditions Specified conditions Specified conditions

1 originating in the 394 9.8 originating in the perinatal 379 9.6 originating in the perinatal 396 10.3

perinatal period period period

2 Accidents and Injuries 239 6.0 Accidents and Injuries 245 6.2 Accidents and Injuries 228 5.9

Congenital

Congenital malformations, Congenital malformations,

malformations,

deformations, and deformations, and

3 deformations, and 202 5.0 185 4.7 177 4.6

chromosomal chromosomal

chromosomal

abnormalities abnormalities

abnormalities

4 Malignant tumors 112 2.8 Malignant tumors 100 2.5 Malignant tumors 97 2.5

Heart diseases (excluding Heart diseases (excluding Heart diseases (excluding

5 46 1.1 43 1.1 55 1.4

hypertensive diseases) hypertensive diseases) hypertensive diseases)

Deliberate self-harm Deliberate self-harm

6 Pneumonia 34 0.8 35 0.9 37 1.0

(suicide) (suicide)

Sudden infant death

7 32 0.8 Pneumonia 27 0.7 Pneumonia 31 0.8

syndrome

Deliberate self-harm Sudden infant death

8 29 0.7 Injury (homicide) 27 0.7 23 0.6

(suicide) syndrome

Sudden infant death

9 Influenza 20 0.5 23 0.6 Sepsis 19 0.5

syndrome

10 Injury (homicide) 19 0.5 Sepsis 20 0.5 Injury (homicide) 12 0.3

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

2019 2020

Rank

Cause of Death Number of Deaths Mortality Rate Cause of Death Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

All causes of death 1,236 33.0 All causes of death 1,086 29.7

Specified conditions originating Specified conditions originating

1 350 9.4 328 9.0

in the perinatal period in the perinatal period

2 Accidents and Injuries 190 5.1 Accidents and Injuries 184 5.0

Congenital malformations, Congenital malformations,

3 deformations, and chromosomal 180 4.8 deformations, and chromosomal 143 3.9

abnormalities abnormalities

4 Malignant tumors 99 2.6 Malignant tumors 84 2.3

5 Deliberate self-harm (suicide) 52 1.4 Deliberate self-harm (suicide) 52 1.4

Heart diseases (excluding

6 Sudden infant death syndrome 24 0.6 44 1.2

hypertensive diseases)

7 Injury (homicide) 24 0.6 Injury (homicide) 26 0.7

Heart diseases (excluding

8 23 0.6 Sudden infant death syndrome 23 0.6

hypertensive diseases)

9 Influenza 21 0.6 Pneumonia 20 0.5

10 Pneumonia 16 0.4 Cerebrovascular diseases 13 0.4

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Attachment 3-3 (Paragraph 64） Mid-Year Populations, Deaths, and Mortality Rates of Children and Youth

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Both Genders in 2016

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

0 Years Old

Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

(Live Births)

Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 34,148 168,161.5 198,683.5 251,794.0 142 32 25 48 415.8 19.0 12.6 19.1

Taipei City 27,785 146,184.0 130,260.0 156,635.5 106 22 17 22 381.5 15.0 13.1 14.0

Taoyuan City 23,752 104,482.0 127,410.5 160,327.0 86 20 13 44 362.1 19.1 10.2 27.4

Taichung City 25,653 137,964.0 156,361.5 200,471.5 80 31 18 32 311.9 22.5 11.5 16.0

Tainan City 14,630 78,816.5 91,763.5 118,719.0 52 17 23 30 355.4 21.6 25.1 25.3

Kaohsiung City 21,691 112,098.0 133,955.0 177,763.0 119 17 11 43 548.6 15.2 8.2 24.2

Yilan County 3,526 17,641.0 22,637.0 30,600.0 9 6 2 9 255.2 34.0 8.8 29.4

Hsinchu County 5,566 30,836.5 36,448.5 40,558.0 25 4 6 6 449.2 13.0 16.5 14.8

Miaoli County 4,698 25,943.0 29,335.0 37,709.0 15 2 5 13 319.3 7.7 17.0 34.5

Changhua County 13,741 55,115.0 67,455.0 91,214.5 38 8 7 11 276.5 14.5 10.4 12.1

Nantou County 3,615 17,142.5 23,729.0 33,971.5 11 3 4 9 304.3 17.5 16.9 26.5

Yunlin County 4,764 25,337.0 34,250.0 47,966.0 14 6 2 7 293.9 23.7 5.8 14.6

Chiayi County 2,920 15,380.0 21,376.5 33,121.0 10 8 1 5 342.5 52.0 4.7 15.1

Pingtung County 5,125 27,712.0 38,056.0 54,233.0 30 6 2 9 585.4 21.7 5.3 16.6

Taitung County 1,531 8,434.5 11,033.5 14,914.5 7 4 2 2 457.2 47.4 18.1 13.4

Hualien County 2,673 13,196.0 16,071.5 21,828.5 23 3 1 10 860.5 22.7 6.2 45.8

Penghu County 1,010 4,020.5 4,046.5 5,844.0 4 1 0 2 396.0 24.9 0.0 34.2

Keelung City 2,512 11,424.0 16,760.5 23,822.0 7 3 1 1 278.7 26.3 6.0 4.2

Hsinchu City 4,539 26,371.0 29,919.5 32,498.5 24 4 3 8 528.8 15.2 10.0 24.6

Chiayi City 2,208 11,255.5 15,856.5 21,486.5 8 2 0 3 362.3 17.8 0.0 14.0

Kinmen County 1,352 5,672.0 4,410.0 5,765.0 1 2 1 2 74.0 35.3 22.7 34.7

Lienchiang County 161 645.0 515.5 673.5 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 207,600 1,043,831.5 1,210,334.5 1,561,915.5 811 201 144 316 390.7 19.3 11.9 20.2

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 years old indicate the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were calculated by

adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by two.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Male in 2016

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 17,661 87,142.5 103,630.5 131,204.0 82 18 10 24 464.3 20.7 9.6 18.3

Taipei City 14,393 75,263.0 68,021.0 81,695.5 61 9 11 13 423.8 12.0 16.2 15.9

Taoyuan City 12,318 54,119.5 66,747.5 83,843.5 42 12 7 35 341.0 22.2 10.5 41.7

Taichung City 13,290 71,499.5 81,350.0 104,140.0 42 16 13 25 316.0 22.4 16.0 24.0

Tainan City 7,707 40,866.5 47,740.5 61,984.5 26 10 17 16 337.4 24.5 35.6 25.8

Kaohsiung City 11,216 58,037.5 69,588.5 92,340.0 68 13 8 27 606.3 22.4 11.5 29.2

Yilan County 1,851 9,223.0 11,718.0 15,983.0 5 3 1 7 270.1 32.5 8.5 43.8

Hsinchu County 2,887 15,918.0 19,157.0 21,302.5 15 2 3 4 519.6 12.6 15.7 18.8

Miaoli County 2,426 13,416.5 15,431.5 19,996.0 6 2 4 9 247.3 14.9 25.9 45.0

Changhua County 7,129 28,625.0 35,447.5 47,995.5 20 3 5 8 280.5 10.5 14.1 16.7

Nantou County 1,885 8,889.0 12,302.0 17,743.0 7 1 2 7 371.4 11.2 16.3 39.5

Yunlin County 2,425 13,151.0 18,089.5 25,231.0 8 5 1 6 329.9 38.0 5.5 23.8

Chiayi County 1,526 8,014.0 11,220.5 17,400.0 3 5 1 4 196.6 62.4 8.9 23.0

Pingtung County 2,680 14,483.5 19,939.0 28,290.5 17 3 2 5 634.3 20.7 10.0 17.7

Taitung County 813 4,380.5 5,825.0 7,783.0 3 3 0 2 369.0 68.5 0.0 25.7

Hualien County 1,369 6,913.5 8,406.0 11,447.0 13 1 0 9 949.6 14.5 0.0 78.6

Penghu County 522 2,106.5 2,079.5 3,094.0 2 1 0 2 383.1 47.5 0.0 64.6

Keelung City 1,253 5,915.5 8,705.0 12,456.5 3 3 0 0 239.4 50.7 0.0 0.0

Hsinchu City 2,328 13,692.5 15,664.0 16,972.0 11 3 1 6 472.5 21.9 6.4 35.4

Chiayi City 1,131 5,876.5 8,316.0 11,262.0 4 1 0 3 353.7 17.0 0.0 26.6

Kinmen County 720 2,972.0 2,280.5 2,976.5 1 1 1 2 138.9 33.6 43.9 67.2

Lienchiang County 90 318.5 287.5 380.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 107,620 540,824.0 631,946.5 815,520.0 439 115 87 214 407.9 21.3 13.8 26.2

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 years old indicate the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were calculated by

adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by two.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Female in 2016

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 16,487 81,019.0 95,053.0 120,590.0 60 14 15 24 363.9 17.3 15.8 19.9

Taipei City 13,392 70,921.0 62,239.0 74,940.0 45 13 6 9 336.0 18.3 9.6 12.0

Taoyuan City 11,434 50,362.5 60,663.0 76,483.5 44 8 6 9 384.8 15.9 9.9 11.8

Taichung City 12,363 66,464.5 75,011.5 96,331.5 38 15 5 7 307.4 22.6 6.7 7.3

Tainan City 6,923 37,950.0 44,023.0 56,734.5 26 7 6 14 375.6 18.4 13.6 24.7

Kaohsiung City 10,475 54,060.5 64,366.5 85,423.0 51 4 3 16 486.9 7.4 4.7 18.7

Yilan County 1,675 8,418.0 10,919.0 14,617.0 4 3 1 2 238.8 35.6 9.2 13.7

Hsinchu County 2,679 14,918.5 17,291.5 19,255.5 10 2 3 2 373.3 13.4 17.3 10.4

Miaoli County 2,272 12,526.5 13,903.5 17,713.0 9 0 1 4 396.1 0.0 7.2 22.6

Changhua County 6,612 26,490.0 32,007.5 43,219.0 18 5 2 3 272.2 18.9 6.2 6.9

Nantou County 1,730 8,253.5 11,427.0 16,228.5 4 2 2 2 231.2 24.2 17.5 12.3

Yunlin County 2,339 12,186.0 16,160.5 22,735.0 6 1 1 1 256.5 8.2 6.2 4.4

Chiayi County 1,394 7,366.0 10,156.0 15,721.0 7 3 0 1 502.2 40.7 0.0 6.4

Pingtung County 2,445 13,228.5 18,117.0 25,942.5 13 3 0 4 531.7 22.7 0.0 15.4

Taitung County 718 4,054.0 5,208.5 7,131.5 4 1 2 0 557.1 24.7 38.4 0.0

Hualien County 1,304 6,282.5 7,665.5 10,381.5 10 2 1 1 766.9 31.8 13.0 9.6

Penghu County 488 1,914.0 1,967.0 2,750.0 2 0 0 0 409.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Keelung City 1,259 5,508.5 8,055.5 11,365.5 4 0 1 1 317.7 0.0 12.4 8.8

Hsinchu City 2,211 12,678.5 14,255.5 15,526.5 13 1 2 2 588.0 7.9 14.0 12.9

Chiayi City 1,077 5,379.0 7,540.5 10,224.5 4 1 0 0 371.4 18.6 0.0 0.0

Kinmen County 632 2,700.0 2,129.5 2,788.5 0 1 0 0 0.0 37.0 0.0 0.0

Lienchiang County 71 326.5 228.0 293.5 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 99,980 503,007.5 578,388.0 746,395.5 372 86 57 102 372.1 17.1 9.9 13.7

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 years old indicate the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by two.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Both Genders in 2017

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 31,621 170,639.0 194,725.5 241,932.5 136 21 23 46 430.1 12.3 11.8 19.0

Taipei City 25,004 148,467.0 129,706.5 149,298.0 90 12 9 20 359.9 8.1 6.9 13.4

Taoyuan City 23,430 112,495.0 125,064.5 155,484.0 90 14 16 42 384.1 12.4 12.8 27.0

Taichung City 24,410 144,174.5 153,728.5 192,685.5 76 31 11 31 311.3 21.5 7.2 16.1

Tainan City 13,914 81,308.0 89,583.5 113,833.5 47 8 13 30 337.8 9.8 14.5 26.4

Kaohsiung City 20,474 115,134.0 129,971.5 170,307.5 115 21 14 31 561.7 18.2 10.8 18.2

