兒少人權監督平台

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United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived

of their Liberty

Adopted by General Assembly resolution 45/113 of 14 December 1990

I. Fundamental perspectives

1. The juvenile justice system should uphold the rights and safety and promote the physical and

mental well-being of juveniles. Imprisonment should be used as a last resort.

2. Juveniles should only be deprived of their liberty in accordance with the principles and procedures

set forth in these Rules and in the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of

Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules). Deprivation of the liberty of a juvenile should be a disposition of

last resort and for the minimum necessary period and should be limited to exceptional cases. The

length of the sanction should be determined by the judicial authority, without precluding the possibility

of his or her early release.

3. The Rules are intended to establish minimum standards accepted by the United Nations for the

protection of juveniles deprived of their liberty in all forms, consistent with human rights and

fundamental freedoms, and with a view to counteracting the detrimental effects of all types of

detention and to fostering integration in society.

4. The Rules should be applied impartially, without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex,

age, language, religion, nationality, political or other opinion, cultural beliefs or practices, property,

birth or family status, ethnic or social origin, and disability. The religious and cultural beliefs, practices

and moral concepts of the juvenile should be respected.

5. The Rules are designed to serve as convenient standards of reference and to provide

encouragement and guidance to professionals involved in the management of the juvenile justice

system.

6. The Rules should be made readily available to juvenile justice personnel in their national languages.

Juveniles who are not fluent in the language spoken by the personnel of the detention facility should

have the right to the services of an interpreter free of charge whenever necessary, in particular during

medical examinations and disciplinary proceedings.

7. Where appropriate, States should incorporate the Rules into their legislation or amend it accordingly

and provide effective remedies for their breach, including compensation when injuries are inflicted on

juveniles. States should also monitor the application of the Rules.

8. The competent authorities should constantly seek to increase the awareness of the public that the

care of detained juveniles and preparation for their return to society is a social service of great

importance, and to this end active steps should be taken to foster open contacts between the juveniles

and the local community.

9. Nothing in the Rules should be interpreted as precluding the application of the relevant United

Nations and human rights instruments and standards, recognized by the international community, that

are more conducive to ensuring the rights, care and protection of juveniles, children and all young

persons.

10. In the event that the practical application of particular Rules contained in sections II to V,

inclusive, presents any conflict with the Rules contained in the present section, compliance with the

latter shall be regarded as the predominant requirement.

II. Scope and application of the rules

11. For the purposes of the Rules, the following definitions should apply:

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( a ) A juvenile is every person under the age of 18. The age limit below which it should not be

permitted to deprive a child of his or her liberty should be determined by law;

( b ) The deprivation of liberty means any form of detention or imprisonment or the placement of a

person in a public or private custodial setting, from which this person is not permitted to leave at will,

by order of any judicial, administrative or other public authority.

12. The deprivation of liberty should be effected in conditions and circumstances which ensure respect

for the human rights of juveniles. Juveniles detained in facilities should be guaranteed the benefit of

meaningful activities and programmes which would serve to promote and sustain their health and self-

respect, to foster their sense of responsibility and encourage those attitudes and skills that will assist

them in developing their potential as members of society.

13. Juveniles deprived of their liberty shall not for any reason related to their status be denied the

civil, economic, political, social or cultural rights to which they are entitled under national or

international law, and which are compatible with the deprivation of liberty.

14. The protection of the individual rights of juveniles with special regard to the legality of the

execution of the detention measures shall be ensured by the competent authority, while the objectives

of social integration should be secured by regular inspections and other means of control carried out,

according to international standards, national laws and regulations, by a duly constituted body

authorized to visit the juveniles and not belonging to the detention facility.

15. The Rules apply to all types and forms of detention facilities in which juveniles are deprived of their

liberty. Sections I, II, IV and V of the Rules apply to all detention facilities and institutional settings in

which juveniles are detained, and section III applies specifically to juveniles under arrest or awaiting

trial.

16. The Rules shall be implemented in the context of the economic, social and cultural conditions

prevailing in each Member State.

III. Juveniles under arrest or awaiting trial

17. Juveniles who are detained under arrest or awaiting trial ("untried") are presumed innocent and

shall be treated as such. Detention before trial shall be avoided to the extent possible and limited to

exceptional circumstances. Therefore, all efforts shall be made to apply alternative measures. When

preventive detention is nevertheless used, juvenile courts and investigative bodies shall give the

highest priority to the most expeditious processing of such cases to ensure the shortest possible

duration of detention. Untried detainees should be separated from convicted juveniles.

18. The conditions under which an untried juvenile is detained should be consistent with the rules set

out below, with additional specific provisions as are necessary and appropriate, given the requirements

of the presumption of innocence, the duration of the detention and the legal status and circumstances

of the juvenile. These provisions would include, but not necessarily be restricted to, the following:

( a ) Juveniles should have the right of legal counsel and be enabled to apply for free legal aid, where

such aid is available, and to communicate regularly with their legal advisers. Privacy and confidentiality

shall be ensured for such communications;

( b ) Juveniles should be provided, where possible, with opportunities to pursue work, with

remuneration, and continue education or training, but should not be required to do so. Work,

education or training should not cause the continuation of the detention;

( c ) Juveniles should receive and retain materials for their leisure and recreation as are compatible

with the interests of the administration of justice.

IV. The management of juvenile facilities

A. Records

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19. All reports, including legal records, medical records and records of disciplinary proceedings, and all

other documents relating to the form, content and details of treatment, should be placed in a

confidential individual file, which should be kept up to date, accessible only to authorized persons and

classified in such a way as to be easily understood. Where possible, every juvenile should have the

right to contest any fact or opinion contained in his or her file so as to permit rectification of

inaccurate, unfounded or unfair statements. In order to exercise this right, there should be procedures

that allow an appropriate third party to have access to and to consult the file on request. Upon release,

the records of juveniles shall be sealed, and, at an appropriate time, expunged.

20. No juvenile should be received in any detention facility without a valid commitment order of a

judicial, administrative or other public authority. The details of this order should be immediately

entered in the register. No juvenile should be detained in any facility where there is no such register.

B. Admission, registration, movement and transfer

21. In every place where juveniles are detained, a complete and secure record of the following

information should be kept concerning each juvenile received:

( a ) Information on the identity of the juvenile;

( b ) The fact of and reasons for commitment and the authority therefor;

( c ) The day and hour of admission, transfer and release;

( d ) Details of the notifications to parents and guardians on every admission, transfer or release of the

juvenile in their care at the time of commitment;

( e ) Details of known physical and mental health problems, including drug and alcohol abuse.

22. The information on admission, place, transfer and release should be provided without delay to the

parents and guardians or closest relative of the juvenile concerned.

23. As soon as possible after reception, full reports and relevant information on the personal situation

and circumstances of each juvenile should be drawn up and submitted to the administration.

