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CRC首次國家報告結論性意見分工表

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公告日期2018-03-12
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來源 PDF: 3471-結論性意見分工表.pdf

中華民國(臺灣)兒童權利公約首次國家報告結論性意見各點次權責機關分工(委員審查中文版)

點 結論性意見內容(草案) 可參考國際

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次 中文 英文 文書/其他資料

壹 前言 I. Introduction

1 中華民國(臺灣)立法院於 2014 年 6 月 In June 2014, the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China 無

通過《兒童權利公約施行法》 (下稱《CRC (Taiwan) passed the Implementation Act of the Convention

施行法》),並於同年 11 月 20 日開始施 on the Rights of the Child (‘Implementation Act’). The Act

came into force on 20 November 2014 and provides the

行,作為《CRC》在台灣實施之內國化架

framework for domestic harmonization of the CRC. On 22

構;2016 年 4 月 22 日立法院通過加入 April 2016 Taiwan’s Legislative Yuan passed a Bill to

《CRC》條約案,總統於 2016 年 5 月簽 support the adoption of the CRC paving the way for the

署加入書。 President to sign the Instrument of Accession to the CRC in

May 2016.

2 行政院依據《CRC 施行法》,於 2016 年 The Executive Yuan, according to the Implementation Act, 無

11 月發表首次國家報告,並於 2017 年 3 published the initial State report in November 2016 and its

月完成英文版。中華民國(臺灣)政府邀 English version was made available in March 2017. In order

請 5 位獨立國際兒權專家組成國際審查 to review its initial State report, the Government of Taiwan

invited five independent international children’s rights

委員會(下稱委員會)審查首次國家報 experts to form an International Review Committee

告,。5 位專家分別為 Jaap Doek(主席) (‘Review Committee’). They were Jaap Doek (Chairperson)

(荷蘭),Judith Karp(以色列),Nigel (The Netherlands), Judith Karp (Israel), Nigel Cantwell

Cantwell(英國/瑞士);Laura Lundy(北 (United Kingdom/Switzerland); Laura Lundy (Northern

愛爾蘭)以及 John Tobin(澳洲)。 Ireland) and John Tobin (Australia).

3 委員會審查了臺灣於 2017 年 3 月提交之 The Review Committee examined the initial report of 無

首次國家報告,並收到來自包含兒童團體 Taiwan which was submitted to the Review Committee in

組織等公民組織團體的替代報告及兒少 March 2017. The Review Committee received reports from

報告。委員會於 2017 年 6 月提出問題清 civil society organizations including children’s

organizations and groups of children. The Review

單,於同年 9 月收到書面詳細回復。委員

Committee submitted a List of Issues to Taiwan in June 2017

會也收到公民組織對於問題清單之意見 and received detailed written replies in September 2017. The

1

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以及政府回應。 Review Committee also received a number of additional

reports from civil society in response to the List of Issues

and the State’s replies to the List of Issues.

4 委員會於 2017 年 11 月 20 日與公民組織 As part of the review on 20 November 2017, the Review 無

成員兒少舉行列入審查會議之不公開會 Committee held private meetings with children and

議。另於 2017 年 11 月 21 日及 22 日與政 members from civil society. On 21 and 22 November 2017,

the Review Committee engaged in a public dialogue with the

府代表舉行公開會議,於 2017 年 11 月

Government delegation. The Review Committee adopted

24 日通過並發表本結論性意見。 the present Concluding Observations and presented them on

24 November 2017.

5 委員會了解臺灣政府認真且努力的實踐 The Review Committee acknowledges the serious and 無

《CRC》,並相當感謝相關部會及政府機 sincere efforts of the Government of Taiwan to implement

構派員出席會議,與委員會進行建設性對 the CRC. The Review Committee greatly appreciates the

話。公民組織之積極參與,尤其是兒少參 constructive dialogue with the Government during the

review, which was attended by representatives from all

與,亦對審查過程至關重要。 relevant Ministries and government bodies. The active

participation of civil society and in particular children was

also essential to the review process.

6 委員會感謝衛生福利部(特別是《CRC》 The Review Committee expresses its appreciation to the 無

幕僚單位)提供實質協助與後勤支援。 Ministry of Health and Welfare, and particularly its CRC

team, for providing the Review Committee with substantive

and logistical support.