Yilan County 3,347 17,931.0 21,875.0 29,256.0 15 3 2 7 448.2 16.7 9.1 23.9

Hsinchu County 4,948 31,637.5 36,252.0 39,894.0 15 9 6 12 303.2 28.4 16.6 30.1

Miaoli County 3,865 25,398.5 28,279.0 36,425.0 18 5 5 12 465.7 19.7 17.7 32.9

Changhua County 13,110 56,597.0 64,591.0 87,537.5 41 10 4 20 312.7 17.7 6.2 22.8

Nantou County 3,356 16,919.0 22,597.5 32,357.0 13 8 1 11 387.4 47.3 4.4 34.0

Yunlin County 4,542 25,251.5 32,589.5 46,100.0 18 4 3 15 396.3 15.8 9.2 32.5

Chiayi County 2,845 15,193.5 19,976.5 31,646.5 3 1 2 4 105.4 6.6 10.0 12.6

Pingtung County 4,843 28,169.5 36,180.5 51,548.5 28 4 3 18 578.2 14.2 8.3 34.9

Taitung County 1,497 8,367.0 10,629.5 14,260.0 10 2 1 3 668.0 23.9 9.4 21.0

Hualien County 2,438 13,348.0 15,600.0 20,857.0 18 4 0 4 738.3 30.0 0.0 19.2

Penghu County 1,032 4,110.5 3,865.0 5,668.5 3 0 1 3 290.7 0.0 25.9 52.9

Keelung City 2,245 12,031.5 16,128.0 22,459.5 9 0 2 7 400.9 0.0 12.4 31.2

Hsinchu City 4,332 26,930.5 29,965.5 31,921.0 17 7 4 4 392.4 26.0 13.3 12.5

Chiayi City 1,925 11,605.5 15,334.0 20,401.0 5 3 1 4 259.7 25.8 6.5 19.6

Kinmen County 1,302 5,623.5 4,398.0 5,703.5 5 0 0 3 384.0 0.0 0.0 52.6

Lienchiang County 136 656.5 527.5 642.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 194,616 1,071,988.0 1,181,568.5 1,500,218.0 772 167 121 327 396.7 15.6 10.2 21.8

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 years old indicate the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by two.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Male in 2017

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 16,229 88,291.5 101,469.5 126,213.0 81 14 13 26 499.1 15.9 12.8 20.6

Taipei City 12,875 76,487.0 67,495.0 78,000.0 51 4 4 12 396.1 5.2 5.9 15.4

Taoyuan City 12,177 58,305.5 65,389.0 81,343.5 45 4 11 25 369.5 6.9 16.8 30.7

Taichung City 12,797 74,747.5 80,019.5 99,970.5 45 18 5 22 351.6 24.1 6.2 22.0

Tainan City 7,187 42,052.5 46,674.5 59,344.5 28 4 9 17 389.6 9.5 19.3 28.6

Kaohsiung City 10,622 59,641.0 67,464.5 88,612.0 59 12 8 22 555.5 20.1 11.9 24.8

Yilan County 1,740 9,413.5 11,302.0 15,274.5 6 2 1 4 344.8 21.2 8.8 26.2

Hsinchu County 2,587 16,327.0 19,010.0 20,975.5 9 7 5 8 347.9 42.9 26.3 38.1

Miaoli County 2,001 13,112.5 14,830.0 19,365.5 6 4 0 7 299.9 30.5 0.0 36.1

Changhua County 6,808 29,468.0 33,864.5 46,083.0 14 8 3 14 205.6 27.1 8.9 30.4

Nantou County 1,718 8,793.0 11,721.0 16,868.0 7 4 0 3 407.5 45.5 0.0 17.8

Yunlin County 2,316 13,045.5 17,186.0 24,240.5 9 0 0 14 388.6 0.0 0.0 57.8

Chiayi County 1,460 7,932.0 10,494.0 16,637.5 1 1 2 3 68.5 12.6 19.1 18.0

Pingtung County 2,553 14,716.0 18,938.5 26,912.0 12 1 1 13 470.0 6.8 5.3 48.3

Taitung County 794 4,354.0 5,576.0 7,476.5 6 1 0 0 755.7 23.0 0.0 0.0

Hualien County 1,272 6,964.0 8,188.5 10,889.0 11 3 0 2 864.8 43.1 0.0 18.4

Penghu County 565 2,173.0 1,992.5 2,987.0 2 0 1 2 354.0 0.0 50.2 67.0

Keelung City 1,144 6,221.0 8,373.0 11,788.0 5 0 1 4 437.1 0.0 11.9 33.9

Hsinchu City 2,233 13,922.0 15,700.5 16,647.5 8 4 2 3 358.3 28.7 12.7 18.0

Chiayi City 1,022 6,009.0 8,030.5 10,710.0 3 2 0 3 293.5 33.3 0.0 28.0

Kinmen County 682 2,954.0 2,295.0 2,944.5 4 0 0 2 586.5 0.0 0.0 67.9

Lienchiang County 79 328.5 286.5 366.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 100,861 555,258.0 616,300.5 783,648.5 412 93 66 206 408.5 16.7 10.7 26.3

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 years old indicate the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by two.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Female in 2017

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 15,392 82,347.5 93,256.0 115,719.5 55 7 10 20 357.3 8.5 10.7 17.3

Taipei City 12,129 71,980.0 62,211.5 71,298.0 39 8 5 8 321.5 11.1 8.0 11.2

Taoyuan City 11,253 54,189.5 59,675.5 74,140.5 45 10 5 17 399.9 18.5 8.4 22.9

Taichung City 11,613 69,427.0 73,709.0 92,715.0 31 13 6 9 266.9 18.7 8.1 9.7

Tainan City 6,727 39,255.5 42,909.0 54,489.0 19 4 4 13 282.4 10.2 9.3 23.9

Kaohsiung City 9,852 55,493.0 62,507.0 81,695.5 56 9 6 9 568.4 16.2 9.6 11.0

Yilan County 1,607 8,517.5 10,573.0 13,981.5 9 1 1 3 560.0 11.7 9.5 21.5

Hsinchu County 2,361 15,310.5 17,242.0 18,918.5 6 2 1 4 254.1 13.1 5.8 21.1

Miaoli County 1,864 12,286.0 13,449.0 17,059.5 12 1 5 5 643.8 8.1 37.2 29.3

Changhua County 6,302 27,129.0 30,726.5 41,454.5 27 2 1 6 428.4 7.4 3.3 14.5

Nantou County 1,638 8,126.0 10,876.5 15,489.0 6 4 1 8 366.3 49.2 9.2 51.6

Yunlin County 2,226 12,206.0 15,403.5 21,859.5 9 4 3 1 404.3 32.8 19.5 4.6

Chiayi County 1,385 7,261.5 9,482.5 15,009.0 2 0 0 1 144.4 0.0 0.0 6.7

Pingtung County 2,290 13,453.5 17,242.0 24,636.5 16 3 2 5 698.7 22.3 11.6 20.3

Taitung County 703 4,013.0 5,053.5 6,783.5 4 1 1 3 569.0 24.9 19.8 44.2

Hualien County 1,166 6,384.0 7,411.5 9,968.0 7 1 0 2 600.3 15.7 0.0 20.1

Penghu County 467 1,937.5 1,872.5 2,681.5 1 0 0 1 214.1 0.0 0.0 37.3

Keelung City 1,101 5,810.5 7,755.0 10,671.5 4 0 1 3 363.3 0.0 12.9 28.1

Hsinchu City 2,099 13,008.5 14,265.0 15,273.5 9 3 2 1 428.8 23.1 14.0 6.5

Chiayi City 903 5,596.5 7,303.5 9,691.0 2 1 1 1 221.5 17.9 13.7 10.3

Kinmen County 620 2,669.5 2,103.0 2,759.0 1 0 0 1 161.3 0.0 0.0 36.2

Lienchiang County 57 328.0 241.0 276.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 93,755 516,730.0 565,268.0 716,569.5 360 74 55 121 384.0 14.3 9.7 16.9

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 years old indicate the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by two.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Both Genders in 2018

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 28,745 165,907.0 197,360.0 227,957.5 124 24 21 30 431.4 14.5 10.6 13.2

Taipei City 22,663 144,395.0 133,122.5 140,519.0 101 22 11 14 445.7 15.2 8.3 10.0

Taoyuan City 22,568 116,370.0 127,273.0 147,746.0 69 25 8 35 305.7 21.5 6.3 23.7

Taichung City 22,518 144,263.5 156,709.5 181,533.5 66 22 17 36 293.1 15.2 10.8 19.8

Tainan City 12,275 80,169.5 90,774.5 106,937.0 48 17 6 19 391.0 21.2 6.6 17.8

Kaohsiung City 20,041 113,069.0 130,349.0 159,630.0 111 18 19 38 553.9 15.9 14.6 23.8

Yilan County 3,067 17,732.0 21,770.5 27,445.0 23 5 2 7 749.9 28.2 9.2 25.5

Hsinchu County 4,436 31,072.0 37,220.0 38,602.5 17 4 6 6 383.2 12.9 16.1 15.5

Miaoli County 3,332 23,220.0 28,335.5 34,423.0 11 5 6 12 330.1 21.5 21.2 34.9

Changhua County 12,316 55,666.0 64,099.5 82,321.0 29 7 7 22 235.5 12.6 10.9 26.7

Nantou County 3,217 16,241.0 22,144.5 30,242.0 11 0 3 8 341.9 0.0 13.5 26.5

Yunlin County 4,086 24,338.5 31,947.0 43,374.0 14 6 1 13 342.6 24.7 3.1 30.0

Chiayi County 2,563 14,558.0 19,272.0 29,480.0 16 2 2 8 624.3 13.7 10.4 27.1

Pingtung County 4,637 27,715.0 35,423.5 48,122.5 35 7 4 12 754.8 25.3 11.3 24.9

Taitung County 1,497 8,150.5 10,410.0 13,453.0 9 7 4 11 601.2 85.9 38.4 81.8

Hualien County 2,407 13,129.0 15,441.0 19,604.5 24 5 2 4 997.1 38.1 13.0 20.4

Penghu County 875 4,161.0 3,782.0 5,356.5 5 2 0 0 571.4 48.1 0.0 0.0

Keelung City 2,193 12,094.0 15,951.5 20,699.5 12 0 2 5 547.2 0.0 12.5 24.2

Hsinchu City 3,964 26,764.5 31,064.0 30,902.0 13 11 2 4 328.0 41.1 6.4 12.9

Chiayi City 1,873 11,504.5 15,265.5 18,933.5 11 2 0 3 587.3 17.4 0.0 15.8

Kinmen County 1,246 5,348.5 4,482.5 5,468.5 3 1 2 2 240.8 18.7 44.6 36.6

Lienchiang County 137 627.5 545.0 595.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 180,656 1,056,496.0 1,192,742.5 1,413,345.5 752 192 125 289 416.3 18.2 10.5 20.4

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 years old indicate the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by two.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Male in 2018

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 14,835 85,752.0 102,709.0 118,944.5 74 13 12 18 498.8 15.2 11.7 15.1

Taipei City 11,654 74,418.0 69,122.5 73,475.5 60 9 6 11 514.8 12.1 8.7 15.0

Taoyuan City 11,753 60,436.5 66,324.0 77,390.5 32 11 6 25 272.3 18.2 9.0 32.3

Taichung City 11,603 74,886.5 81,441.5 94,208.5 44 11 11 27 379.2 14.7 13.5 28.7

Tainan City 6,332 41,447.5 47,264.5 55,728.0 26 10 4 13 410.6 24.1 8.5 23.3

Kaohsiung City 10,424 58,577.5 67,706.5 83,064.5 62 10 8 24 594.8 17.1 11.8 28.9

Yilan County 1,566 9,283.5 11,281.5 14,274.0 10 3 1 2 638.6 32.3 8.9 14.0

Hsinchu County 2,334 16,046.5 19,411.0 20,307.5 9 2 4 5 385.6 12.5 20.6 24.6

Miaoli County 1,676 11,954.5 14,798.5 18,337.5 5 4 3 11 298.3 33.5 20.3 60.0

Changhua County 6,285 29,011.5 33,521.0 43,296.0 16 5 3 15 254.6 17.2 8.9 34.6

Nantou County 1,696 8,454.5 11,508.0 15,741.5 6 0 3 5 353.8 0.0 26.1 31.8

Yunlin County 2,150 12,491.5 16,822.0 22,746.0 10 4 0 10 465.1 32.0 0.0 44.0

Chiayi County 1,295 7,588.0 10,105.0 15,500.0 7 1 0 4 540.5 13.2 0.0 25.8

Pingtung County 2,358 14,489.5 18,517.0 25,045.5 14 3 2 9 593.7 20.7 10.8 35.9

Taitung County 780 4,265.5 5,436.0 7,078.5 3 5 4 5 384.6 117.2 73.6 70.6

Hualien County 1,268 6,823.0 8,126.0 10,229.0 16 2 0 4 1,261.8 29.3 0.0 39.1

Penghu County 471 2,221.0 1,960.0 2,801.0 2 1 0 0 424.6 45.0 0.0 0.0

Keelung City 1,154 6,229.5 8,265.0 10,897.0 8 0 1 4 693.2 0.0 12.1 36.7

Hsinchu City 2,000 13,802.5 16,288.5 16,094.5 7 6 0 4 350.0 43.5 0.0 24.9

Chiayi City 1,006 5,915.0 8,037.0 9,898.0 4 1 0 0 397.6 16.9 0.0 0.0

Kinmen County 644 2,798.0 2,359.0 2,829.0 1 1 1 2 155.3 35.7 42.4 70.7

Lienchiang County 73 328.5 288.5 337.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 93,357 547,220.5 621,292.0 738,223.5 416 102 69 198 445.6 18.6 11.1 26.8

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 Years Old indicates the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by 2.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Female in 2018

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 13,910 80,155.0 94,651.0 109,013.0 50 11 9 12 359.5 13.7 9.5 11.0