24. On admission, all juveniles shall be given a copy of the rules governing the detention facility and a

written description of their rights and obligations in a language they can understand, together with the

address of the authorities competent to receive complaints, as well as the address of public or private

agencies and organizations which provide legal assistance. For those juveniles who are illiterate or who

cannot understand the language in the written form, the information should be conveyed in a manner

enabling full comprehension.

25. All juveniles should be helped to understand the regulations governing the internal organization of

the facility, the goals and methodology of the care provided, the disciplinary requirements and

procedures, other authorized methods of seeking information and of making complaints and all such

other matters as are necessary to enable them to understand fully their rights and obligations during

detention.

26. The transport of juveniles should be carried out at the expense of the administration in

conveyances with adequate ventilation and light, in conditions that should in no way subject them to

hardship or indignity. Juveniles should not be transferred from one facility to another arbitrarily.

C. Classification and placement

27. As soon as possible after the moment of admission, each juvenile should be interviewed, and a

psychological and social report identifying any factors relevant to the specific type and level of care

and programme required by the juvenile should be prepared. This report, together with the report

prepared by a medical officer who has examined the juvenile upon admission, should be forwarded to

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the director for purposes of determining the most appropriate placement for the juvenile within the

facility and the specific type and level of care and programme required and to be pursued. When

special rehabilitative treatment is required, and the length of stay in the facility permits, trained

personnel of the facility should prepare a written, individualized treatment plan specifying treatment

objectives and time-frame and the means, stages and delays with which the objectives should be

approached.

28. The detention of juveniles should only take place under conditions that take full account of their

particular needs, status and special requirements according to their age, personality, sex and type of

offence, as well as mental and physical health, and which ensure their protection from harmful

influences and risk situations. The principal criterion for the separation of different categories of

juveniles deprived of their liberty should be the provision of the type of care best suited to the

particular needs of the individuals concerned and the protection of their physical, mental and moral

integrity and well-being.

29. In all detention facilities juveniles should be separated from adults, unless they are members of

the same family. Under controlled conditions, juveniles may be brought together with carefully

selected adults as part of a special programme that has been shown to be beneficial for the juveniles

concerned.

30. Open detention facilities for juveniles should be established. Open detention facilities are those

with no or minimal security measures. The population in such detention facilities should be as small as

possible. The number of juveniles detained in closed facilities should be small enough to enable

individualized treatment. Detention facilities for juveniles should be decentralized and of such size as

to facilitate access and contact between the juveniles and their families. Small-scale detention facilities

should be established and integrated into the social, economic and cultural environment of the

community.

D. Physical environment and accommodation

31. Juveniles deprived of their liberty have the right to facilities and services that meet all the

requirements of health and human dignity.

32. The design of detention facilities for juveniles and the physical environment should be in keeping

with the rehabilitative aim of residential treatment, with due regard to the need of the juvenile for

privacy, sensory stimuli, opportunities for association with peers and participation in sports, physical

exercise and leisure-time activities. The design and structure of juvenile detention facilities should be

such as to minimize the risk of fire and to ensure safe evacuation from the premises. There should be

an effective alarm system in case of fire, as well as formal and drilled procedures to ensure the safety

of the juveniles. Detention facilities should not be located in areas where there are known health or

other hazards or risks.

33. Sleeping accommodation should normally consist of small group dormitories or individual

bedrooms, while bearing in mind local standards. During sleeping hours there should be regular,

unobtrusive supervision of all sleeping areas, including individual rooms and group dormitories, in

order to ensure the protection of each juvenile. Every juvenile should, in accordance with local or

national standards, be provided with separate and sufficient bedding, which should be clean when

issued, kept in good order and changed often enough to ensure cleanliness.

34. Sanitary installations should be so located and of a sufficient standard to enable every juvenile to

comply, as required, with their physical needs in privacy and in a clean and decent manner.

35. The possession of personal effects is a basic element of the right to privacy and essential to the

psychological well-being of the juvenile. The right of every juvenile to possess personal effects and to

have adequate storage facilities for them should be fully recognized and respected. Personal effects

that the juvenile does not choose to retain or that are confiscated should be placed in safe custody. An

inventory thereof should be signed by the juvenile. Steps should be taken to keep them in good

condition. All such articles and money should be returned to the juvenile on release, except in so far as

he or she has been authorized to spend money or send such property out of the facility. If a juvenile

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receives or is found in possession of any medicine, the medical officer should decide what use should

be made of it.

36. To the extent possible juveniles should have the right to use their own clothing. Detention facilities

should ensure that each juvenile has personal clothing suitable for the climate and adequate to ensure

good health, and which should in no manner be degrading or humiliating. Juveniles removed from or

leaving a facility for any purpose should be allowed to wear their own clothing.

37. Every detention facility shall ensure that every juvenile receives food that is suitably prepared and

presented at normal meal times and of a quality and quantity to satisfy the standards of dietetics,

hygiene and health and, as far as possible, religious and cultural requirements. Clean drinking water

should be available to every juvenile at any time.

E. Education, vocational training and work

38. Every juvenile of compulsory school age has the right to education suited to his or her needs and

abilities and designed to prepare him or her for return to society. Such education should be provided

outside the detention facility in community schools wherever possible and, in any case, by qualified

teachers through programmes integrated with the education system of the country so that, after

release, juveniles may continue their education without difficulty. Special attention should be given by

the administration of the detention facilities to the education of juveniles of foreign origin or with

particular cultural or ethnic needs. Juveniles who are illiterate or have cognitive or learning difficulties

should have the right to special education.

39. Juveniles above compulsory school age who wish to continue their education should be permitted

and encouraged to do so, and every effort should be made to provide them with access to appropriate

educational programmes.

40. Diplomas or educational certificates awarded to juveniles while in detention should not indicate in

any way that the juvenile has been institutionalized.

41. Every detention facility should provide access to a library that is adequately stocked with both

instructional and recreational books and periodicals suitable for the juveniles, who should be

encouraged and enabled to make full use of it.

42. Every juvenile should have the right to receive vocational training in occupations likely to prepare

him or her for future employment.

43. With due regard to proper vocational selection and to the requirements of institutional

administration, juveniles should be able to choose the type of work they wish to perform.

44. All protective national and international standards applicable to child labour and young workers

should apply to juveniles deprived of their liberty.

45. Wherever possible, juveniles should be provided with the opportunity to perform remunerated

labour, if possible within the local community, as a complement to the vocational training provided in

order to enhance the possibility of finding suitable employment when they return to their communities.

The type of work should be such as to provide appropriate training that will be of benefit to the

juveniles following release. The organization and methods of work offered in detention facilities should

resemble as closely as possible those of similar work in the community, so as to prepare juveniles for

the conditions of normal occupational life.