II. Recognition of International Human

貳 承認之國際人權公約

Rights Treaties

7 委員會樂見臺灣除《CRC》外,亦接受下 The Review Committee welcomes the decision of Taiwan to 無

列國際人權公約: adopt not only the CRC but also the following international

(1)《經濟社會文化權利國際公約》; human rights treaties:

(a) International Covenant on Economic, Social and

(2)《公民與政治權利國際公約》;

Cultural Rights;

(3)《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》; (b) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;

2

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(4)《身心障礙者權利公約》。 (c) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women; and

(d) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

III. Main areas of concern and

參 關切重點與建議

recommendations

一、一般執行措施(第 4、42、44 A. General measures of implementation (arts. 4,

(6)條) 42 and 44 (6))

立法 Legislation

8 委員會讚賞中華民國(臺灣)毫無保留地 The Review Committee notes with appreciation that the 衛福部(社家 兒少權利影響評

接受《CRC》 。 CRC was accepted without reservations and that a special 署)

,且制定特別法施行《CRC》 估(Children’s

委員會建議政府於檢視國內法律是否與 Act was adopted for the implementation of the CRC. The Rights in Impact

Review Committee recommends that the Government Assessments)

《CRC》規定一致時,應進行兒少權利影

undertake a process of child rights impact assessment as it

響評估。 continues to review its domestic laws with a view to

harmonizing them with the provisions of the CRC.

9 委員會建議應修正《CRC 施行法》

,明定 The Review Committee recommends that the 衛福部(社家 第 5 號一般性意

國內法律與《CRC》牴觸時,優先適用 Implementation Act should be amended to provide a clear 署) 見

《CRC》。 statement that the provisions of the CRC prevail in the case

of a conflict with domestic legal provisions.

10 委員會鼓勵政府接受《關於兒童捲入武裝 The Review Committee encourages the Government to 1. 國防部 兩任擇議定書

衝突問題之兒童權利公約任擇議定書》及 adopt the Optional Protocols to the CRC on the Involvement 2. 衛福部(保

《關於買賣兒童、兒童賣淫和兒童色情問 of Children in Armed Conflict and on the Sale of Children, 護司)(彙

Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.

題之兒童權利公約任擇議定書》。 整)

3. 內政部

3

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全面性國家行動計劃 Comprehensive national plan of action

11 委員會建議政府制定並實施全面性國家 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 衛福部(社家 第 5 號一般性意

行動計畫以實踐《CRC》,且納入地方政 develop and implement a national and comprehensive plan 署) 見

府、公民組織、相關專家、兒少及家長之 of action for the implementation of the CRC, with the

involvement of regional and local authorities, civil society

參與。

organisations, relevant professionals, children and parents.

協調 Coordination

12 委員會樂見設立協調與推動兒少福利及 The Review Committee welcomes the establishment of the 衛福部(社家

權益保障政策的團隊,也樂見行政院設立 Promotional Team for Children and Youth Welfare and 署)

兒童及少年福利與權益促進小組。委員會 Rights tasked with coordination and promotion of policies

regarding the rights and welfare of children and youth, and

建議政府確保上開團隊以及小組具有充

of the Executive Yuan’s promotional group for Child and

分的權力,並配有足夠的人力和財力資 Youth Welfare and Rights. The Review Committee

源,以執行職務。 recommends that the Government ensure that these groups

have sufficient power to execute their tasks and are provided

with adequate human and financial resources.

13 審查委員會建議立法院應成立兒童委員 The Review Committee recommends that a children’s 立法院

會。並於制定影響兒少及其人權之法案 committee be established in the Legislative Yuan. This

時,由委員會諮詢兒少、專業團體和公民 committee should consult with children, relevant

professional bodies and civil society in the development of

團體的意見。

proposals for legislation that affects children and their

human rights.

獨立監督 Independent monitoring

14 委員會注意到且關心中華民國(臺灣)尚 The Review Committee notes with concern that Taiwan has 1. 法務部(彙 1. 第 2 號一般性

未成立獨立國家人權機構。 not yet established an independent National Human Rights 整) 意見

Institution (‘NHRI’).