Taipei City 11,009 69,977.0 64,000.0 67,043.5 41 13 5 3 372.4 18.6 7.8 4.5

Taoyuan City 10,815 55,933.5 60,949.0 70,355.5 37 14 2 10 342.1 25.0 3.3 14.2

Taichung City 10,915 69,377.0 75,268.0 87,325.0 22 11 6 9 201.6 15.9 8.0 10.3

Tainan City 5,943 38,722.0 43,510.0 51,209.0 22 7 2 6 370.2 18.1 4.6 11.7

Kaohsiung City 9,617 54,491.5 62,642.5 76,565.5 49 8 11 14 509.5 14.7 17.6 18.3

Yilan County 1,501 8,448.5 10,489.0 13,171.0 13 2 1 5 866.1 23.7 9.5 38.0

Hsinchu County 2,102 15,025.5 17,809.0 18,295.0 8 2 2 1 380.6 13.3 11.2 5.5

Miaoli County 1,656 11,265.5 13,537.0 16,085.5 6 1 3 1 362.3 8.9 22.2 6.2

Changhua County 6,031 26,654.5 30,578.5 39,025.0 13 2 4 7 215.6 7.5 13.1 17.9

Nantou County 1,521 7,786.5 10,636.5 14,500.5 5 0 0 3 328.7 0.0 0.0 20.7

Yunlin County 1,936 11,847.0 15,125.0 20,628.0 4 2 1 3 206.6 16.9 6.6 14.5

Chiayi County 1,268 6,970.0 9,167.0 13,980.0 9 1 2 4 709.8 14.3 21.8 28.6

Pingtung County 2,279 13,225.5 16,906.5 23,077.0 21 4 2 3 921.5 30.2 11.8 13.0

Taitung County 717 3,885.0 4,974.0 6,374.5 6 2 0 6 836.8 51.5 0.0 94.1

Hualien County 1,139 6,306.0 7,315.0 9,375.5 8 3 2 0 702.4 47.6 27.3 0.0

Penghu County 404 1,940.0 1,822.0 2,555.5 3 1 0 0 742.6 51.5 0.0 0.0

Keelung City 1,039 5,864.5 7,686.5 9,802.5 4 0 1 1 385.0 0.0 13.0 10.2

Hsinchu City 1,964 12,962.0 14,775.5 14,807.5 6 5 2 0 305.5 38.6 13.5 0.0

Chiayi City 867 5,589.5 7,228.5 9,035.5 7 1 0 3 807.4 17.9 0.0 33.2

Kinmen County 602 2,550.5 2,123.5 2,639.5 2 0 1 0 332.2 0.0 47.1 0.0

Lienchiang County 64 299.0 256.5 258.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 87,299 509,275.5 571,450.5 675,122.0 336 90 56 91 384.9 17.7 9.8 13.5

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 Years Old indicates the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by 2.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Both Genders in 2019

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 27,965 161,096.5 199,516.5 216,301.5 140 26 15 53 500.6 16.1 7.5 24.5

Taipei City 20,986 136,987.5 135,907.0 134,175.0 72 25 10 23 343.1 18.2 7.4 17.1

Taoyuan City 22,493 117,477.5 129,406.0 141,084.5 76 14 13 26 337.9 11.9 10.0 18.4

Taichung City 21,209 141,230.5 159,167.0 172,480.5 53 21 18 28 249.9 14.9 11.3 16.2

Tainan City 11,711 77,620.5 92,158.0 101,002.5 34 17 8 17 290.3 21.9 8.7 16.8

Kaohsiung City 19,150 110,472.0 131,103.0 150,270.5 104 26 14 27 543.1 23.5 10.7 18.0

Yilan County 3,053 17,346.0 21,849.5 25,745.5 13 7 1 8 425.8 40.4 4.6 31.1

Hsinchu County 4,422 30,485.0 38,037.0 37,544.0 15 5 3 13 339.2 16.4 7.9 34.6

Miaoli County 3,050 21,426.0 28,360.5 32,633.0 19 4 5 4 623.0 18.7 17.6 12.3

Changhua County 12,249 54,545.0 63,667.0 77,434.0 26 9 5 21 212.3 16.5 7.9 27.1

Nantou County 3,135 15,922.5 21,801.0 28,213.0 18 2 2 7 574.2 12.6 9.2 24.8

Yunlin County 4,194 23,529.5 31,427.5 40,693.0 13 2 3 13 310.0 8.5 9.5 31.9

Chiayi County 2,937 13,998.0 18,758.5 27,201.5 6 3 1 9 204.3 21.4 5.3 33.1

Pingtung County 4,706 27,161.0 34,956.5 44,698.5 20 5 5 6 425.0 18.4 14.3 13.4

Taitung County 1,467 7,973.5 10,196.5 12,664.0 10 0 0 3 681.7 0.0 0.0 23.7

Hualien County 2,411 12,879.0 15,381.5 18,417.0 14 2 5 8 580.7 15.5 32.5 43.4

Penghu County 988 4,125.5 3,747.5 5,014.0 6 0 0 0 607.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Keelung City 2,062 11,874.0 15,800.5 19,225.5 12 0 1 2 582.0 0.0 6.3 10.4

Hsinchu City 3,871 26,211.0 31,913.5 30,119.5 15 6 0 4 387.5 22.9 0.0 13.3

Chiayi City 1,676 11,231.5 15,203.5 17,602.0 4 2 2 4 238.7 17.8 13.2 22.7

Kinmen County 1,194 4,999.0 4,580.0 5,216.5 1 1 0 0 83.8 20.0 0.0 0.0

Lienchiang County 145 597.5 543.5 566.5 0 0 0 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 176.5

Total 175,074 1,029,188.5 1,203,481.5 1,338,302.0 671 177 111 277 383.3 17.2 9.2 20.7

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 Years Old indicates the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by 2.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Male in 2019

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 14,444 83,227.0 103,648.0 112,951.5 79 16 8 32 546.9 19.2 7.7 28.3

Taipei City 10,857 70,576.5 70,534.0 70,072.0 45 13 4 14 414.5 18.4 5.7 20.0

Taoyuan City 11,715 61,034.0 67,243.0 74,023.5 49 11 8 16 418.3 18.0 11.9 21.6

Taichung City 11,028 73,339.5 82,621.0 89,624.0 31 10 9 12 281.1 13.6 10.9 13.4

Tainan City 6,046 40,149.5 47,849.0 52,700.5 18 12 4 8 297.7 29.9 8.4 15.2

Kaohsiung City 9,857 57,338.5 67,960.5 78,297.5 59 16 7 13 598.6 27.9 10.3 16.6

Yilan County 1,573 9,005.5 11,379.0 13,359.0 9 5 0 5 572.2 55.5 0.0 37.4

Hsinchu County 2,305 15,834.0 19,742.0 19,713.5 7 3 2 9 303.7 18.9 10.1 45.7

Miaoli County 1,610 10,985.5 14,744.5 17,396.0 10 4 4 4 621.1 36.4 27.1 23.0

Changhua County 6,384 28,365.0 33,203.5 40,825.5 17 2 4 17 266.3 7.1 12.0 41.6

Nantou County 1,614 8,287.5 11,343.5 14,661.0 8 0 1 6 495.7 0.0 8.8 40.9

Yunlin County 2,214 12,059.5 16,505.5 21,292.0 8 0 2 11 361.3 0.0 12.1 51.7

Chiayi County 1,524 7,243.0 9,820.5 14,293.0 2 1 0 4 131.2 13.8 0.0 28.0

Pingtung County 2,421 14,138.5 18,268.0 23,275.5 8 4 1 4 330.4 28.3 5.5 17.2

Taitung County 794 4,161.5 5,351.5 6,660.0 8 0 0 2 1,007.6 0.0 0.0 30.0

Hualien County 1,279 6,697.0 8,080.5 9,648.5 6 1 5 7 469.1 14.9 61.9 72.6

Penghu County 502 2,209.0 1,950.5 2,614.5 6 0 0 0 1,195.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Keelung City 1,087 6,112.5 8,180.5 10,111.0 4 0 1 1 368.0 0.0 12.2 9.9

Hsinchu City 2,022 13,506.0 16,720.0 15,688.0 4 2 0 3 197.8 14.8 0.0 19.1

Chiayi City 862 5,793.5 8,037.5 9,169.0 1 2 0 1 116.0 34.5 0.0 10.9

Kinmen County 596 2,599.0 2,396.5 2,729.0 0 1 0 0 0.0 38.5 0.0 0.0

Lienchiang County 78 320.5 287.0 314.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 90,812 532,982.5 625,866.0 699,418.5 379 103 60 169 417.3 19.3 9.6 24.2

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 Years Old indicates the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by 2.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Female in 2019

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 13,521 77,869.5 95,868.5 103,350.0 61 10 7 21 451.2 12.8 7.3 20.3

Taipei City 10,129 66,411.0 65,373.0 64,103.0 27 12 6 9 266.6 18.1 9.2 14.0

Taoyuan City 10,778 56,443.5 62,163.0 67,061.0 27 3 5 10 250.5 5.3 8.0 14.9

Taichung City 10,181 67,891.0 76,546.0 82,856.5 22 11 9 16 216.1 16.2 11.8 19.3

Tainan City 5,665 37,471.0 44,309.0 48,302.0 16 5 4 9 282.4 13.3 9.0 18.6

Kaohsiung City 9,293 53,133.5 63,142.5 71,973.0 45 10 7 14 484.2 18.8 11.1 19.5

Yilan County 1,480 8,340.5 10,470.5 12,386.5 4 2 1 3 270.3 24.0 9.6 24.2

Hsinchu County 2,117 14,651.0 18,295.0 17,830.5 8 2 1 4 377.9 13.7 5.5 22.4

Miaoli County 1,440 10,440.5 13,616.0 15,237.0 9 0 1 0 625.0 0.0 7.3 0.0

Changhua County 5,865 26,180.0 30,463.5 36,608.5 9 7 1 4 153.5 26.7 3.3 10.9

Nantou County 1,521 7,635.0 10,457.5 13,552.0 10 2 1 1 657.5 26.2 9.6 7.4

Yunlin County 1,980 11,470.0 14,922.0 19,401.0 5 2 1 2 252.5 17.4 6.7 10.3

Chiayi County 1,413 6,755.0 8,938.0 12,908.5 4 2 1 5 283.1 29.6 11.2 38.7

Pingtung County 2,285 13,022.5 16,688.5 21,423.0 12 1 4 2 525.2 7.7 24.0 9.3

Taitung County 673 3,812.0 4,845.0 6,004.0 2 0 0 1 297.2 0.0 0.0 16.7

Hualien County 1,132 6,182.0 7,301.0 8,768.5 8 1 0 1 706.7 16.2 0.0 11.4

Penghu County 486 1,916.5 1,797.0 2,399.5 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Keelung City 975 5,761.5 7,620.0 9,114.5 8 0 0 1 820.5 0.0 0.0 11.0

Hsinchu City 1,849 12,705.0 15,193.5 14,431.5 11 4 0 1 594.9 31.5 0.0 6.9

Chiayi City 814 5,438.0 7,166.0 8,433.0 3 0 2 3 368.6 0.0 27.9 35.6

Kinmen County 598 2,400.0 2,183.5 2,487.5 1 0 0 0 167.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lienchiang County 67 277.0 256.5 252.5 0 0 0 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 396.0

Total 84,262 496,206.0 577,615.5 638,883.5 292 74 51 108 346.5 14.9 8.8 16.9

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 Years Old indicates the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by 2.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Both Genders in 2020

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 25,465 158,862.0 200,133.5 209,018.0 100 33 13 44 392.7 20.8 6.5 21.1

Taipei City 18,399 127,488.5 137,757.0 130,419.0 64 10 8 13 347.8 7.8 5.8 10

Taoyuan City 21,005 116,309.5 130,551.5 136,888.0 66 11 9 38 314.2 9.5 6.9 27.8

Taichung City 19,185 137,022.0 160,212.5 166,591.5 46 12 14 18 239.8 8.8 8.7 10.8

Tainan City 10,489 75,038.5 92,414.5 97,560.5 36 15 10 17 343.2 20 10.8 17.4

Kaohsiung City 18,561 108,405.5 130,834.0 144,252.5 85 14 13 27 457.9 12.9 9.9 18.7