46. Every juvenile who performs work should have the right to an equitable remuneration. The

interests of the juveniles and of their vocational training should not be subordinated to the purpose of

making a profit for the detention facility or a third party. Part of the earnings of a juvenile should

normally be set aside to constitute a savings fund to be handed over to the juvenile on release. The

juvenile should have the right to use the remainder of those earnings to purchase articles for his or her

own use or to indemnify the victim injured by his or her offence or to send it to his or her family or

other persons outside the detention facility.

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F. Recreation

47. Every juvenile should have the right to a suitable amount of time for daily free exercise, in the

open air whenever weather permits, during which time appropriate recreational and physical training

should normally be provided. Adequate space, installations and equipment should be provided for

these activities. Every juvenile should have additional time for daily leisure activities, part of which

should be devoted, if the juvenile so wishes, to arts and crafts skill development. The detention facility

should ensure that each juvenile is physically able to participate in the available programmes of

physical education. Remedial physical education and therapy should be offered, under medical

supervision, to juveniles needing it.

G. Religion

48. Every juvenile should be allowed to satisfy the needs of his or her religious and spiritual life, in

particular by attending the services or meetings provided in the detention facility or by conducting his

or her own services and having possession of the necessary books or items of religious observance and

instruction of his or her denomination. If a detention facility contains a sufficient number of juveniles of

a given religion, one or more qualified representatives of that religion should be appointed or approved

and allowed to hold regular services and to pay pastoral visits in private to juveniles at their request.

Every juvenile should have the right to receive visits from a qualified representative of any religion of

his or her choice, as well as the right not to participate in religious services and freely to decline

religious education, counselling or indoctrination.

H. Medical care

49. Every juvenile shall receive adequate medical care, both preventive and remedial, including dental,

ophthalmological and mental health care, as well as pharmaceutical products and special diets as

medically indicated. All such medical care should, where possible, be provided to detained juveniles

through the appropriate health facilities and services of the community in which the detention facility is

located, in order to prevent stigmatization of the juvenile and promote self-respect and integration into

the community.

50. Every juvenile has a right to be examined by a physician immediately upon admission to a

detention facility, for the purpose of recording any evidence of prior ill-treatment and identifying any

physical or mental condition requiring medical attention.

51. The medical services provided to juveniles should seek to detect and should treat any physical or

mental illness, substance abuse or other condition that may hinder the integration of the juvenile into

society. Every detention facility for juveniles should have immediate access to adequate medical

facilities and equipment appropriate to the number and requirements of its residents and staff trained

in preventive health care and the handling of medical emergencies. Every juvenile who is ill, who

complains of illness or who demonstrates symptoms of physical or mental difficulties, should be

examined promptly by a medical officer.

52. Any medical officer who has reason to believe that the physical or mental health of a juvenile has

been or will be injuriously affected by continued detention, a hunger strike or any condition of

detention should report this fact immediately to the director of the detention facility in question and to

the independent authority responsible for safeguarding the well-being of the juvenile.

53. A juvenile who is suffering from mental illness should be treated in a specialized institution under

independent medical management. Steps should be taken, by arrangement with appropriate agencies,

to ensure any necessary continuation of mental health care after release.

54. Juvenile detention facilities should adopt specialized drug abuse prevention and rehabilitation

programmes administered by qualified personnel. These programmes should be adapted to the age,

sex and other requirements of the juveniles concerned, and detoxification facilities and services staffed

by trained personnel should be available to drug- or alcohol-dependent juveniles.

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55. Medicines should be administered only for necessary treatment on medical grounds and, when

possible, after having obtained the informed consent of the juvenile concerned. In particular, they

must not be administered with a view to eliciting information or a confession, as a punishment or as a

means of restraint. Juveniles shall never be testees in the experimental use of drugs and treatment.

The administration of any drug should always be authorized and carried out by qualified medical

personnel.

I. Notification of illness, injury and death

56. The family or guardian of a juvenile and any other person designated by the juvenile have the right

to be informed of the state of health of the juvenile on request and in the event of any important

changes in the health of the juvenile. The director of the detention facility should notify immediately

the family or guardian of the juvenile concerned, or other designated person, in case of death, illness

requiring transfer of the juvenile to an outside medical facility, or a condition requiring clinical care

within the detention facility for more than 48 hours. Notification should also be given to the consular

authorities of the State of which a foreign juvenile is a citizen.

57. Upon the death of a juvenile during the period of deprivation of liberty, the nearest relative should

have the right to inspect the death certificate, see the body and determine the method of disposal of

the body. Upon the death of a juvenile in detention, there should be an independent inquiry into the

causes of death, the report of which should be made accessible to the nearest relative. This inquiry

should also be made when the death of a juvenile occurs within six months from the date of his or her

release from the detention facility and there is reason to believe that the death is related to the period

of detention.

58. A juvenile should be informed at the earliest possible time of the death, serious illness or injury of

any immediate family member and should be provided with the opportunity to attend the funeral of

the deceased or go to the bedside of a critically ill relative.

J. Contacts with the wider community

59. Every means should be provided to ensure that juveniles have adequate communication with the

outside world, which is an integral part of the right to fair and humane treatment and is essential to

the preparation of juveniles for their return to society. Juveniles should be allowed to communicate

with their families, friends and other persons or representatives of reputable outside organizations, to

leave detention facilities for a visit to their home and family and to receive special permission to leave

the detention facility for educational, vocational or other important reasons. Should the juvenile be

serving a sentence, the time spent outside a detention facility should be counted as part of the period

of sentence.

60. Every juvenile should have the right to receive regular and frequent visits, in principle once a week

and not less than once a month, in circumstances that respect the need of the juvenile for privacy,

contact and unrestricted communication with the family and the defence counsel.

61. Every juvenile should have the right to communicate in writing or by telephone at least twice a

week with the person of his or her choice, unless legally restricted, and should be assisted as

necessary in order effectively to enjoy this right. Every juvenile should have the right to receive

correspondence.

62. Juveniles should have the opportunity to keep themselves informed regularly of the news by

reading newspapers, periodicals and other publications, through access to radio and television

programmes and motion pictures, and through the visits of the representatives of any lawful club or

organization in which the juvenile is interested.

K. Limitations of physical restraint and the use of force

63. Recourse to instruments of restraint and to force for any purpose should be prohibited, except as

set forth in rule 64 below.

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64. Instruments of restraint and force can only be used in exceptional cases, where all other control

methods have been exhausted and failed, and only as explicitly authorized and specified by law and

regulation. They should not cause humiliation or degradation, and should be used restrictively and only

for the shortest possible period of time. By order of the director of the administration, such

instruments might be resorted to in order to prevent the juvenile from inflicting self-injury, injuries to

others or serious destruction of property. In such instances, the director should at once consult

medical and other relevant personnel and report to the higher administrative authority.

65. The carrying and use of weapons by personnel should be prohibited in any facility where juveniles

are detained.