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15 委員會建議應盡速依照聯合國兒童權利 The Review Committee recommends the establishment 2. 監察院 2. 巴黎原則

委員會第 2 號一般性意見(2002),於國 without delay of either an NHRI with a dedicated division 3. 第 5 號一般性

家人權機構內設立監督兒童權利的專責 for the monitoring of the rights of the child or a children’s

ombudsman’s office or children’s rights commissioner, in 意見

單位;或是成立兒童監察使辦公室;或是

accordance with the recommendations made by the CRC

設置兒童權利委員,。該組織應依循巴黎 Committee in its General Comment No 2 (2002). This body

原則設立,特別是以一種使申訴兒童感受 should comply with the Paris Principles and, in particular, be

到隱私不受侵害並能受到保護的方式下, able to receive, investigate and address complaints notified

受理、調查、處理針對所有公私部門的兒 by or on behalf of children, relating to the public and private

童權利申訴事件。 sector, in a child-sensitive manner, ensuring the privacy and

protection of complainants.

申訴程序 Complaints procedures

16 委員會讚賞能於兒童申訴於教育、社會福 The Review Committee notes with appreciation the 1. 教育部

利、醫療及少年司法領域內事項時,提供 information provided on the opportunities for children to 2. 衛福部(醫

兒少申訴資訊。 make complaints in the settings of education, social welfare,

health and juvenile justice. 事司、國健

17 委員會建議讓所有兒少都能得知申訴管 The Review Committee recommends that all children 署、疾管

道以及申訴程序的資訊。政府應確保該程 receive information about the opportunities and procedures 署、社家

序對兒少友善,提供兒少適足的支持(在 for making complaints. The Government should ensure that 署)

the procedures are child-friendly, that the child is provided

適當情形下包括家長或 NGO 的支持)

with adequate support (including where appropriate by 3. 司法院

並保護兒少隱私。委員會進一步建議,政 parents or competent NGOs) and that the privacy of the child

4. 法務部

府應採取必要措施,保護提出申訴之兒少 is protected. Furthermore, it recommends that the

或代表兒少申訴者,免於報復、恐嚇或其 Government take the necessary measures to protect children

他負面影響。申訴程序應為獨立審查。 who make complaints, and those who do so on behalf of a

child, from retaliation, intimidation or other negative

repercussions. The complaints procedure must be subject to

independent review.

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資源分配 Resource allocation

18 委員會建議政府提出第一份兒少預算,並 The Review Committee commends the Government for 主計總處 第 19 號一般性意

建議兒少預算應依據聯合國兒童權利會 introducing its first Child Budget. It recommends that, in line 見

關 於 公 共 預 算 的 第 19 號 一 般 性 意 見 with the Committee on the Rights of the Child’s General

Comment No. 19 on Public Budgeting (2016), the

(2016),以一種與包含兒少在內公開對

Government ensure transparent and participatory budgeting

話,確保透明及參與的方式編制,並建立 through public dialogue, including with children, and

監督與評估各級政府資源分配及使用適 establishes mechanisms to monitor and evaluate the

切性、有效性和公平性的機制。 adequacy, efficacy and equitability of the distribution and

use of resources, including at the level of local authorities.

數據蒐集 Data collection

19 委員會讚揚政府提供家庭環境與替代性 The Review Committee appreciates the provision of 主計總處 第 5 號一般性意

照顧、健康與福利、教育及特別保護措施 statistical information regarding the implementation of the 見

等方面落實兒童權利的統計資料。 rights of the child in areas such as family environment and (協辦:衛福

alternative care, health and welfare, education and special 部(統計處))

protective measures.

20 依據聯合國兒童權利委員會關於一般執 In the light of the Committee on the Rights of the Child’s

行措施的第 5 號一般性意見,委員會建議 General Comment No. 5 on General Measures of

政府進一步改善數據蒐集系統,並考慮增 Implementation, the Review Committee recommends that

the Government further improves its system of data

設中央數據蒐集單位。所蒐集的資料應涵

collection and considers establishing a central data

蓋公約所有層面,依性別、年齡、城鄉、 collection unit. The information collected should cover all

原住民及種族背景分組分析,在相關及適 areas of the Convention and be disaggregated by gender, age,

當的情形下,並依身心障礙、國籍和性取 urban/rural, and indigenous and ethnic backgrounds, as well

向分類。 as, where relevant and appropriate, disability, nationality and

sexual orientation.