Yilan County 2,812 17,135.0 21,844.5 24,574.0 11 3 0 7 391.2 17.5 0 28.5

Hsinchu County 4,207 30,388.0 38,515.0 37,067.0 23 8 4 6 546.7 26.3 10.4 16.2

Miaoli County 2,744 20,513.5 28,239.5 31,193.5 12 4 0 7 437.3 19.5 0 22.4

Changhua County 11,790 53,848.5 62,847.0 73,476.0 27 10 4 21 229 18.6 6.4 28.6

Nantou County 3,068 16,087.5 21,508.0 26,463.5 11 4 2 5 358.5 24.9 9.3 18.9

Yunlin County 3,933 23,069.5 30,699.0 38,660.5 6 3 6 7 152.6 13 19.5 18.1

Chiayi County 2,859 13,806.0 18,139.0 25,312.5 16 2 2 2 559.6 14.5 11 7.9

Pingtung County 4,385 26,812.5 34,501.5 41,955.0 28 3 5 6 638.5 11.2 14.5 14.3

Taitung County 1,350 7,833.5 10,025.0 12,007.0 13 4 3 10 963 51.1 29.9 83.3

Hualien County 2,131 12,706.5 15,351.0 17,462.5 10 1 0 6 469.3 7.9 0 34.4

Penghu County 956 4,136.0 3,771.0 4,743.0 2 0 0 0 209.2 0 0 0

Keelung City 1,948 11,761.5 15,561.0 18,221.5 3 2 1 4 154 17 6.4 22

Hsinchu City 3,482 25,306.5 32,416.5 29,722.0 19 6 2 9 545.7 23.7 6.2 30.3

Chiayi City 1,386 10,970.5 15,033.5 16,683.0 7 2 2 4 505.1 18.2 13.3 24

Kinmen County 1,023 4,830.5 4,613.0 5,075.5 1 1 0 1 97.8 20.7 0 19.7

Lienchiang County 110 587.0 542.5 553.5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 361.3

Total 161,288 1,002,918.5 1,205,510.0 1,287,899.5 586 148 98 254 363.3 14.8 8.1 19.7

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 Years Old indicates the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by 2.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Male in 2020

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 13,097 82,125.5 103,743.5 109,241.5 51 19 7 30 389.4 23.1 6.7 27.5

Taipei City 9,640 65,717.5 71,355.0 68,058.5 34 4 2 10 352.7 6.1 2.8 14.7

Taoyuan City 10,856 60,372.5 67,819.0 71,851.5 41 4 5 25 377.7 6.6 7.4 34.8

Taichung City 9,901 71,189.0 83,166.5 86,550.0 26 5 5 8 262.6 7 6 9.2

Tainan City 5,521 38,834.5 47,859.5 50,922.5 23 12 7 12 416.6 30.9 14.6 23.6

Kaohsiung City 9,632 56,275.5 67,689.0 75,226.0 54 7 8 20 560.6 12.4 11.8 26.6

Yilan County 1,420 8,832.5 11,385.0 12,754.5 5 3 0 3 352.1 34 0 23.5

Hsinchu County 2,124 15,876.5 19,917.5 19,420.0 11 5 2 4 517.9 31.5 10 20.6

Miaoli County 1,425 10,519.0 14,590.5 16,593.0 3 3 0 7 210.5 28.5 0 42.2

Changhua County 6,213 27,964.5 32,745.0 38,797.5 11 5 4 12 177 17.9 12.2 30.9

Nantou County 1,624 8,358.0 11,198.0 13,722.5 6 2 2 3 369.5 23.9 17.9 21.9

Yunlin County 2,033 11,882.0 16,018.5 20,270.5 4 0 4 5 196.8 0 25 24.7

Chiayi County 1,469 7,110.5 9,468.5 13,311.0 12 2 1 1 816.9 28.1 10.6 7.5

Pingtung County 2,307 13,931.5 18,000.0 21,918.5 19 1 3 3 823.6 7.2 16.7 13.7

Taitung County 691 4,080.0 5,278.5 6,334.5 7 4 3 7 1013 98 56.8 110.5

Hualien County 1,132 6,620.5 8,074.5 9,175.5 9 0 0 6 795.1 0 0 65.4

Penghu County 514 2,195.0 1,975.5 2,479.5 2 0 0 0 389.1 0 0 0

Keelung City 990 6,075.5 8,025.0 9,564.0 2 2 1 3 202 32.9 12.5 31.4

Hsinchu City 1,846 13,026.0 16,926.0 15,531.0 9 2 0 7 487.5 15.4 0 45.1

Chiayi City 711 5,683.5 7,922.5 8,708.5 4 2 0 2 562.6 35.2 0 23

Kinmen County 542 2,482.5 2,401.0 2,679.0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 37.3

Lienchiang County 60 318.5 285.5 303.5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 659

Total 83,748 519,470.5 625,844.0 673,413.0 333 82 54 171 397.6 15.8 8.6 25.4

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 Years Old indicates the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by 2.

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

Female in 2020

Mid-Year Population Number of Deaths Mortality Rate

Cities and Counties 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 1–5 6–11 12–17 0 Years Old 1–5 6–11 12–17

(Live Years Years Years Years Years Years Years (Per 100,000 Years Years Years

Births) Old Old Old Old Old Old Old Live Births) Old Old Old

New Taipei City 12,368 76,736.5 96,390.0 99,776.5 49 14 6 14 396.2 18.2 6.2 14

Taipei City 8,759 61,771.0 66,402.0 62,360.5 30 6 6 3 342.5 9.7 9 4.8

Taoyuan City 10,149 55,937.0 62,732.5 65,036.5 25 7 4 13 246.3 12.5 6.4 20

Taichung City 9,284 65,833.0 77,046.0 80,041.5 20 7 9 10 215.4 10.6 11.7 12.5

Tainan City 4,968 36,204.0 44,555.0 46,638.0 13 3 3 5 261.7 8.3 6.7 10.7

Kaohsiung City 8,929 52,130.0 63,145.0 69,026.5 31 7 5 7 347.2 13.4 7.9 10.1

Yilan County 1,392 8,302.5 10,459.5 11,819.5 6 0 0 4 431 0 0 33.8

Hsinchu County 2,083 14,511.5 18,597.5 17,647.0 12 3 2 2 576.1 20.7 10.8 11.3

Miaoli County 1,319 9,994.5 13,649.0 14,600.5 9 1 0 0 682.3 10 0 0

Changhua County 5,577 25,884.0 30,102.0 34,678.5 16 5 0 9 286.9 19.3 0 26

Nantou County 1,444 7,729.5 10,310.0 12,741.0 5 2 0 2 346.3 25.9 0 15.7

Yunlin County 1,900 11,187.5 14,680.5 18,390.0 2 3 2 2 105.3 26.8 13.6 10.9

Chiayi County 1,390 6,695.5 8,670.5 12,001.5 4 0 1 1 287.8 0 11.5 8.3

Pingtung County 2,078 12,881.0 16,501.5 20,036.5 9 2 2 3 433.1 15.5 12.1 15

Taitung County 659 3,753.5 4,746.5 5,672.5 6 0 0 3 910.5 0 0 52.9

Hualien County 999 6,086.0 7,276.5 8,287.0 1 1 0 0 100.1 16.4 0 0

Penghu County 442 1,941.0 1,795.5 2,263.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Keelung City 958 5,686.0 7,536.0 8,657.5 1 0 0 1 104.4 0 0 11.6

Hsinchu City 1,636 12,280.5 15,490.5 14,191.0 10 4 2 2 611.2 32.6 12.9 14.1

Chiayi City 675 5,287.0 7,111.0 7,974.5 3 0 2 2 444.4 0 28.1 25.1

Kinmen County 481 2,348.0 2,212.0 2,396.5 1 1 0 0 207.9 42.6 0 0

Lienchiang County 50 268.5 257.0 250.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 77,540 483,448.0 579,666.0 614,486.5 253 66 44 83 326.3 13.7 7.6 13.5

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: The mid-year population figures for 0 Years Old indicates the number of live births, while the mid-year population figures of the other age groups were

calculated by adding the total population at the end of the previous year and the total population at the end of the year and dividing the result by 2.

Attachment 3-4 (Paragraph 65） Analysis of Child and Youth Deaths from Notifiable Communicable Diseases

1. Categorized by age (2016-2020)

Unit: person

Enterovirus Infection Invasive

Disease Type/Age Meningococcal Legionnaires’

Total Influenza with Severe Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS Pneumococcal

at Death (Age) Meningitis Disease

Complications Disease

0 9 3 2 4 0 0 1 0

1 15 13 1 0 0 0 0 1

2 12 10 2 0 0 0 0 0

3 11 9 2 0 0 0 0 0

4 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 6 5 0 0 0 1 0 0

7 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

14 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 6 4 0 0 2 0 0 0

16 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 98 81 7 4 2 2 1 1

2. Categorized by year and gender

Unit: person

Enterovirus Infection Invasive

Disease Meningococcal Legionnaires

Year Total Influenza with Severe Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS Pneumococcal

Type/Gender Meningitis ’ Disease

Complications Disease

Male 13 11 0 2 0 0 0 0

2016 Female 17 15 1 0 1 0 0 0

Subtotal 30 26 1 2 1 0 0 0

Male 6 3 0 1 1 1 0 0

2017 Female 7 6 0 0 0 1 0 0

Subtotal 13 9 0 1 1 2 0 0

Male 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

2018 Female 16 14 1 0 0 0 1 0

Subtotal 19 15 2 1 0 0 1 0

Male 15 10 4 0 0 0 0 1

2019 Female 18 18 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subtotal 33 28 4 0 0 0 0 1

Male 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

2020 Female 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Subtotal 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

Male 39 27 5 4 1 1 0 1

Total Female 59 54 2 0 1 1 1 0

Total 98 81 7 4 2 2 1 1

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Notes:

1. Cause of death is based on the reported confirmed (or probable confirmed) cases of notifiable communicable diseases along with information from

the Department of Statistics regarding notifiable causes of death to ensure a comprehensive case determination for cause of death.

2. Age at death and cause of death are based on data from the notifiable death report system of the Department of Statistics. Those involving children and

youth, in accordance with the legal definition of the terms, indicate individuals under 18 years old.

3. Data for cause of death may be revised after a comprehensive determination with follow-up epidemiology surveys or more clinical evidence.

4. Information as of September 1, 2021

Attachment 3-5 (Paragraphs 65 and 69） Statistics on Unnatural Deaths of Children and Youth

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

0-17 Years Old

Accidents and Injuries

Deaths from Suicide Deaths from Homicide

Traffic Accidents Others

Accidental Drowning

Exposure to Smoke,

Poisoning Due to Other Unspecified

Accidents Related Exposure to Others

Year

Motor Vehicle

Falling

Total

Exposure to Toxic Accidents Not

Fire, and Flames

Related to Traffic

Accidents Natural Forces

to Breathing

Substances

Accidents

Number of Deaths

2016 307 239 115 109 4 8 9 20 83 39 35 9 29 19 20

2017 327 245 132 120 3 23 9 24 54 43 3 8 35 27 20

2018 295 228 123 109 3 11 10 28 53 41 0 12 37 12 18

2019 282 190 97 90 3 8 5 23 54 38 0 16 52 24 16

2020 271 184 96 80 5 9 10 21 43 37 0 6 52 26 9

Mortality Rate

2016 7.6 6.0 2.9 2.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 2.1 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.5

2017 8.3 6.2 3.3 3.0 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.6 1.4 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.7 0.5

2018 7.7 5.9 3.2 2.8 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.4 1.1 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.5

2019 7.5 5.1 2.6 2.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.4 1.0 0.0 0.4 1.4 0.6 0.4

2020 7.4 5.0 2.6 2.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.0 0.0 0.2 1.4 0.7 0.2

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

0-11 Years Old

Accidents and Injuries

Deaths from Suicide Deaths from Homicide

Traffic Accidents Others

Accidental Drowning

Exposure to Smoke,

Poisoning Due to Other Unspecified

Accidents Related Exposure to Others

Year

Motor Vehicle

Falling

Total

Exposure to Toxic Accidents Not

Fire, and Flames

Related to Traffic

Accidents Natural Forces

to Breathing

Substances

Accidents

Number of Deaths

2016 150 123 28 27 2 6 7 13 67 37 26 4 0 17 10

2017 147 120 34 29 1 18 6 10 51 42 3 6 1 16 10

2018 131 107 23 20 2 6 6 18 52 40 0 12 1 10 13

2019 131 100 31 30 1 5 3 11 49 36 0 13 0 19 12

2020 126 95 27 26 0 6 9 15 38 33 0 5 4 21 6

Mortality Rate

2016 6.1 5.0 1.1 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 2.7 1.5 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.4

2017 6.0 4.9 1.4 1.2 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.4 2.1 1.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.4

2018 5.4 4.4 0.9 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.7 2.1 1.6 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.5

2019 5.5 4.2 1.3 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.5 2.0 1.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.5

2020 5.3 4.0 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.6 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.3

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

0 Years Old

Accidents and Injuries

Deaths from Suicide Deaths from Homicide

Traffic Accidents Others

Accidental Drowning

Exposure to Smoke,

Poisoning Due to Other Unspecified

Accidents Related Exposure to Others

Year

Motor Vehicle

Falling

Total

Exposure to Toxic Accidents Not

Fire, and Flames

Related to Traffic

Accidents Natural Forces

to Breathing

Substances

Accidents

Number of Deaths

2016 53 46 6 6 1 1 1 0 37 30 4 3 0 2 5

2017 64 59 9 8 0 5 0 2 43 41 0 2 0 1 4

2018 58 51 1 0 1 3 0 1 45 38 0 7 0 2 5

2019 59 46 5 5 0 1 0 0 40 33 0 7 0 5 8

2020 50 39 3 3 0 1 1 1 33 31 0 2 - 8 3

Mortality Rate

2016 25.5 22.2 2.9 2.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 17.8 14.5 1.9 1.4 0.0 1.0 2.4

2017 32.9 30.3 4.6 4.1 0.0 2.6 0.0 1.0 22.1 21.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 2.1