L. Disciplinary procedures

66. Any disciplinary measures and procedures should maintain the interest of safety and an ordered

community life and should be consistent with the upholding of the inherent dignity of the juvenile and

the fundamental objective of institutional care, namely, instilling a sense of justice, self-respect and

respect for the basic rights of every person.

67. All disciplinary measures constituting cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment shall be strictly

prohibited, including corporal punishment, placement in a dark cell, closed or solitary confinement or

any other punishment that may compromise the physical or mental health of the juvenile concerned.

The reduction of diet and the restriction or denial of contact with family members should be prohibited

for any purpose. Labour should always be viewed as an educational tool and a means of promoting the

self-respect of the juvenile in preparing him or her for return to the community and should not be

imposed as a disciplinary sanction. No juvenile should be sanctioned more than once for the same

disciplinary infraction. Collective sanctions should be prohibited.

68. Legislation or regulations adopted by the competent administrative authority should establish

norms concerning the following, taking full account of the fundamental characteristics, needs and

rights of juveniles:

( a ) Conduct constituting a disciplinary offence;

( b ) Type and duration of disciplinary sanctions that may be inflicted;

( c ) The authority competent to impose such sanctions;

( d ) The authority competent to consider appeals.

69. A report of misconduct should be presented promptly to the competent authority, which should

decide on it without undue delay. The competent authority should conduct a thorough examination of

the case.

70. No juvenile should be disciplinarily sanctioned except in strict accordance with the terms of the law

and regulations in force. No juvenile should be sanctioned unless he or she has been informed of the

alleged infraction in a manner appropriate to the full understanding of the juvenile, and given a proper

opportunity of presenting his or her defence, including the right of appeal to a competent impartial

authority. Complete records should be kept of all disciplinary proceedings.

71. No juveniles should be responsible for disciplinary functions except in the supervision of specified

social, educational or sports activities or in self-government programmes.

M. Inspection and complaints

72. Qualified inspectors or an equivalent duly constituted authority not belonging to the administration

of the facility should be empowered to conduct inspections on a regular basis and to undertake

unannounced inspections on their own initiative, and should enjoy full guarantees of independence in

the exercise of this function. Inspectors should have unrestricted access to all persons employed by or

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working in any facility where juveniles are or may be deprived of their liberty, to all juveniles and to all

records of such facilities.

73. Qualified medical officers attached to the inspecting authority or the public health service should

participate in the inspections, evaluating compliance with the rules concerning the physical

environment, hygiene, accommodation, food, exercise and medical services, as well as any other

aspect or conditions of institutional life that affect the physical and mental health of juveniles. Every

juvenile should have the right to talk in confidence to any inspecting officer.

74. After completing the inspection, the inspector should be required to submit a report on the

findings. The report should include an evaluation of the compliance of the detention facilities with the

present rules and relevant provisions of national law, and recommendations regarding any steps

considered necessary to ensure compliance with them. Any facts discovered by an inspector that

appear to indicate that a violation of legal provisions concerning the rights of juveniles or the operation

of a juvenile detention facility has occurred should be communicated to the competent authorities for

investigation and prosecution.

75. Every juvenile should have the opportunity of making requests or complaints to the director of the

detention facility and to his or her authorized representative.

76. Every juvenile should have the right to make a request or complaint, without censorship as to

substance, to the central administration, the judicial authority or other proper authorities through

approved channels, and to be informed of the response without delay.

77. Efforts should be made to establish an independent office (ombudsman) to receive and investigate

complaints made by juveniles deprived of their liberty and to assist in the achievement of equitable

settlements.

78. Every juvenile should have the right to request assistance from family members, legal counsellors,

humanitarian groups or others where possible, in order to make a complaint. Illiterate juveniles should

be provided with assistance should they need to use the services of public or private agencies and

organizations which provide legal counsel or which are competent to receive complaints.

N. Return to the community

79. All juveniles should benefit from arrangements designed to assist them in returning to society,

family life, education or employment after release. Procedures, including early release, and special

courses should be devised to this end.

80. Competent authorities should provide or ensure services to assist juveniles in re-establishing

themselves in society and to lessen prejudice against such juveniles. These services should ensure, to

the extent possible, that the juvenile is provided with suitable residence, employment, clothing, and

sufficient means to maintain himself or herself upon release in order to facilitate successful

reintegration. The representatives of agencies providing such services should be consulted and should

have access to juveniles while detained, with a view to assisting them in their return to the

community.

V. Personnel

81. Personnel should be qualified and include a sufficient number of specialists such as educators,

vocational instructors, counsellors, social workers, psychiatrists and psychologists. These and other

specialist staff should normally be employed on a permanent basis. This should not preclude part-time

or volunteer workers when the level of support and training they can provide is appropriate and

beneficial. Detention facilities should make use of all remedial, educational, moral, spiritual, and other

resources and forms of assistance that are appropriate and available in the community, according to

the individual needs and problems of detained juveniles.

82. The administration should provide for the careful selection and recruitment of every grade and

type of personnel, since the proper management of detention facilities depends on their integrity,

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humanity, ability and professional capacity to deal with juveniles, as well as personal suitability for the

work.

83. To secure the foregoing ends, personnel should be appointed as professional officers with adequate

remuneration to attract and retain suitable women and men. The personnel of juvenile detention

facilities should be continually encouraged to fulfil their duties and obligations in a humane,

committed, professional, fair and efficient manner, to conduct themselves at all times in such a way as

to deserve and gain the respect of the juveniles, and to provide juveniles with a positive role model

and perspective.

84. The administration should introduce forms of organization and management that facilitate

communications between different categories of staff in each detention facility so as to enhance

cooperation between the various services engaged in the care of juveniles, as well as between staff

and the administration, with a view to ensuring that staff directly in contact with juveniles are able to

function in conditions favourable to the efficient fulfilment of their duties.

85. The personnel should receive such training as will enable them to carry out their responsibilities

effectively, in particular training in child psychology, child welfare and international standards and

norms of human rights and the rights of the child, including the present Rules. The personnel should

maintain and improve their knowledge and professional capacity by attending courses of in-service

training, to be organized at suitable intervals throughout their career.

86. The director of a facility should be adequately qualified for his or her task, with administrative

ability and suitable training and experience, and should carry out his or her duties on a full-time basis.

87. In the performance of their duties, personnel of detention facilities should respect and protect the

human dignity and fundamental human rights of all juveniles, in particular, as follows:

( a ) No member of the detention facility or institutional personnel may inflict, instigate or tolerate any

act of torture or any form of harsh, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, punishment, correction or

discipline under any pretext or circumstance whatsoever;

( b ) All personnel should rigorously oppose and combat any act of corruption, reporting it without

delay to the competent authorities;

( c ) All personnel should respect the present Rules. Personnel who have reason to believe that a

serious violation of the present Rules has occurred or is about to occur should report the matter to

their superior authorities or organs vested with reviewing or remedial power;

( d ) All personnel should ensure the full protection of the physical and mental health of juveniles,

including protection from physical, sexual and emotional abuse and exploitation, and should take

immediate action to secure medical attention whenever required;

( e ) All personnel should respect the right of the juvenile to privacy, and, in particular, should

safeguard all confidential matters concerning juveniles or their families learned as a result of their

professional capacity;

( f ) All personnel should seek to minimize any differences between life inside and outside the

detention facility which tend to lessen due respect for the dignity of juveniles as human beings.