認知提升與教育訓練 Awareness-raising and training

21 委員會注意到中央政府各部會和地方政 The Review Committee notes the training on children’s 1. 衛福部(社

府均有辦理兒童權利教育訓練。然而,委 rights provided at the central level by various ministries and 家署)

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員會關切缺乏訓練品質及成效的資訊,且 at the local level. However, the Review Committee is 2. 教育部

訓練似乎主要集中於公務人員。 concerned at the lack of information on the quality and

effectiveness of training and that the focus appears to be (協辦:司法

mainly on civil servants. 院、內政部、

22 委員會建議政府確保所有從事兒少工作 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 法務部、人事

的專業人員,如教師、社會工作人員、醫 ensure training in children’s rights for all professionals 總處、衛福部

療專業人員、住宿型單位與寄養照顧專業 working with or for children such as teachers, social (社工司、醫

workers, medical professionals, professionals working in

人員,以及兒少特別保護措施領域的警 事司、照護司、

residential and foster care and in the field of special

察、法官、檢察官及其他少年司法工作人 protective measures for children, police, judges and 保護司)

員等,均接受兒童權利教育訓練,訓練應 prosecutors and others working in the field of juvenile

特別著重《CRC》的一般性原則,包括禁 justice. In all training, special attention should be given to

止歧視、優先考量兒少最佳利益、生命、 the general principles of the CRC, the right to non-

生存及發展權、尊重兒少表意權,以及符 discrimination, the best interests of the child as a primary

合兒少各發展階段能力原則。所有訓練均 consideration, the right to life, survival and development,

應持續監測及評估。父母亦應透過學校、 and the right to be heard, as well as the principle of evolving

capacities. All training should be monitored and evaluated

地方政府、福利機構、醫療院所及媒體,

on an ongoing basis. Parents should also receive information

了解兒童權利。 about children’s rights through schools, local government,

welfare and health services, and through the media.

Cooperation with civil society and the business

與公民社會及商業部門合作

sector

23 委員會讚揚政府與公民團體組織的正向 The Review Committee commends the positive 1. 勞動部 1. 第 16 號一般

關係和開放式對話,並鼓勵此種合作,以 relationships and open dialogue between the government 2. 通傳會 性意見

進一步落實臺灣兒少權利。 and civil society organisations. It encourages this

cooperation as a means of furthering the realisation of 3. 行 政 院 環 2. 兒 少 權 利 影

children’s rights in Taiwan. 保署 響評估

24 參考聯合國兒童權利委員會第 16 號一般 With reference to the CRC Committee’s General Comment 4. 經濟部(彙

性意見(2013)所提示商業部門對兒童權 No. 16 (2013) on State Obligations Regarding the Impact of

整)

利之影響及國家義務,委員會建議政府制 Business on Children’s Rights, the Review Committee

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定和實施相關規定,確保商業部門遵守兒 recommends that the Government establish and implement

童權利,特別是在兒少就業和工作條件、 regulations to ensure that the business sector complies with (協辦:教育

媒體(包括社群媒體與網路)以及環境保 the rights of the child, particularly in the area of children’s

employment and working conditions, media (including 部、文化部、

護方面。

social media and the internet) and protection of the 衛福部(保護

environment. 司)、內政部)

二、兒少之定義 B. The definition of the child

25 委員會注意到臺灣的成年年齡是 20 歲, The Review Committee notes that the age of majority in 法務部 第 4 號一般性意

而委員會審查對象僅限於未滿 18 歲之兒 Taiwan is 20. The Review Committee’s mandate is restricted 見

少。惟仍需提醒,《CRC》於台灣施行, to persons under the age of 18. However, it wishes to

highlight the fact that the implementation of the CRC in

可能產生是否適用於 18 歲或 19 歲青年

Taiwan may generate some inconsistencies and confusion on

的一些不一致和混淆的問題。 the applicability of rights to youth 18 or 19 years old.