2018 32.1 28.2 0.6 0.0 0.6 1.7 0.0 0.6 24.9 21.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 1.1 2.8

2019 33.7 26.3 2.9 2.9 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 22.8 18.8 0.0 4.0 0.0 2.9 4.6

2020 31.0 24.2 1.9 1.9 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 20.5 19.2 0.0 1.2 0.0 5.0 1.9

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

1-5 Years Old

Accidents and Injuries

Deaths from Suicide Deaths from Homicide

Traffic Accidents Others

Accidental Drowning

Exposure to Smoke,

Poisoning Due to Other Unspecified

Accidents Related Exposure to Others

Year

Motor Vehicle

Falling

Total

Exposure to Toxic Accidents Not

Fire, and Flames

Related to Traffic

Accidents Natural Forces

to Breathing

Substances

Accidents

Number of Deaths

2016 55 40 13 13 1 4 4 5 13 6 6 1 0 11 4

2017 52 38 16 12 0 7 5 4 6 1 3 2 0 10 4

2018 48 38 18 17 0 3 1 10 6 2 0 4 0 6 4

2019 43 31 16 16 0 4 2 4 5 3 0 2 0 8 4

2020 43 35 15 15 0 4 5 6 5 2 0 3 0 6 2

Mortality Rate

2016 5.3 3.8 1.2 1.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.0 1.1 0.4

2017 4.9 3.5 1.5 1.1 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.4

2018 4.5 3.6 1.7 1.6 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.4

2019 4.2 3.0 1.6 1.6 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.4

2020 4.3 3.5 1.5 1.5 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.2

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

6-11 Years Old

Accidents and Injuries

Deaths from Suicide Deaths from Homicide

Traffic Accidents Others

Accidental Drowning

Exposure to Smoke,

Poisoning Due to Other Unspecified

Accidents Related Exposure to Others

Year

Motor Vehicle

Falling

Total

Exposure to Toxic Accidents Not

Fire, and Flames

Related to Traffic

Accidents Natural Forces

to Breathing

Substances

Accidents

Number of Deaths

2016 42 37 9 8 0 1 2 8 17 1 16 0 0 4 1

2017 31 23 9 9 1 6 1 4 2 0 0 2 1 5 2

2018 25 18 4 3 1 0 5 7 1 0 0 1 1 2 4

2019 29 23 10 9 1 0 1 7 4 0 0 4 0 6 0

2020 33 21 9 8 0 1 3 8 0 0 0 0 4 7 1

Mortality Rate

2016 3.5 3.1 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.7 1.4 0.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1

2017 2.6 1.9 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2

2018 2.1 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3

2019 2.4 1.9 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0

2020 2.7 1.7 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.1

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

12-17 Years Old

Accidents and Injuries

Deaths from Suicide Deaths from Homicide

Traffic Accidents Others

Accidental Drowning

Exposure to Smoke,

Poisoning Due to Other Unspecified

Accidents Related Exposure to Others

Year

Motor Vehicle

Falling

Total

Exposure to Toxic Accidents Not

Fire, and Flames

Related to Traffic

Accidents Natural Forces

to Breathing

Substances

Accidents

Number of Deaths

2016 157 116 87 82 2 2 2 7 16 2 9 5 29 2 10

2017 180 125 98 91 2 5 3 14 3 1 0 2 34 11 10

2018 164 121 100 89 1 5 4 10 1 1 0 0 36 2 5

2019 151 90 66 60 2 3 2 12 5 2 0 3 52 5 4

2020 145 89 69 54 5 3 1 6 5 4 0 1 48 5 3

Mortality Rate

2016 10.1 7.4 5.6 5.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 1.9 0.1 0.6

2017 12.0 8.3 6.5 6.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 2.3 0.7 0.7

2018 11.6 8.6 7.1 6.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.1 0.4

2019 11.3 6.7 4.9 4.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.2 3.9 0.4 0.3

2020 11.3 6.9 5.4 4.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.1 3.7 0.4 0.2

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Attachment 3-6 (Paragraph 65） Number of Deaths Caused by Accidents and Injuries (Children and Youth）

Unit: person

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Cities and Counties

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

New Taipei City 22 11 11 37 24 13 22 15 7 27 23 4 25 14 11

Taipei City 6 4 2 16 8 8 12 7 5 15 10 5 4 1 3

Taoyuan City 31 19 12 31 18 13 31 18 13 19 12 7 24 17 7

Taichung City 31 24 7 24 17 7 29 23 6 19 9 10 16 8 8

Tainan City 42 26 16 19 15 4 10 5 5 16 10 6 13 12 1

Kaohsiung City 23 17 6 29 19 10 24 17 7 15 11 4 22 16 6

Yilan County 8 7 1 4 2 2 6 3 3 8 7 1 3 3 0

Hsinchu County 6 5 1 10 7 3 4 3 1 9 7 2 9 5 4

Miaoli County 7 4 3 6 5 1 10 8 2 5 5 0 7 6 1

Changhua County 14 9 5 16 9 7 13 10 3 17 12 5 11 6 5

Nantou County 8 6 2 8 4 4 7 6 1 3 2 1 3 2 1

Yunlin County 6 6 0 11 9 2 16 12 4 8 7 1 5 4 1

Chiayi County 5 5 0 3 3 0 4 2 2 5 2 3 6 3 3

Pingtung County 7 7 0 10 6 4 7 4 3 10 7 3 8 6 2

Taitung County 5 3 2 5 2 3 14 6 8 2 1 1 13 10 3

Hualien County 8 5 3 7 5 2 4 2 2 8 8 0 3 3 0

Penghu County 3 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Keelung City 1 1 0 4 2 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 2 2 0

Hsinchu City 4 4 0 1 1 0 6 4 2 2 1 1 7 4 3

Chiayi City 1 0 1 2 1 1 2 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 1

Kinmen County 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

Lienchiang County 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

Total 239 166 73 245 159 86 228 151 77 190 134 56 184 124 60

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Attachment 3-7 (Paragraph 65） Number of Deaths Caused by Suicide (Children and Youth）

Unit: person

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Cities and Counties

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

New Taipei City 7 6 1 9 4 5 4 1 3 10 4 6 11 4 7

Taipei City 2 1 1 3 3 0 5 2 3 7 6 1 9 5 4

Taoyuan City 5 3 2 4 1 3 10 6 4 5 3 2 8 2 6

Taichung City 3 2 1 2 1 1 4 0 4 4 4 0 5 2 3

Tainan City 2 1 1 5 3 2 4 1 3 4 3 1 2 1 1

Kaohsiung City 4 4 0 2 1 1 5 2 3 8 2 6 4 3 1

Yilan County 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 3

Hsinchu County 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

Miaoli County 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

Changhua County 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 4 2 2

Nantou County 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 0

Yunlin County 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0

Chiayi County 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

Pingtung County 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 2

Taitung County 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

Hualien County 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

Penghu County 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Keelung City 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hsinchu City 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 1

Chiayi City 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kinmen County 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lienchiang County 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 29 22 7 35 17 18 37 13 24 52 31 21 52 22 30

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Attachment 3-8 (Paragraph 65） Number of Deaths Caused by Suicide (Children and Youth

from Indigenous Families）

Unit: person, per 100,000 persons

0-11 Years Old 12-17 Years Old

Year

Total Male Female Total Male Female

Number of Deaths

2016 0 0 0 1 1 0

2017 0 0 0 3 1 2

2018 0 0 0 5 2 3

2019 0 0 0 4 2 2

Mortality Rate

2016 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 3.7 0.0

2017 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 3.8 7.9

2018 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.9 7.7 12.3

2019 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2 7.9 8.5

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: Data for 2020 is pending.

Attachment 3-9 (Paragraph 65） Number of Deaths Caused in Criminal Cases involving Children and Youth, and Statistics on the Type of

Criminal Cases

Unit: person

Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Type of

CriminalCase Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

Homicide 10 5 5 7 4 3 5 3 2 11 8 3 13 7 6

Sexual Assault - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - -

Sexual Intercourse or

- - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - - - - - -

Obscene Acts

Narcotics 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Offenses Against 1 1 -

1 1 - - - - 2 1 1 - - -

Public Safety

Injury

(Exclusive of Driving - - - 6 5 1 3 1 2 1 - 1 1 1 -

Negligence)

Abandonment - - - 3 2 1 - - - - - - - - -

Offenses Against

1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Personal Liberty

Offenses Against

- - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - -

Family (Marriage)

Negligent Homicide

(Exclusive of Driving 15 6 9 10 8 2 8 2 6 3 2 1 13 10 3

Negligence)

Driving Negligence 11 10 1 22 13 9 16 11 5 18 13 5 9 6 3

Violation of Protection

- - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - -

Order

Total 39 23 16 50 33 17 37 18 19 33 23 10 37 25 12

Source: Ministry of the Interior

Attachment 3-10 (Paragraph 70） Statistics on Causes of Child and Youth Attempted Suicide from the Suicide Prevention Report System

Unit: instance, %

0-11 Years Old 12-14 Years Old 15-17 Years Old

Instance of Attempted

Year Suicide Reports and Percentage Percentage Percentage

Person/ Person/ Person/

Causes Cause in the Age Cause in the Age Cause in the Age

time time time

Group Group Group

Instance of Attempted

42 329 781

Suicide Reports

Depressive tendencies,

Most common

Family problems 19 45.2 Family problems 144 43.8 depression, or other 225 28.8

cause

mental disorders

Second most School adjustment School adjustment

2016 11 26.2 104 31.6 Family problems 222 28.4

common cause problems problems

Cause

Depressive tendencies, Depressive tendencies,

Third most

depression, or other 7 16.7 depression, or other 72 21.9 Relationship problems 199 25.5

common cause

mental disorders mental disorders

Fourth most School adjustment

Relationship problems 2 4.8 Relationship problems 49 14.9 133 17

common cause problems

Instance of Attempted

27 381 973

Suicide Reports

Depressive tendencies,

Most common

Family problems 9 33.3 Family problems 159 41.7 depression, or other 343 35.3

cause

mental disorders

Second most School adjustment School adjustment

2017 9 33.3 136 35.7 Family problems 288 29.6

common cause problems problems

Cause

Depressive tendencies, Depressive tendencies,

Third most

depression, or other 3 11.1 depression, or other 87 22.8 Relationship problems 218 22.4

common cause

mental disorders mental disorders

Fourth most School adjustment

Violence 1 3.7 Relationship problems 38 10 191 19.6

common cause problems

Unit: instance, %

0-11 Years Old 12-14 Years Old 15-17 Years Old

Instance of Attempted

Year Suicide Reports and Percentage Percentage Percentage

Person/ Person/ Person/

Causes Cause in the Age Cause in the Age Cause in the Age

time time time

Group Group Group

Instance of Attempted

72 754 1558

Suicide Reports

Depressive tendencies,

Most common

Family problems 39 54.2 Family problems 288 38.2 depression, or other 723 46.4

cause

mental disorders

Depressive tendencies,

Second most School adjustment

2018 37 51.4 depression, or other 264 35 Family problems 485 31.1

common cause problems

Cause mental disorders

Depressive tendencies,

Third most School adjustment

depression, or other 16 22.2 247 32.8 Relationship problems 324 20.8

common cause problems

mental disorders

Fourth most School adjustment

Relationship problems 3 4.2 Relationship problems 89 11.8 318 20.4

common cause problems

Instance of Attempted

95 1242 2053

Suicide Reports

Depressive tendencies, Depressive tendencies,

Most common School adjustment

45 47.4 depression, or other 509 41 depression, or other 1060 51.6

cause problems

mental disorders mental disorders

Second most

2019 Family problems 39 41.1 Family problems 507 40.8 Family problems 609 29.7

common cause

Cause

Depressive tendencies,

Third most School adjustment School adjustment

depression, or other 27 28.4 416 33.5 454 22.1

common cause problems problems

mental disorders

Fourth most

Relationship problems 3 3.2 Relationship problems 180 14.5 Relationship problems 372 18.1

common cause

Unit: instance, %

0-11 Years Old 12-14 Years Old 15-17 Years Old

Instance of Attempted

Year Suicide Reports and Percentage Percentage Percentage

Person/ Person/ Person/

Causes Cause in the Age Cause in the Age Cause in the Age

time time time

Group Group Group

Instance of Attempted

246 2136 3082

Suicide Reports

Depressive tendencies, Depressive tendencies,

Most common School adjustment

104 42.3 depression, or other 955 44.7 depression, or other 1755 56.9

cause problems

mental disorders mental disorders

Second most

2020 Family problems 89 36.2 Family problems 830 38.9 Family problems 915 29.7

common cause

Cause

Depressive tendencies,

Third most School adjustment School adjustment

depression, or other 40 16.3 721 33.8 712 23.1

common cause problems problems

mental disorders

Fourth most

Relationship problems 24 9.8 Relationship problems 277 13 Relationship problems 510 16.5

common cause

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Notes:

1. The table represents a statistical analysis based on the cause of attempted suicide in the suicide prevention report system. These fields were based on reports

made by related personnel at medical institutions and government agencies in accordance with Article 11 of the Suicide Prevention Act when respondents

became aware of suicidal behavior (including “suicidal intent” and “completed suicide”).