來源 PDF: 84_20240217115558_0631273.pdf

37. 聯合國保護被剝奪自由少年規則

一九九〇年十二月十四日第 45/113 號決議通過

一、基本原則

1. 少年司法系統應維護少年的權利和安全，增進少年的身心福祉，監禁辦

法只應作為最後手段加以採用。

2. 只應根據本《規則》和《聯合國少年司法最低限度標準規則》所規定原

則和程式來剝奪少年的自由。剝奪少年的自由應作為最後的一種處置手

段，時間應盡可能短，並只限於特殊情況。制裁的期限應由司法當局確

定，同時不排除今後早日釋放的可能性。

3. 本《規則》旨在制訂出符合人權和基本自由為聯合國所接受保護以各種

形式被剝奪自由少年的最低限度標準，目的在避免一切拘留形式的有害

影響，並促進社會融合。

4. 本《規則》應公正無私地適用于所有少年，不得由於種族、膚色、性

別、年齡、語言、宗教、國籍、政治觀點或其他見解、文化信仰或習

俗、財產、出生或家庭地位、族裔本源或社會出身、或殘疾而有任何歧

視。少年的宗教文化信仰、習俗及道德觀念應得到尊重。

5. 制訂《規則》是為了向管理少年司法系統的專業人員提供一種現成的參

考標準、鼓勵和指導。

6. 本《規則》應以本國語文印發給少年司法工作人員。不熟悉拘留所內工

作人員所用語文的少年應有權在必要時獲得傳譯服務，特別應有權在體

格檢查和紀律程式過程中獲得這種服務。

7. 各國酌情將本《規則》納入本國立法或對本國立法作出相應修正，並對

違反本《規則》情事規定有效補救措施，包括少年受到傷害時為其提供

賠償。各國還應監測本《規則》的適用情況。

8. 主管機構應不斷致力，使公眾認識到，照料好被拘留的少年，讓他們為

重返社會作好準備，是一項非常重要的社會服務，為此目的，應採取積

極步驟，促進少年與當地社區的公開接觸。

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9. 本《規則》中的任何規定不得解釋為免予執行國際社會所公認有助於少

年兒童和所有青年人的權利、照料和保護的有關聯合國人權文書和標

準。

10. 遇本《規則》第二至第五部分所載某些規則的實際應用與第一部分所載

規則發生任何衝突時，遵守第一部分則應視為主要要求。

二、規則的範圍和適用

11. 為本《規則》的目的，應採用以下定義：

(a) 少年系指未滿 18 歲者。應由法律規定一年齡界限，對在這一

年齡界限以下的兒童不得剝奪其自由；

(b) 剝奪自由系指對一個人採取任何形式的拘留或監禁，或將其安

置於另一公私拘禁處所，由於任何司法、行政或其他公共當局

的命令而不准自行離去。

12. 剝奪自由的實施情況應以確保尊重少年的人權為條件。應當保證拘留在

各種設施內的少年能得益于有意義的活動和課程，這些活動和課程將有

助於增進他們的健康，增強他們的自尊心，培養他們的責任感，鼓勵他

們培養有助於他們發揮社會一員的潛力的態度和技能。

13. 被剝奪自由的少年不應因有關這一身份的任何理由而喪失其根據國內法

或國際法有權享有並與剝奪自由情況相容的公民、經濟、政治、社會或

文化權利。

14. 少年各項權利的保護特別是關於執行拘留措施的合法性應由司法當局加

以保證，而社會融合的各項目標則應根據國際標準、本國法律和條例，

由獲准探訪少年但不屬於拘留設施的一個適當組成機關進行定期檢查及

執行其他管理措施來加以保證。

15. 本《規則》適用于被剝奪自由少年所在的任何類別和形式的拘留設施。

本《規則》第一、第二、第四和第五部分適用于扣押少年的一切拘留設

施和機構處所，第三部分則針對被逮捕或待審訊的少年。

16. 本《規則》應根據每個會員國普遍的經濟社會和文化條件加以實施。

三、被逮捕或待審訊的少年

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17. 被逮捕扣押的少年或待審訊(“未審訊”)的少年應假定是無罪的，並當作

無罪者對待。應盡可能避免審訊前拘留的情況，並只限於特殊情況。因

此，應作出一切努力，採用其他的替代辦法。在不得已採取預防性拘留

的情況下，少年法院和調查機構應給予最優先處理，以最快捷方式處理

此種案件，以保證盡可能縮短拘留時間。應將未審訊的拘留者與已判罪

的少年分隔開來。

18. 未審訊少年拘留的待遇條件應與下述各項規定相一致，必要時還可酌情

根據假定無罪的要求、拘留期限和有關少年的法律地位和狀況，作出具

體的補充規定。這些規定應包括但不一定只限於下列各項：

(a) 這些少年應有權得到法律顧問，並應能申請免費法律援助(如有

這種援助的話)，並能經常與法律顧問進行聯繫。此種聯繫應保

證能私下進行，嚴守機密；

(b) 如果有可能，應向這些少年提供機會從事有酬工作或繼續接受

教育或培訓，但不應要求他們一定這樣做。而工作、教育或培

訓都不應引致繼續拘留；

(c) 這些少年應可得到和保留一些消遣和娛樂用具，只要符合司法

管理的利益。

四、少年設施的管理

A. 記 錄

19. 所有報告包括法律記錄、醫療記錄和紀律程式記錄以及與待遇的形式、

內容和細節有關的所有其他文件，均應放入保密的個人檔案內，該檔案

應不時補充新的材料，非特許人員不得查閱，其分類編號應使人一目了

然。在可能情況下，每個少年均應有權對本人檔案中所載任何事實或意

見提出異議，以便糾正那些不切確、無根據或不公正的陳述。為了行使

這一權利，應訂立程式，允許根據請求由適當的第三者查閱這種檔案。

釋放時，少年的記錄應封存，並在適當時候加以銷毀。

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20. 任何拘留所在未獲得司法、行政或其他公共當局的有效拘留令時，均不