26 委員會表達讚賞並注意到,政府承諾啟動 The Review Committee notes with appreciation that the

修法,使目前的最低結婚年齡一致,並依 Government has committed to enacting legislation which

據國際條約機構的建議,男女均以 18 歲 will harmonize the current minimum ages for marriage,

setting them for both boys and girls at 18 in accordance with

為準。

the recommendations of international treaty bodies.

三、一般性原則 C. General Principles

禁止歧視(第 2 條) Non-discrimination (art. 2)

27 委員會表達讚賞並注意到,政府針對弱勢 The Review Committee notes with appreciation the 1. 教育部 1. 第 6 號一般性

兒少,如原住民兒少、LGBTI 兒少、身心 information provided on various legal provisions for the

2. 原民會 意見

障礙兒少和無國籍兒少,已訂有預防及保 prevention and protection against discrimination of

especially vulnerable children such as indigenous children, 3. 衛福部(社 2. 第 9 號一般性

護其不受歧視的相關法規。然而,委員會

LGBTI children, children with disabilities and stateless 家署) 意見

關注到,還缺少確保上述法規落實及解決 children. However, the Review Committee is concerned at

《性別平等教育法》執行阻力之政策、方 3. 第 11 號一般

the lack of information on the effectiveness of the policies

案的成效資訊。 and programmes to ensure the implementation of these 性意見

provisions and to address resistance to the implementation

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of the Gender Equity Education Act. 4. 第 20 號一般

性意見

28 委員會建議政府持續諮詢兒少、從事兒少 The Review Committee recommends that the State continue,

in on-going consultation with children, professionals 5. 第 22 號一般

工作之專業人員及公民團體,提倡並支持

瞭解禁止歧視弱勢兒少必要性之提昇活 working with or for children and civil society, to promote 性意見

and support awareness-raising campaigns on the right to 6. 第 23 號一般

動,並採取必要措施落實各項禁止歧視兒

non-discrimination of especially vulnerable children, and to

少的法規。 性意見

take the necessary measures to ensure the full

implementation of the various legal provisions prohibiting 7. 兒少報告(台

discrimination of children. 少盟)

-跨性別學生

與教育

-我們在校園

中受到的權利

侵犯

兒少最佳利益為優先考量(第 3 條 The best interests of the child as a primary

第 1 項) consideration (art. 3, para.1)

29 委員會注意到,有關保護兒少之立法和民 The Review Committee notes that legislation related to the 衛福部(社家 第 14 號一般性意

法,皆要求法院或其他單位的決定應以兒 protection of children and the Civil Code requires that 署) 見

少最佳利益為基礎。委員會建議此權利如 decisions by courts or other authorities should be based on

the best interests of the child. The Review Committee

下:

recommends that the Government ensure that this right is: (協辦:司法

(1)符合聯合國兒童權利委員會第 14 號 (a) interpreted consistently with the Committee’s General 院、法務部、

一般性意見有關兒少最佳利益的解 Comment No 14 on the best interests of the child; and 內政部、衛福

釋; (b) integrated and applied consistently in all legislative, 部(保護司)

(2)在所有立法、行政和司法訴訟程序 administrative and judicial proceedings and decisions

與決定,以及和兒童相關並對其產生 and in all policies, programmes and projects that are

影響的所有政策、方案和計畫,包括

9

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移民和少年司法的法律、法規中,整 relevant to and have an impact on children, including

全性並一貫地落實。 immigration and juvenile justice laws and regulations.

The right to life, survival and development

生命、生存及發展權(第 6 條)

(art.6)

30 委員會注意到國家承認兒少的高自殺率 The Review Committee notes that the State acknowledges 1. 衛福部(心 1. 第 4 號一般性

及自殺企圖,並建議政府評估及處理導致 the high rate of suicides and attempted suicides among 口司)(彙 意見

兒少自殺的因素,並擴展現行降低高自殺 children and recommends that it assess and address the 整)

causes of suicide among children and youth and extend its 2. 教育部 2. 第 15 號一般

率的措施。

current efforts to reduce the very high levels of child suicide. 性意見

3. 第 20 號一般

性意見

兒少表意權(第 12 條) The right of the child to be heard (art. 12)

31 委員會樂見學校及地方政府委員會納入 The Review Committee welcomes the steps that have been 1. 衛福部(社 第 12 號一般性意