2. A single suicide case might include multiple causes. Thus, one or more fields for “cause” may be selected, and the total percentage might exceed 100

percent.

3. The Suicide Prevention Act promulgated and implemented on June 19, 2019, has provided a legal basis for reporting suicide, specified the scope of

reporting personnel, and promoted understanding among related ministries and cities and counties of the need to carry out suicide reporting as per the law.

Individuals with suicidal intent can thus receive care and visits through reporting, reducing the chance of another suicide attempt. With such a reporting

system in place, the reported number of suicides has grown year by year.

Attachment 3-11 (Paragraph 72） Statistics on Reported Suicides and Self-Harm Incidents of

Students of Senior High Schools and Below, and Budget Allocation for Implementation

Strategies of the Student Self-Harm Prevention Work Plan

1. Statistics on Reported Suicides and Self-Harm Incidents of Students of Senior High

Schools and Below in 2016–2020

Unit: instance, %

School System Senior and

Junior High

Primary School Vocational High

School Total Percentage

School

Year

Deaths Injuries Deaths Injuries Deaths Injuries

2016 - 112 4 395 24 359 894 0.060

2017 1 135 3 486 26 620 1,272 0.050

2018 1 214 9 782 20 947 1,973 0.080

2019 1 352 9 1,335 38 1,339 3,074 0.127

2020 2 1,193 19 3,045 25 2,454 6,738 0.283

Source: Statistics from the Campus Security Report System under the Ministry of Education

Notes:

1. The Ministry of Education has increased frontline personnel’s capability to identify students

at risk of self-harm and to manage these situations. Such cases are handled through a student

self-harm prevention mechanism under the Three-Level Student Self-Harm Prevention Work

Plan. Reported data includes individuals with intent to self-harm (reported when first

knowledge of this was acquired) that have been listed for follow-up counseling to enhance

prevention and avoid further instances. Since the birthrate has been decreasing year by year

while reported data has increased since the implementation of the reporting system, the

relative percentage has increased.

2. School faculty and staff members (tutors/teachers/administration staff) are to implement

reporting procedures (internal/external reporting) based on the Directions for Reporting of

Campus Safety and Security Incidents and utilize the crisis management mechanism upon

becoming aware of a crisis. In addition, reports are made according to the Suicide Prevention Act.

3. For the protection of individuals’ privacy, Article 17 of the Student Guidance and Counseling

Act stipulates that personnel involved in student counseling work are not permitted to

disclose any information or confidential information they have about other persons which

they have obtained while performing their duties, and that they are bound by a duty of

confidentiality. Furthermore, student self-harm cases are all processed as confidential

documents when the Ministry of Education handles the matters.

4. The Suicide Prevention Act was developed and announced in June 2019 to improve the

suicide prevention and reporting system. As awareness of the need to report in accordance

with the law has increased, the reporting rate related to campus security has risen.

2. Data on Student Deaths from Suicide in 2016–2020

Unit: person

School

Gender Age Student Status Family Status

System

Senior and Vocational High School

Delayed Graduation Student Overseas Compatriot Student Continuing Education Student Three-Generation Family

Male

Above 18 Years Old Junior High School Grandparent-led Family

7-14 Years Old 15-17 Years Old Primary School General Student Suspended Student Dropout Student Transfer Student Nuclear Family Parents Divorced Father Deceased Mother Deceased

Year

Female Other Other

Number of Deaths

2016 28 20 8 3 18 7 - 4 24 16 3 - 3 - 1 4 1 3 10 3 10 1 1 -

2017 30 16 14 4 20 6 1 3 26 23 2 - - - - 2 3 5 13 - 9 - 2 1

2018 30 16 14 8 15 7 1 9 20 22 - - 1 - - 2 5 2 15 2 11 1 - 11

2019 48 32 16 4 28 16 1 9 38 33 3 - 3 - - 5 4 3 27 1 11 1 2 3

2020 46 24 22 11 24 11 2 19 25 42 1 - - - - 1 2 3 24 - 13 1 2 3

Source: Ministry of Education

Notes:

1. Considering suicide rates for students at senior high schools and below, students at vocational high schools

have the highest rate, followed by junior high schools, and then primary schools.

2. Most of the cases involve male students.

3. Most suicide incidents occurred at home. Used methods had high fatality rates, such as jumping off a

building, hanging, and burning charcoal.

4. Some 80 percent of the individuals did not receive care at counseling rooms (the individuals did not ask

for help).

5. Emotional distress, low self-esteem, and relationships with family members were the most common cited

causes. However, in 2019, cases attributable to mental disorders caused by physical factors increased

slightly.

3. Budget Allocation in 2019–2020

Unit: NT$

Subsidy/Funding

Budget Item

2019 2020

Subsidies for local governments to set up student counseling centers 30,913,100 31,451,600

Subsidies for the operation of student counseling centers under the

10,105,000 11,141,500

Ministry of Education

Development programs at seed schools concerning life education and

4,925,500 4,500,000

school culture (27 seed schools subsidized in 2019; 15 in 2020)

National Taiwan University commissioned to hold pilot project on life

education in 2018-2019

5,820,768 2,500,000

National Luodong Senior High School commissioned to execute work plan

on a life education professional development center in 2020

National Luodong Commercial Vocational High School commissioned to

2,500,000 2,000,000

carry out work plan on a life education resource center in 2019-2020

4. Subsidies for Local Governments to Carry Out Student Affairs and Counseling Work Plans and

Promotion of Life Education

Unit: NT$1,000, school, event, instance

Implementation Effectiveness

Subsidies Schools with a Life

Year Life Education Related

(NT$1,000) Education Resource Total Participants

Workshops (Event)

Center (School)

2018 13,943 55 2,576 552,668

2019 12,041 56 1,402 293,513

2020 3,475 48 712 48,028

2021 5,333 49 - -

Source: Ministry of Education

Note: To conform to the Ministry of Education’s mid-term plan for life education and the five core

competencies of the Curriculum Guidelines of 12-Year Basic Education, subsidized items under work

plans for student affairs and counseling and promotion of life education, such as copreparation efforts

and teaching demonstrations by an interdisciplinary community of teachers, have been amended in

2020. Thus, relevant subsidies and the effectiveness (number of events, participants) for the year are

quite different from those in 2018 and 2019 due to changes having been made to items subsidized.

Attachment 3-12 (Paragraph 73） Statistics on Child and Youth Participation in Local Government

Decision-making and Coordination Meetings

Unit: person

Child and Youth Representatives

Age Special Circumstances Adult

Year

Total Male Female 6–12 Above Persons Members

12–18 Indigenous New

18 Years with

Years Old Years Old Persons Immigrants

Old Disabilities

2017 326 148 160 1 296 29 11 22 9 -

2018 352 162 167 4 305 43 14 22 4 -

2019 355 172 183 4 305 46 14 26 8 370

2020 392 186 206 8 338 46 17 34 5 358

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Notes:

1. Adult members include the heads of city and county governments, representatives of relevant authorities,

experts, and scholars and representatives from civic groups. Analysis of the members of child and youth

welfare and rights promotion meetings in each city and county has been performed since 2019.

2. As some cities and counties did not carry out gender analysis on child and youth representatives in 2017

and 2018, the number in the total column for those years does not correspond to the numbers for males

and females.

Chapter IV. CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

Attachment 4-1 (Paragraph 94） Statistics on School Publications in Senior High Schools in

Taiwan

Unit: publication

Type Books and Electronic Observational

Total Subtotal Newspapers

Year Magazines Publications publication

2016 162 119 25 3 15

2017 135 85 24 3 23

2018 134 93 22 4 15

817

2019 128 86 22 5 15

2020 138 96 18 5 19

2021 120 82 15 8 15

Source: Ministry of Education

Attachment 4-2 (Paragraph 98） Game Rating Improvement Data

Unit: instance

Reason Improvement for No Rating Label or No Rating Label,

Year Inconsistency in Rating Wrong Label incurring Punishment

2016 35 63 1

2017 75 86 2

2018 42 64 1

2019 31 69 0

2020 35 85 2

Total 218 367 6

Source: Ministry of Economic Affairs

Attachment 4-3 (Paragraph 105 ） Number of People in Senior High Schools Punished for

Invasion of Privacy

Unit: person

Academic year Title Reprimand Demerit Major Demerit

Teacher 1 0 0

2016 Principal 0 0 0

Military Instructor 0 0 0

Teacher 0 0 0

2017 Principal 0 0 0

Military Instructor 0 0 0

Teacher 3 1 0

2018 Principal 0 0 0

Military Instructor 0 0 0

Teacher 1 0 0

2019 Principal 0 0 0

Military Instructor 0 0 0

Teacher 1 1 0

2020 Principal 0 0 0

Military Instructor 0 0 0

Total 5 2 0

Source: Ministry of Education

Note: Basis for punishment: guidelines on the implementation of performance appraisals of public

school teachers at the primary, junior high, and senior high school levels, and directions

governing the reward and discipline of staff at the National Academy for Educational Research.

Chapter V. VIOLENCE TOWARDS CHILDREN AND YOUTH

Attachment 5-1 (Paragraph 109） Statistics on People Obligated to Report Abuse or Neglect of Children or Youth and the Number and Types of

Cases Reported

Unit: case, instance

Sources of Notification (cases) Types of Notification

Number of Notifications by Personnel Obligated to Issue Them Number of General Notifications

Campus Bullying, Sexual Harassment, Information Unclear, Historical Events,

Household Registration Personnel Other Personnel of Related Affairs

Neighbor or People from the

Immigration Personnel District Office Secretaries Litigant Applying for Help

External Incidents Repeated Reports

Medical Professionals Child Care Personnel

Domestic Abuse

Preschool Educators Judicial Personnel Father or Mother

Social Workers

Year

Educators Relative

Total

Total Police Total Other

Drug Abuse or Matters of Nonstatutory Notification

Community

2016 54,597 44,889 3,070 11,561 16,076 180 169 12,985 676 10 35 57 70 9,708 2,193 1,137 3,171 1,935 1,272 22,307 7,247 6,767 13,270 5,006

2017 59,912 51,092 3,626 13,789 18,262 211 117 14,005 980 6 23 27 46 8,820 1,988 1,045 2,740 1,822 1,221 21,141 6,732 6,346 14,630 11,063

2018 59,915 51,731 3,833 13,616 18,991 247 159 14,214 597 11 12 20 31 8,184 1,958 920 2,327 1,760 1,212 20,543 6,924 6,438 14,911 11,099

Unit: case, instance

Source of Notification of Child and Youth Protection (instance) Type of Notification

Consultation on Social Safety Net Incidents

Child and Youth

Number of Notifications by Personnel Obligated to Issue Them Number of General Notifications

Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation

Protection

Household Registration Personnel Other Personnel of Related Affairs

Neighbor or People from the

Vulnerable Families

District Office Secretaries Litigant Applying for Help

Campus Bullying, Sexual

Medical Professionals Child Care Personnel Preschool Educators Judicial Personnel Immigration Personnel Domestic Incidents Repeated Reports, etc.

Social Workers Father or Mother

Year

Village Chief

(instance)

Educators Relatives

Total External

Total Police Total

Incidents

Community Harassment, Drug Abuse

2019 73,973 64,199 5,131 15,623 25,428 190 388 15,044 636 16 70 135 1,538 9,774 2,787 1,224 3,204 22 2,537 23,498 7,991 7,520 1,502 5,916 27,546

2020 82,713 74,653 5,396 15,944 33,170 274 529 17,041 713 1 75 53 1,547 8,060 2,411 1,030 2,378 32 2,209 18,028 25,227 9,772 11,106 2,186 17,793 27,957

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Notes:

1. Article 53 of the Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act stipulates that matters obligated personnel should report include child abuse and children

or youth using drugs or providing services at inappropriate venues. The same incident may be reported by different types of reporting personnel.

2. Since 2019, reporting channels regarding child and youth protection, child and youth sexual exploitation, and high-risk families have been merged into a single

channel to conform with the Strengthening Social Safety Net Program approved by the Executive Yuan. As a result, reported data increased to more than 73,000

cases. Since 2020, reports on social safety net incident consultations have been included in screened and assigned cases, and reported cases regarding children and

youth in 2020 were thus 100,741 in total (82,713 reports concerning child and youth protection and 18,028 reports related to social safety net incident consultation).

Reported cases are categorized based on subsequent handling agencies.