得接受任何少年入所。拘留令的內容應立即登記入冊。不得將少年拘留

在任何沒有這種登記冊的設施內。

B.. 入所、登記、遷移和轉所

21. 在所有拘留少年的場所，均應保存下列關於所接受的少年的完整而可靠

的資料記錄：

(a) 關於該少年的身份的資料；

(b) 拘留的事實和理由以及有關負責當局；

(c) 入所、轉所和釋放的日期和時間；

(d) 每一次接收少年入所、或將其照料下的少年轉所或釋放時，將

情況通知其家長或監護人的具體內容；

(e) 已知身心健康問題的細節，包括吸毒和酗酒在內。

22. 應毫不遲延地向有關少年的家長和監護人或關係最近的親屬提供上述入

所、安置、轉所和釋放的資料。

23. 接收後應儘快就每一少年的個人情況和處境擬寫全面報告和有關資料，

提交管理部門。

24. 少年入所時，應發給每人一本以其易懂語文刊印的有關拘留設施的規定

及其權利和義務的書面說明，連同負責受理申訴的主管當局的地址以及

能提供法律協助的公私機構或組織的位址，如少年為文盲或看不懂書面

資料，應以能使他充分理解的方式向他傳達資料內容。

25. 應説明所有少年瞭解有關該拘留所內部組織的條例、所提供照料的目的

和方法、紀律要求和程式、獲取資料和提出申訴的其他所允許方法以及

所有為使他們充分理解其拘留期間的權利和義務所必要的其他事項。

26. 運送少年的費用應由管理部門負擔，運送工具應通風良好、光線充足，

其條件應是不使他們感到難受或失去尊嚴。不得任意將少年從一所轉到

另一所。

C. 分類和安置

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27. 少年入所後，應儘快找他們談話，撰寫一份有關心理及社會狀況的報

告，說明與該少年所需管教方案的特定類型和等級有關的任何因素。此

報告應連同該少年入所時對其進行體格檢查的醫官報告一起送交所長，

以便在所內為該少年確定最適宜的安置地點及其所需和擬採用的特定類

型和等級的管教方案。如需要特別感化待遇，且留在該所的時間許可，

則應由該所訓練有素的人員擬定一項個別管教書面計畫，說明管教目的

和時間構想以及應用以達到目標的方式、階段和延遲情況。

28. 拘留少年的環境條件必須根據他們的年齡、個性、性別、犯罪類別以及

身心健康充分考慮到他們的具體需要、身份和特殊要求，確保使他們免

受有害的影響和不致碰到危險情況。將被剝奪自由的各類少年實行分開

管理的主要標準是提供最適合有關個人特殊需要的管教方式，保護其身

心道德和福祉。

29. 在各種拘留機構內，少年應與成人隔離，除非他們屬於同一家庭的成

員。作為確經證明有益於所涉少年的特別管教方案內容的一部分，可在

管制情況下讓少年與經過慎重挑選的成人在一起。

30. 應為少年設立開放性的拘留所，開放性的拘留所是完全沒有或很少警備

設施的場所。這類拘留所內人數應盡可能不多。拘留在完全關閉的拘留

所內的少年人數也應不多以便進行個別管教。少年拘留所應進行分權管

理，且其規模應便於少年與其家庭的聯繫和接觸。應設小型拘留所，與

社區的社會、經濟和文化環境融合。

D. 物質環境和住宿條件

31. 被剝奪自由的少年有權享有可滿足一切健康和尊嚴要求的設施和服務。

32. 少年拘留所的設計和物質環境應符合收容教養改過自新的目的，並應適

當顧及少年的隱私、對感官刺激、與同齡人交往和參加文體娛樂活動的

需要。少年拘留所的設計和結構應儘量減少火災危險，確保能從房舍中

安全撤出。應裝置有效的火警系統，建立正規的經常演習制度來保證少

年的安全。拘留所不得建造在明知有害健康或有其他危險的地區。

33. 寢室通常應為小組集體宿舍或個人睡房，並須注意到當地的標準。于睡

眠時間應經常對所有住宿地區包括單人房間和集體宿舍進行不打擾人的

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 檢查，以保證每個少年的安全。應按照地方或國家標準，向每一少年發

放足夠的乾淨被褥，並應保持整齊和經常更換以確保乾淨。

34. 便所的位置和標準應使所內每一少年于需要時可正當方便，並應清潔隱

蔽。

35. 持有個人財物是隱私權的一項基本內容，對少年的心理健康至關重要。

應充分承認和尊重每一個少年持有個人財物和擁有充分設施來存放這些

財物的權利。少年個人財物中本人不想保留的或予以沒收的部分，應置

於安全保管之下。保管財物的清單應由少年簽字。應採取措施使這些財

物保持完好。除准許其花掉的錢或向外界寄送的財物外，所有這些物件

和金錢均應在該少年獲釋時如數歸還。如少年收到或被發現持有任何藥

品，應由醫官決定應如何使用。

36. 所內少年應有權盡可能穿用自己的衣服。拘留所應確保每一少年得到適

合氣候和足以保持其健康的衣服，這種衣服絕不得是污辱性或屈辱性

的。應允許出於任何原因調離或離開拘留所的少年穿自己的衣服。

37. 每個拘留所應確保所內少年均應有權享用經過適當製作並在正常用餐時

間提供的食品，其品質和數量應滿足營養、衛生和健康標準，並盡可能

考慮到宗教和文化方面的要求。應隨時向每一少年提供清潔飲水。

E. 教育、職業培訓和工作

38. 達到義務教育年齡的所有少年均有權獲得與其需要和能力相應並以幫助

其重返社會為宗旨的教育。這種教育應盡可能在拘留所外的社區學校裡

進行，但無論如何應有合格的教師，其課程應與本國的教育制度一致，

以便獲釋後能繼續學業而不感到困難。拘留所管理部門應特別注意外籍

的或具有特殊文化或族裔需要的少年的教育。文盲或有認知或學習困難

的少年應有權接受特殊教育。

39. 應允許和鼓勵超過義務教育年齡但仍想繼續學習的少年繼續學習，應盡

力為他們提供獲得適當的教育課程的機會。

40. 向拘留所內的少年頒發畢業文憑或學歷證明時，不應以任何方式表示該

少年曾受拘留教養。

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41. 每一拘留所均應有圖書館，藏有數量足夠宜於少年閱讀的知識性和娛樂