Attachment 5-2 (Paragraph 109） Number of Abused Children or Youth, Types of Abuse, Deaths from Serious Abuse

1. Number of Abused Children or Youth

Unit: person

0 to 3 Years Old 3 to 6 Years Old 6 to 9 Years Old 9 to 12 Years Old 12 to 15 Years Old 15 to 18 Years Old

Year Total Male Female

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

2016 9,461 4,156 5,305 737 560 594 504 718 617 814 628 780 1,485 513 1,511

2017 9,389 3,626 5,763 552 497 480 480 577 470 714 625 786 1,746 517 1,945

2018 9,186 3,542 5,644 515 405 469 450 598 512 688 639 764 1,734 508 1,904

2019 11,113 4,832 6,281 565 449 634 596 955 667 917 676 946 2,010 815 1,883

2020 12,610 5,475 7,135 628 518 750 685 1,064 779 973 746 1,076 2,254 984 2,153

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

2. Types of Abuse

Unit: instance

Physical or Mental Abuse Witnessing Child

Improper

Abandonment Domestic Substance

Year Total Male Female Physical Abuse Emotional Abuse Sexual Abuse Neglect Discipline

Violence Abuse

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

2016 10,520 4,775 5,745 38 36 1,232 1,045 352 413 290 2,198 610 544 1,613 1,160 292 242 330 107

2017 9,389 3,626 5,763 31 13 495 391 121 150 510 3,556 572 497 1,568 996 81 67 248 92

2018 9,186 3,542 5,644 30 13 484 383 118 147 498 3,483 559 487 1,532 975 79 66 242 90

2019 11,113 4,832 6,281 20 16 527 400 158 180 749 3,422 666 591 2,342 1,476 73 68 297 128

2020 12,610 5,475 7,135 17 30 2,386 2,084 237 358 437 2,555 835 920 1,038 839 80 105 445 244

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Notes:

1. Among victims aged 12-18 involved in sexual abuse cases, the ratio of females is higher than that of males. According to investigations, 80 percent of such

cases are sexual assaults, while 20 percent of them are cases of consensual sex between couples (childhood friends). The main reason for this is that it is

easier for girls at the junior high school stage to meet adults and minors of the opposite sex due to study, interpersonal relationships, and physical and mental

changes in adolescence and thus be confronted with behaviors related to sex that are not appropriate to their age.

2. Improper discipline has been excluded from the types of abuse since July 2020, so the numbers from 2020 are much lower than those of previous years.

(1) Types of Domestic Abuse

Unit: instance (2016), person (2017–2020)

Witnessing Child

Abandonment Physical or Mental Abuse Improper Domestic Substance

Discipline Violence Abuse

Year Total Male Female

Physical Emotional Sexual

Neglect

Male Female Abuse Abuse Abuse Male Female Male Female Male Female

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

2016 6,537 3,389 3,148 38 36 589 469 177 238 52 459 610 544 1,631 1,160 292 242 0 0

2017 5,247 2,661 2,586 31 13 382 333 121 150 66 530 572 497 1,408 996 81 67 0 0

2018 5,221 2,684 2,537 30 13 369 306 108 143 64 553 559 487 1,475 969 79 66 0 0

2019 7,139 3,815 3,324 20 16 507 379 158 169 116 713 659 580 2,282 1,399 73 68 0 0

2020 7,992 4,151 3,841 17 30 2,094 1,489 212 248 102 785 750 633 896 551 80 105 0 0

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

(2) Age Groups of Domestic Abuse and Statistics on Types of Abuse

Unit: instance (2016), person (2017–2020)

Physical or Mental Abuse Witnessing Child

Improper

Year Age Total Abandonment Domestic Substance

Physical Abuse Emotional Abuse Sexual Abuse Child Substance Abuse Discipline Violence Abuse

0-3 Years Old 845 36 153 24 2 439 107 84 0

3-6 Years Old 831 12 103 33 39 273 276 95 0

6-9 Years Old 1,116 9 168 41 48 175 590 85 0

2016 9-12 Years Old 1,304 5 203 65 67 118 750 96 0

12-15 Years Old 1,262 9 201 124 139 68 624 97 0

15-18 Years Old 1,179 3 230 128 216 81 444 77 0

Total 6,537 74 1,058 415 511 1,154 2,791 534 0

Unit: instance (2016), person (2017–2020)

Physical or Mental Abuse Witnessing Child

Improper

Year Age Total Abandonment Domestic Substance

Physical Abuse Emotional Abuse Sexual Abuse Child Substance Abuse Discipline Violence Abuse

0-3 Years Old 713 30 165 27 5 369 90 27 0

3-6 Years Old 734 6 106 32 52 253 250 35 0

6-9 Years Old 898 3 114 47 55 111 539 29 0

2017 9-12 Years Old 1,042 2 114 61 90 91 643 41 0

12-15 Years Old 1,039 8 126 88 144 85 555 33 0

15-18 Years Old 865 9 100 73 252 56 352 23 0

Total 5,247 44 715 271 596 1,069 2,404 148 0

0-3 Years Old 714 20 141 31 6 392 93 31 0

3-6 Years Old 755 5 102 26 46 293 258 25 0

6-9 Years Old 970 5 119 24 65 153 574 30 0

2018 9-12 Years Old 1,041 2 100 48 97 86 690 18 0

12-15 Years Old 984 7 119 50 196 79 508 25 0

15-18 Years Old 757 4 94 72 207 43 321 16 0

Total 5,221 43 675 251 617 1,046 2,444 145 0

0-3 Years Old 890 19 179 20 20 459 168 25 0

3-6 Years Old 1,123 2 102 35 70 394 489 31 0

6-9 Years Old 1,518 1 193 40 95 163 996 30 0

2019 9-12 Years Old 1,445 6 170 72 139 109 930 19 0

12-15 Years Old 1,373 4 136 103 310 74 720 26 0

15-18 Years Old 790 4 106 57 195 40 378 10 0

Total 7,139 36 886 327 829 1,239 3,681 141 0

Unit: instance (2016), person (2017–2020)

Physical or Mental Abuse Witnessing Child

Improper

Year Age Total Abandonment Domestic Substance

Physical Abuse Emotional Abuse Sexual Abuse Child Substance Abuse Discipline Violence Abuse

0-3 Years Old 1,074 28 371 35 18 506 75 41 0

3-6 Years Old 1,339 6 506 50 104 473 174 26 0

6-9 Years Old 1,743 3 955 69 103 167 409 37 0

2020 9-12 Years Old 1,533 2 831 69 142 113 335 41 0

12-15 Years Old 1,474 5 601 147 305 88 310 18 0

15-18 Years Old 829 3 319 90 215 36 144 22 0

Total 7,992 47 3,583 460 887 1,383 1,447 185 0

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: For statistics on types of abuse in 2016, more than one type could be selected, and the unit was instance. Since 2017, to more clearly present the

situation of abused children and youth in Taiwan, only one type of abuse is selectable, and person is the unit.

(3) Types of External Abuse

Unit: instance (2016), person (2017–2020)

Witnessing Child

Improper

Abandonment Physical or Mental Abuse Domestic Substance

Discipline

Year Total Male Female Violence Abuse

Physical Abuse Emotional Abuse Sexual Abuse Neglect

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

2016 3,983 1,386 2,597 0 0 643 576 175 175 238 1,739 0 0 0 0 0 0 330 107

2017 4,141 965 3,176 0 0 113 58 0 0 444 3,026 0 0 160 0 0 0 248 92

2018 3,965 858 3,107 0 0 115 77 10 4 434 2,930 0 0 57 6 0 0 242 90

2019 3,974 1,017 2,957 0 0 20 21 0 11 633 2,709 7 11 60 77 0 0 297 128

2020 4,618 1,324 3,294 0 0 292 595 25 110 335 1,770 85 287 142 288 0 0 445 244

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: For statistics on types of abuse in 2016, more than one type could be selected, and the unit was instance. Since 2017, to more clearly present the

situation of abused children and youth in Taiwan, only one type of abuse is selectable, and person is the unit.

(4) Age Groups of External Abuse and Statistics on Types of Abuse

Unit: instance (2016), person (2017–2020)

Physical or Mental Abuse Witnessing Child

Improper

Year Age Total Abandonment Domestic Substance

Discipline

Physical Abuse Emotional Abuse Sexual Abuse Neglect Violence Abuse

0-3 Years Old 253 0 208 43 2 0 0 0 0

3-6 Years Old 120 0 59 36 25 0 0 0 0

6-9 Years Old 212 0 119 33 60 0 0 0 0

2016 9-12 Years Old 289 0 119 67 103 0 0 0 0

12-15 Years Old 1,130 0 149 70 897 0 0 0 14

15-18 Years Old 1,977 0 565 100 889 0 0 0 423

Total 3,983 0 1,219 350 1,977 0 0 0 437

0-3 Years Old 48 0 29 0 4 0 15 0 0

3-6 Years Old 81 0 8 0 45 0 28 0 0

6-9 Years Old 155 0 17 0 106 0 32 0 0

2017 9-12 Years Old 249 0 17 0 181 0 51 0 0

12-15 Years Old 1,632 0 21 0 1,574 0 22 0 15

15-18 Years Old 1,977 0 79 0 1,561 0 12 0 325

Total 4,141 0 171 0 3,470 0 160 0 340

0-3 Years Old 45 0 33 2 4 0 6 0 0

3-6 Years Old 64 0 9 1 43 0 11 0 0

6-9 Years Old 135 0 19 1 103 0 12 0 0

2018 9-12 Years Old 216 0 19 1 175 0 20 0 1

12-15 Years Old 1,575 0 23 3 1,526 0 9 0 14

15-18 Years Old 1,930 0 89 6 1,513 0 5 0 317

Total 3,965 0 192 14 3,364 0 63 0 332

Unit: instance (2016), person (2017–2020)

Physical or Mental Abuse Witnessing Child

Improper

Year Age Total Abandonment Domestic Substance

Discipline

Physical Abuse Emotional Abuse Sexual Abuse Neglect Violence Abuse

0-3 Years Old 34 0 7 0 4 10 13 0 0

3-6 Years Old 73 0 2 1 43 3 24 0 0

6-9 Years Old 135 0 4 1 102 1 27 0 0

2019 9-12 Years Old 223 0 4 0 174 1 44 0 0

12-15 Years Old 1,583 0 5 3 1,516 2 19 0 38

15-18 Years Old 1,926 0 19 6 1,503 1 10 0 387

Total 3,974 0 41 11 3,342 18 137 0 425

0-3 Years Old 425 0 127 1 6 153 138 0 0

3-6 Years Old 249 0 127 14 45 35 28 0 0

6-9 Years Old 223 0 120 1 54 20 28 0 0

2020 9-12 Years Old 408 0 183 14 100 55 56 0 0

12-15 Years Old 1,389 0 141 14 936 74 166 0 58

15-18 Years Old 1,914 0 179 91 964 35 14 0 631

Total 4,618 0 887 135 2,100 372 430 0 689

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: For statistics on types of abuse in 2016, more than one type could be selected, and the unit was instance. Since 2017, to more clearly present the situation of

abused children and youth in Taiwan, only one type of abuse is selectable, and person is the unit.

3. Deaths from Serious Abuse

Unit: person

Year Total Deaths from Serious Abuse Filicide by Parents Committing Suicide

2016 27 17 10

2017 29 16 13

2018 15 10 5

2019 23 10 13

2020 21 10 11

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: Serious abuse includes serious domestic abuse and filicide by parents committing suicide.

Attachment 5-3 (Paragraph 109） Statistics on Children and Youth Put in Protective Placement

1. Statistics on Children and Youth Put in Protective Placement

Unit: instance

Emergency Placement Continuous Placement

Affected

Child or Staying with Staying with

Youth

Foster

Families Placed in Foster

Families Placed in Others

Remaining at Staying with Staying with

Year Total Male Female Home Kinship Institutions Kinship Institutions

Families Families

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

2016 10,341 4,603 5,738 3,981 4,916 15 14 50 61 100 144 23 35 135 200 210 255 89 113

2017 10,262 4,523 5,739 3,992 4,875 11 17 32 93 85 166 17 31 113 182 93 207 180 168

2018 10,040 4,664 5,377 4,112 4,746 26 22 56 57 100 174 18 23 66 85 111 187 175 83

2019 11,799 5,885 5,914 5,219 5,052 56 23 51 95 205 231 14 32 67 96 157 223 116 162

2020 13,451 6,580 6,871 5,827 5,639 10 31 97 112 201 344 13 34 104 119 181 315 147 277

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: Others indicates children commissioned to placement (children’s parents, guardians, interested parties, or

child and youth welfare institutes applied to the local competent authority for placement or assistance for

children unable to lead a normal life due to severe difficulties with their families) or the protected

children and youth already under placement before the investigation.

2. Statistics on Children and Youth Put in Protective Placement (Categorized Based on Indigenous/

Nonindigenous Status)

Unit: instance

Emergency Placement Continuous Placement

Affected

Staying with Staying with Staying with Staying with

Child or

Youth Placed in Placed in Others

Kinship Kinship

Nonindigenous

Remaining

Institutions Institutions

Foster Families Foster Families

Indigenous

at Home Families Families

Year Total

Nonindigenous Indigenous Nonindigenous Indigenous Nonindigenous Indigenous Nonindigenous Indigenous Nonindigenous Indigenous Nonindigenous Indigenous Nonindigenous Indigenous Nonindigenous Indigenous

2016 10,341 9,585 756 8,697 200 29 0 98 13 238 6 57 1 312 23 461 4 183 19

2017 10,262 9,586 676 8,487 380 27 1 113 12 202 49 47 1 282 13 262 38 317 31

2018 10,040 9,437 603 8,477 381 47 1 94 19 229 45 41 0 132 19 298 35 228 30

2019 11,799 11,223 576 9,990 281 59 20 120 26 367 69 28 18 136 27 321 59 202 76

2020 13,451 12,317 1,134 10,678 788 37 4 159 50 464 81 43 4 168 55 415 81 353 71

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Attachment 5-4 (Paragraph 109） Analysis of Instances of Emergency Placement for Child and Youth

Protection

1. Total Cases of Emergency Placement

Unit: instance

Year Total 0-3 Years Old 3-6 Years Old 6-9 Years Old 9-12 Years Old 12-15 Years Old 15-18 Years Old

2016 384 72 31 72 61 100 48

2017 404 73 66 60 77 89 39

2018 435 53 72 87 86 81 56

2019 661 93 96 97 149 159 67

2020 795 116 134 106 147 209 83

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Note: For 2018-2019, emergency placements increased by 52 percent. Analysis showed that the instances of

emergency placement for children under the age of six increased by 64 percent. The main reason for the

rise in instances of placement was that child and youth protection social workers paid particular attention

to children and infants under six years old who are relatively vulnerable and therefore difficult to be

taken care of if not attending school or at a child care center.