性圖書，應鼓勵所內少年能夠充分利用這些圖書。

42. 所內少年均應有權獲得職業培訓，所選職業應能使其為今後的就業做好

準備。

43. 在正當選擇職業並合乎拘留所管理部門的要求範圍內，所內少年應能按

照自己的願望選擇所想從事的工作。

44. 適用于童工和青年工人的所有國家和國際保護性標準均應適用于被剝奪

自由的少年。

45. 應盡可能讓所內少年最好在當地社區從事有報酬的勞動，以補充所提供

的職業培訓，增加其在重返社區後獲得適當就業的可能性。所提供的工

作應能作為適當的培訓，對少年獲釋後有所助益。拘留所內提供工作的

安排和方法應儘量與社區內類似工作的安排和方法相同，以使少年適應

正常的職業生活條件。

46. 參加工作的所內少年均有權獲得公平的報酬。為拘留所或為協力廠商贏

利的這一目的不得高於少年及其職業培訓的利益。通常應將少年收益的

一部分作為儲蓄金另立，在少年獲釋時交還。少年應有權利用這些收益

的剩餘部分購買物品供自己使用，或者賠償因其違法行為而受到傷害的

受害者，或者寄給家裡或拘留所外的其他人。

F. 娛 樂

47. 所內少年應有權每天做適當時間的自由活動，如天氣允許，活動地點應

為室外，活動期間通常應提供適當的娛樂或體能訓練。應為這些活動提

供適當的場地、設施和設備。每一少年每天均應另有閒暇活動時間，根

據少年的要求，其中部分時間應用於説明學習手工藝技能。拘留所應確

保每一少年的體格上能夠參加向其提供的體育活動。應在醫護人員指導

下，向有需要的少年提供補救性的體育鍛煉和理療。

G. 宗 教

48. 應允許所內每一少年滿足其對宗教和精神生活的需要，特別是參加在拘

留所內舉行的儀式或聚會或自行聯繫儀式並持有其宗教派別進行宗教儀

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 式和宣講時所必要的書籍或物品。如果拘留所內信仰某一宗教的少年達

到一定人數，應指定或批准該宗教一名或數名合格代表，允許他們定期

舉行儀式並應所內少年的要求對他們進行個別的宗教探望。每一少年均

應有權接受其選擇的任一宗教合格代表的探望，也應有權不參加宗教儀

式和自由表示不接受宗教教育、輔導或宣傳。

H. 醫療護理

49. 所內少年均應有權獲得充分的預防性和治療性的醫療護理，包括牙醫、

眼科和精神科護理以及醫療所需藥品和特別膳食。如可能，所有這種醫

療護理通常應由拘留所所在社區的有關衛生機構和服務部門向被拘留少

年提供，以防止他們受人以特殊眼光看待，而培養他們的自尊，並促使

他們與社區融合。

50. 所內少年有權在入拘留所時立即由醫生進行體檢，以便記錄進所前受過

任何虐待的跡象，並查明需要醫療護理的任何身心方面的情況。

51. 向所內少年提供醫療服務時應設法檢查和治療任何可能影響少年重返社

會的身心疾病、藥物濫用或其他情況。每一少年拘留所應能隨時獲得足

夠的醫療設施和設備，這些設施和設備應與收容人數及其要求相稱，並

配合所內醫療人員所受預防性保健護理和處理緊急醫療事件的培訓。生

病、感覺不適或有身心不適症狀的少年，應迅速由醫官檢查。

52. 任何醫官如有理由認為某一少年的身心健康已受到或將受到長期拘留、

絕食或任何拘留條件的損害，應立即將實際情況報告有關拘留所的所長

和負責保障少年福祉的獨立當局。

53. 患有精神病的少年應送往受獨立的醫療管理的專門機構接受治療。應與

有關機構作出安排，採取措施確保必要時在釋放後繼續進行精神病治

療。

54. 少年拘留所應採用由合格人員管理的預防吸毒戒毒康復專門方案，這些

方案應與有關少年的年齡、性別及其他要求相符，應向吸毒酗酒少年提

供解毒設施和服務，並配備訓練有素的工作人員。

55. 基於醫療理由為進行必要治療時方得施藥，可能時應事先通知有關少年

並征得其同意。施藥的目的絕不是為了套取資料或口供，也不是一種懲

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 罰或管束手段。絕不能對少年進行藥物試驗和治療試驗。任何藥物均應

由合格的醫護人員批准和施給。

I. 生病、受傷和死亡通知

56. 所內少年的家屬或監護人以及少年指定的任何其他人均有權查問並于該

少年的健康發生任何重大變化時及時瞭解他的健康狀況。遇所內少年死

亡、因生病而需要將他轉送到所外醫療機構或因其健康狀況而需要在拘

留所內接受門診治療 48 小時以上時，拘留所所長應立即將此情況通知

該少年的家屬或監護人或其他指定者。遇所內少年為外國公民時，應將

此事通知其所屬國家領事當局。

57. 遇所內少年在其被剝奪自由期間死亡，關係最近的親屬應有權查驗死亡

證明書、驗看遺體和決定處置遺體的方法。遇少年在拘留期間死亡，應

對死因進行獨立的調查，調查報告應提供給關係最近的親屬。如系釋放

後六個月內死亡，並有理由認為死亡原因與拘留期間有關，也應進行這

種調查。

58. 所內少年如有近親死亡、重病或重傷時應立即獲通知，該少年應有機會

參加已逝近親的葬禮或探望病況瀕危的親屬。

J. 與外界的接觸

59. 應提供一切手段確保所內少年與外界充分接觸，這是他們有權享有的公

正人道待遇的一個組成部分，對使青少年作好準備重返社會來說也極其

重要。應允許所內少年與其家人、朋友以及外界有信譽組織的人員或代

表接觸，允許他們離開拘留所回家探親，並應特准由於教育、職業或其

他重要原因而外出。如系服刑少年，則其離拘留所外出時間應計入服刑

時間。

60. 所內少年均應有權經常定期地接受探訪，原則上每週一次，至少每月一

次，探訪的環境應尊重少年的隱私及其與家人和律師接觸並進行無拘束

交談的需要。

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61. 除非有法定限制，所內少年均應有權與其選擇的人進行書面或電話聯