2. Staying with Kinship Families

Unit: instance

0-3 Years 3-6 Years 6-9 Years 9-12 Years 12-15 Years 15-18 Years

Year Total

Old Old Old Old Old Old

2016 29 0 8 0 4 12 5

2017 28 7 7 2 3 7 2

2018 48 3 7 5 10 15 8

2019 79 8 16 10 19 13 13

2020 41 4 2 5 6 19 5

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

3. Staying with Foster Families

Unit: instance

0-3 Years 3-6 Years 6-9 Years 9-12 Years 12-15 Years 15-18 Years

Year Total

Old Old Old Old Old Old

2016 111 34 6 27 21 21 2

2017 125 35 25 21 31 11 2

2018 113 25 31 34 15 6 2

2019 146 26 32 27 39 19 3

2020 209 47 57 29 41 31 4

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

4. Placed in Institutions

Unit: instance

0-3 Years 3-6 Years 6-9 Years 9-12 Years 12-15 Years 15-18 Years

Year Total

Old Old Old Old Old Old

2016 244 38 17 45 36 67 41

2017 251 31 34 37 43 72 35

2018 274 25 34 48 61 60 46

2019 436 59 48 60 91 126 51

2020 545 65 75 72 100 159 74

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Attachment 5-5 (Paragraph 109） Analysis of Instances of Continuous Placement for Child and

Youth Protection

1. Total Cases of Continuous Placement

Unit: instance

0-3 Years 3-6 Years 6-9 Years 9-12 Years 12-15 Years 15-18 Years

Year Total

Old Old Old Old Old Old

2016 858 147 60 209 134 228 80

2017 643 149 103 94 124 121 52

2018 490 63 82 106 97 79 63

2019 589 100 98 91 125 128 47

2020 768 123 131 107 139 203 65

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

2. Staying with Kinship Families

Unit: instance

0-3 Years 3-6 Years 6-9 Years 9-12 Years 12-15 Years 15-18 Years

Year Total

Old Old Old Old Old Old

2016 58 7 15 15 14 7 0

2017 48 13 11 4 3 13 4

2018 41 2 8 9 7 9 6

2019 46 5 10 6 10 7 8

2020 47 10 2 5 8 18 4

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

3. Staying with Foster Families

Unit: instance

0-3 Years 3-6 Years 6-9 Years 9-12 Years 12-15 Years 15-18 Years

Year Total

Old Old Old Old Old Old

2016 335 74 20 94 54 80 13

2017 295 90 56 47 65 28 9

2018 151 29 42 45 23 8 4

2019 163 34 35 30 42 19 3

2020 223 51 60 34 40 31 7

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

4. Placed in Institutions

Unit: instance

0-3 Years 3-6 Years 6-9 Years 9-12 Years 12-15 Years 15-18 Years

Year Total

Old Old Old Old Old Old

2016 465 66 25 100 66 141 67

2017 300 46 36 43 56 80 39

2018 298 32 32 52 67 62 53

2019 380 61 53 55 73 102 36

2020 496 62 69 68 89 154 54

Source: Ministry of Health and Welfare

Attachment 5-6 (Paragraph 109） Numbers of People in Family Non-Litigation Matters for Placement Concluded and Approved by District

Courts — Based on the Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act

1. Categorized by age

Unit: instance

Continuous Placement Extended Placement Placement Terminated or

Total (As per the first part of (As per the latter part of Revoked

Year Age Article 57, Paragraph 2) Article 57, Paragraph 2) (As per Article 59, Paragraph 3)

Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female

Under 3 Years Old 183 105 78 42 25 17 140 80 60 1 - 1

Between 3 and 6 Years Old 131 60 71 31 14 17 98 45 53 2 1 1

Between 6 and 9 Years Old 197 91 106 32 11 21 165 80 85 - - -

2016 Between 9 and 12 Years Old 181 85 96 31 14 17 150 71 79 - - -

Between 12 and 15 Years Old 195 43 152 41 10 31 153 33 120 1 - 1

Between 15 and 18 Years Old 122 45 77 14 4 10 108 41 67 - - -

Total 1,009 429 580 191 78 113 814 350 464 4 1 3

Under 3 Years Old 306 162 144 79 36 43 227 126 101 - - -

Between 3 and 6 Years Old 205 96 109 40 21 19 164 75 89 1 - 1

Between 6 and 9 Years Old 208 100 108 36 18 18 172 82 90 - - -

2017 Between 9 and 12 Years Old 205 104 101 26 9 17 179 95 84 - - -

Between 12 and 15 Years Old 188 62 126 27 6 21 161 56 105 - - -

Between 15 and 18 Years Old 157 41 116 16 4 12 141 37 104 - - -

Total 1,269 565 704 224 94 130 1,044 471 573 1 - 1

Unit: instance

Continuous Placement Extended Placement Placement Terminated or

Total (As per the first part of (As per the latter part of Revoked

Year Age Article 57, Paragraph 2) Article 57, Paragraph 2) (As per Article 59, Paragraph 3)

Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female

Under 3 Years Old 395 218 177 87 46 41 308 172 136 - - -

Between 3 and 6 Years Old 298 135 163 59 29 30 239 106 133 - - -

Between 6 and 9 Years Old 253 106 147 40 17 23 212 88 124 1 1 -

2018 Between 9 and 12 Years Old 256 123 133 38 16 22 218 107 111 - - -

Between 12 and 15 Years Old 211 68 143 35 9 26 175 59 116 1 - 1

Between 15 and 18 Years Old 177 38 139 30 6 24 146 32 114 1 - 1

Total 1,590 688 902 289 123 166 1,298 564 734 3 1 2

Under 3 Years Old 382 221 161 81 47 34 301 174 127 - - -

Between 3 and 6 Years Old 353 169 184 51 22 29 302 147 155 - - -

Between 6 and 9 Years Old 316 132 184 53 27 26 263 105 158 - - -

2019 Between 9 and 12 Years Old 281 147 134 48 21 27 232 126 106 1 - 1

Between 12 and 15 Years Old 246 84 162 49 15 34 196 69 127 1 - 1

Between 15 and 18 Years Old 182 35 147 20 4 16 161 31 130 1 - 1

Total 1,760 788 972 302 136 166 1,455 652 803 3 - 3

Under 3 Years Old 469 253 216 102 53 49 367 200 167 - - -

Between 3 and 6 Years Old 501 241 260 63 27 36 438 214 224 - - -

Between 6 and 9 Years Old 421 174 247 58 25 33 363 149 214 - - -

2020 Between 9 and 12 Years Old 321 156 165 49 25 24 272 131 141 - - -

Between 12 and 15 Years Old 347 107 240 71 16 55 276 91 185 - - -

Between 15 and 18 Years Old 203 47 156 32 3 29 171 44 127 - - -

Total 2,262 978 1,284 375 149 226 1,887 829 1,058 0 0 0

Unit: instance

Continuous Placement Extended Placement Placement Terminated or

Total (As per the first part of (As per the latter part of Revoked

Year Age Article 57, Paragraph 2) Article 57, Paragraph 2) (As per Article 59, Paragraph 3)

Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female

Under 3 Years Old 1,735 959 776 391 207 184 1,343 752 591 1 - 1

Between 3 and 6 Years Old 1,488 701 787 244 113 131 1,241 587 654 3 1 2

Between 6 and 9 Years Old 1,395 603 792 219 98 121 1,175 504 671 1 1 -

Total Between 9 and 12 Years Old 1,244 615 629 192 85 107 1,051 530 521 1 - 1

Between 12 and 15 Years Old 1,187 364 823 223 56 167 961 308 653 3 - 3

Between 15 and 18 Years Old 841 206 635 112 21 91 727 185 542 2 - 2

Total 7,890 3,448 4,442 1,381 580 801 6,498 2,866 3,632 11 2 9

Source: Judicial Yuan

Notes:

1. “District courts” as mentioned in this table refers to the district courts that handle family matters as well as juvenile and family courts.

2. The table shows the numbers of people in cases reported to courts for emergency placement or referred to courts for continuous/extended placement or

placement termination or revocation according to the Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act and concluded and approved by a district

court. Categorization by age, nationality, and gender is provided.

3. The nationality and age analyses of the table are based on trial system data.

4. The numbers of people involved stated in the table are based on the cases with trials completed at district courts. It is possible that the same person

experienced continuous placement and several instances of placement extension, and that the trial length exceeded a particular month or year.

2. Categorized by nationality

Unit: instance

Continuous Placement Extended Placement Placement Terminated or

Total (As per the first part of (As per the latter part of Revoked

Year Nationality Article 57, Paragraph 2) Article 57, Paragraph 2) (As per Article 59, Paragraph 3)

Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female

Republic of China (Taiwan) 4,120 1,725 2,395 839 361 478 3,275 1,362 1,913 6 2 4

Indonesia - - - - - - - - - - - -

Japan 3 3 - 1 1 - 2 2 - - - -

Philippines 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - - - -

2016

Vietnam - - - - - - - - - - - -

China - - - - - - - - - - - -

Other - - - - - - - - - - - -

Total 4,125 1,730 2,395 840 362 478 3,279 1,366 1,913 6 2 4

Republic of China (Taiwan) 4,545 1,993 2,552 915 383 532 3,627 1,610 2,017 3 - 3

Indonesia - - - - - - - - - - - -

Japan 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - -

Philippines 4 4 - - - - 4 4 - - - -

2017

Vietnam 1 - 1 - - - 1 - 1 - - -

China - - - - - - - - - - - -

Other - - - - - - - - - - - -

Total 4,551 1,998 2,553 915 383 532 3,633 1,615 2,018 3 - 3

Republic of China (Taiwan) 4,931 2,214 2,717 901 410 491 4,027 1,803 2,224 3 1 2

2018 Indonesia 9 4 5 6 3 3 3 1 2 - - -

Japan - - - - - - - - - - - -

Unit: instance

Continuous Placement Extended Placement Placement Terminated or

Total (As per the first part of (As per the latter part of Revoked

Year Nationality Article 57, Paragraph 2) Article 57, Paragraph 2) (As per Article 59, Paragraph 3)

Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female

Philippines 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - -

Vietnam - - - - - - - - - - - -

2018 China 3 - 3 1 - 1 2 - 2 - - -

Other 8 4 4 2 1 1 6 3 3 - - -

Total 4,952 2,223 2,729 910 414 496 4,039 1,808 2,231 3 1 2

Republic of China (Taiwan) 5,119 2,305 2,814 882 384 498 4,230 1,917 2,313 7 4 3

Indonesia 7 - 7 3 - 3 4 - 4 - - -

Japan - - - - - - - - - - - -

Philippines - - - - - - - - - - - -

2019

Vietnam 4 - 4 2 - 2 2 - 2 - - -

China 4 - 4 - - - 4 - 4 - - -

Other 21 4 17 3 - 3 18 4 14 - - -

Total 5,155 2,309 2,846 890 384 506 4,258 1,921 2,337 7 4 3

Republic of China (Taiwan) 5,700 2,551 3,149 962 404 558 4,734 2,145 2,589 4 2 2

Indonesia 7 - 7 1 - 1 6 - 6 - - -

Japan - - - - - - - - - - - -

Philippines - - - - - - - - - - - -

2020

Vietnam 13 - 13 - - - 13 - 13 - - -

China 3 1 2 - - - 3 1 2 - - -

Other 19 10 9 10 10 - 9 - 9 - - -

Total 5,742 2,562 3,180 973 414 559 4,765 2,146 2,619 4 2 2

Unit: instance

Continuous Placement Extended Placement Placement Terminated or

Total (As per the first part of (As per the latter part of Revoked

Year Nationality Article 57, Paragraph 2) Article 57, Paragraph 2) (As per Article 59, Paragraph 3)

Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female Instance Male Female

Republic of China (Taiwan) 24,415 10,788 13,627 4,499 1,942 2,557 19,893 8,837 11,056 23 9 14

Indonesia 23 4 19 10 3 7 13 1 12 - - -

Japan 4 4 - 1 1 - 3 3 - - - -

Philippines 7 7 - - - - 7 7 - - - -

Total

Vietnam 18 - 18 2 - 2 16 - 16 - - -

China 10 1 9 1 - 1 9 1 8 - - -

Other 48 18 30 15 11 4 33 7 26 - - -

Total 24,525 10,822 13,703 4,528 1,957 2,571 19,974 8,856 11,118 23 9 14