繫，必要時應助其有效地享有此一權利。每一少年均應有權收取信件。

62. 所內少年均應有機會閱讀報紙、期刊及其他出版物，聽收音機和看電視

節目及電影，以及接受他感興趣的任何合法俱樂部或組織的代表的探

訪，借此經常瞭解新聞。

K. 身體束縛和使用武力的限制

63. 禁止為任何目的使用束縛工具和武力，但規則 64 規定者除外。

64. 束縛工具和武力只有在特殊情況下，當所有其他控制方法都已用盡並證

明無效時才能使用，並必須有法律和條例的明文授權和規定。使用束縛

工具和武力不應造成屈辱或侮辱，使用範圍應有限，時間應盡可能短。

為了防止少年自我傷害、傷害他人或嚴重毀壞財物，可根據所長的命令

使用束縛工具。如發生這種情況，所長應立即與醫護及其他有關人員磋

商，並報告上級管理當局。

65. 在任何少年拘留所內所方人員禁止攜帶和使用武器。

L. 紀律程式

66. 任何紀律措施和程式均應確保安全，確保共同生活的秩序，並應符合維

護少年自身尊嚴的原則和拘留所管教的根本目的，即灌輸一種正義感、

自尊感和尊重每個人的基本權利的意識。

67. 應嚴格禁止任何構成殘酷、不人道或有辱人格的待遇的紀律措施，其中

包括體罰、關在暗室、密閉或單獨禁閉或其他任何有害有關少年身心健

康的懲罰。禁止以任何理由減少供食的限制或不准與家人接觸的做法。

勞動應視為一種培養少年自尊的教育手段，以便為其重返社會做好準

備，因而不應強行勞動以之作為一種紀律處罰。任何少年不應由於同一

違反紀律事件而受到一次以上的處罰。禁止進行集體處罰。

68. 主管管理當局所采立法或條例應充分考慮到少年的基本特點、需要和權

利，定出關於下述各項規範：

(a) 構成違反紀律的行為；

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 (b) 可施加的紀律處罰的種類和時限；

(c) 有權施加此種處罰的官員；

(d) 有權審理上訴的官員。

69. 關於越軌行為的報告應立即送交主管當局，主管當局應及時對之作出決

定。主管當局應對事件進行徹底的檢查。

70. 除嚴格按現行法律和條例辦事的情況外，任何少年不應受到紀律處罰。

除非先將所指控的違反紀律行為以少年充分理解的適當方式告知當事人

並給予提出申辯的適當機會，包括向公正無私的主管當局上訴的權利，

任何少年不應受到處罰。所有紀律程式均應作出完整記錄。

71. 任何少年不應擔負執行懲戒的責任，除非是在監管某一社會、教育或體

育活動中或在自行管理方案中。

M. 視察和投訴

72. 有資格的視察人員或相當資格的不屬於拘留所管理部門的當局，應有權

經常進行視察和自行進行事先不經宣佈的視察，在行使這一職責時，其

獨立性應享有充分的保證。在少年被剝奪或可能被剝奪自由的任何設

施，視察人員應不受限制地接觸到這些設施所雇用或在其中工作的所有

人員、其中的所有少年以及閱看此類設施的所有記錄。

73. 屬於視察機關或公共衛生部門的合格醫官應參加視察，評估有關環境、

衛生、住宿、膳食、體操和醫務等各項規定的執行情況，並評估所內生

活關係到少年身心健康的任何其他方面或其他情況。每一少年都應有權

同任何視察人員進行秘密交談。

74. 在完成一次視察後，視察人員應就其視察結果提出一份報告。此項報告

應包括評價各拘留所是否充分執行本規則和本國有關法律的規定，並提

出為保證執行本規則和本國法律規定而認為必要的任何步驟的建議。視

察人員所發現的情況之中，如有任何事實表明發生了違反關於少年權利

或少年拘留所作業方面的法律規定的現象，應將有關事實通知有關當局

以進行調查和起訴。

75. 每一少年應隨時有機會向拘留所所長及其委託的代表提出請求或申訴。

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76. 每一少年應有權通過核准的管道向少年拘留所的中樞管理部門、司法部

門或其他適當部門提出請求或申訴，其內容不受檢查，而且應及時得到

答覆。

77. 應採取努力，設立一個獨立的部門(監察專員)，接受和調查被剝奪自由

的少年提出的申訴，並協助達成公平的解決方案。

78. 每一少年應有權請求家人、法律顧問、人道主義團體或可能時請求其他

人提供幫助，以便提出申訴。如文盲少年需要利用提供法律顧問或有權

接受申訴的公私機構和組織的服務，則應向他們提供協助。

N. 重返社會

79. 所有所內少年都應得到安排，幫助他們在釋放後重返社會，重過家庭生

活、重新就學或就業。應為此設立有關的程式，包括提前釋放和特別課

程。

80. 主管當局應提供或確保提供一些服務，説明少年在社會上重新立足並減

少對這些少年的偏見。這些服務應在可能的情況下確保向該少年提供適

當的住所、職業、衣物和足夠的生活資料，使獲釋後能夠維持生活，以

便順利融入社會。應與提供此種服務機構的代表磋商，並讓他們與拘留

中的少年接觸，以便幫助他們重返社會。

五、管理人員

81. 管理人員應具適當的條件並包括足夠數量的專家，例如教育人員、職業

教導員、輔導人員、社會工作者、精神病專家和心理學家。這些專家及

其他的專門人員一般應長期聘用。但在合適情況下按其所能提供協助和

培訓的程度，並不排除聘用兼職人員或志願人員的做法。各拘留所應根

據被拘留少年的個別需要和問題，利用社區可提供的所有合宜的補救、

教育、道德和精神及其他來源和形式的幫助。

82. 管理當局應認真挑選和聘用各級和各類的工作人員，因為各拘留所是否

管理得好，全靠他們的品德、人道、處理少年的能力和專業才能以及個

人對工作的適應性。

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83. 為達致上述目的，管理人員應作為專業人員加以任用，給以優厚報酬以

便吸引和留住合適的男女人才。應不斷鼓勵少年拘留所的管理人員努力

做到人道、負責、專業、公平和有效率地履行自己的職責和義務，他們

任何時候都應以身作則，使自己的言行贏得少年的尊敬，為他們樹立好

榜樣。

84. 管理當局應建立合宜的組織形式和管理形式，以利拘留所內不同類別的

工作人員之間的聯繫，從而保證照顧少年的各個部門之間的合作，還應

有利於工作人員同管理當局之間的聯繫，以保證直接與少年接觸的人員

能夠很好地發揮作用，便於其有效地履行職責。

85. 所有管理人員應受適當培訓，以便能夠有效地執行其責任，尤其包括關

於兒童心理、兒童福利和國際人權和兒童權利標準和規範、包括本規則

各項內容的培訓。所有管理人員應通過參加在其任內定期舉辦的在職人

員進修班，保持並提高其專業知識和業務能力。

86. 拘留所所長應在管理能力、學歷和經驗方面充分符合其工作所要求的條

件，並應按專職進行工作。

87. 拘留所管理人員在履行其職責時應尊重和保護所有少年的人格尊嚴和基

本人權，特別是：

(a) 拘留所任何人員不得以任何藉口或在任何情況下施加、唆使或

容忍發生任何嚴刑拷打行為或施加其他粗暴、殘酷、不人道或

有辱人格的待遇、處罰、感化或紀律手段；

(b) 所有管理人員應堅決反對和制止任何貪污受賄行為，並在發現

時立即報告主管當局；

(c) 所有管理人員均應遵守本《規則》。凡有理由相信發生了或要

將發生嚴重違反本《規則》情事的人員，應將情況報告其上級

機關或掌有審查或糾正權力的機關；

(d) 所有管理人員應確保少年的身心健康得到充分保護，包括保護

其不受性侵犯、身體上和精神上的虐待以及剝削利用，必要時

應立即採取行動，給予醫療處置；

(e) 所有管理人員應尊重少年的隱私權，尤其應對其作為專業人員

身份從中得知的有關少年或其家庭的機密情事保守秘密；

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(f) 所有管理人員應致力減少拘留所內外生活上的區別，因為這種

區別往往會削弱對拘留所內少年人格尊嚴的尊重。

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