兒少代表,尤其讚賞課綱審議會納入兒少 taken to include children as members of school and local 家署) 見

參與。然而,委員會關注持續限制兒少在 government committees and commends in particular the

inclusion of children in the review of the National 2. 教育部

家庭、學校及社區自由、安全地發聲的社

Curriculum guidelines. However, the Review Committee 3. 司法院

會文化氛圍。 expresses its concern that sociocultural attitudes continue to

restrict children from freely and safely expressing their

views in the home, in schools and in the wider community. (協辦:人事

32 委員會摯盼政府關注聯合國兒童權利委 The Review Committee draws the Government’s attention 總處、法務部、

員會第 12 號一般性意見所列兒少陳述意 to the CRC Committee’s General Comment No. 12 on the 內政部、衛福

見的權利,並建議政府依據公約第 12 條 right of the child to be heard and recommends that it take

部(社工司、

measures to strengthen the implementation of this right in

採取落實該權利的措施。委員會建議政 心口司、醫事

accordance with article 12 of the Convention. It recommends

府: that the Government: 司、照護司、

(1)進行研究,確認對於兒少最重要之 (a) undertake research to identify the issues that are most

議題,以及在各種場合如何使兒少 保護司))

important to children and how their views might be best

意見被聽取; heard on those issues in all settings;

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(2)針對父母、教師、社工、法官及其 (b) undertake training programmes and awareness-raising

他從事兒少工作者,辦理教育訓練 activities with parents, teachers, social workers, judges

及認知提升活動,以有效促進兒少 and others working with or for children, to promote the

meaningful and empowered participation of all children

在家庭、學校及社區的參與;

within the family, schools and community;

(3)建立並加強國家層級的兒少參與機 (c) strengthen the participation of children at the national

制,使兒少意見得於法制及決策階 level by establishing a mechanism that will allow for the

段被聽取; views of children to be heard in the legislative and

(4)採取有效的法規措施,包含告知兒 policy making process; and

少有陳述意見的權利、保障兒少有 (d) take measures to ensure the effective implementation of

意義地行使該權利等,以確保兒少 legislation, recognizing the right of the child to be heard

於行政及立法程序陳述意見之權 in relevant administrative and legal proceedings,

including by ensuring that children are informed of their

利。

right to be heard and are supported to exercise it

meaningfully.

四、公民權與自由 D. Civil rights and freedoms

取得國籍權(第 7 條第 1 項) The right to acquire a nationality (art. 7, para.1)

33 委員會樂見政府作出努力,讓更多未被收 The Review Committee welcomes the efforts of the 1. 內政部 1. 第 6 號一般性

養的無國籍兒童取得中華民國(臺灣)國 government to enable more stateless children who are not 2. 教育部 意見

籍。委員會關注到在一份報告中,提及生 adopted to acquire the nationality of the Republic of

3. 勞動部 2. 第 22 號一般

父不詳且外籍生母已返回原屬國之兒少 China/Taiwan. The Review Committee has noted in

particular reports of problems associated with the 4. 衛福部(國 性意見

的權利及身分問題,並建議政府採取適當 entitlements and status of children born to migrant mothers

措施,確保這些兒少不會淪為無國籍人, and unknown fathers when the mother returns to her home 健署、健保 3. 第 23 號一般

也不會無法享有與臺灣兒童相同的社福 country without the child. The Review Committee 署、疾管 性意見

利益。 recommends that the Government take all appropriate 署、社家

measures to ensure that these children are not left stateless 署)

or deprived of any services and benefits to which other

children in Taiwan are entitled.

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表現自由(第 13 條) The right to freedom of expression (art. 13)

34 委員會關注部分報告提及表現自由在實 The Review Committee is concerned at reports that exercise 教育部 1. 第 12 號一般

踐上可能受到限制,尤其在校園中,因為 of the right to freedom of expression may be restricted in 性意見

成人對此抱持消極態度且兒少害怕受到 practice, particularly in schools, due to negative attitudes on

the part of adults and the children’s fear of punishment. It 2. 第 20 號一般

懲罰。委員會建議政府確保兒少在所有情

recommends that the Government ensure that children can 性意見

形下都能享有表現自由,並促進支持之, enjoy their right to freedom of expression in all settings, and

例如促進支持在校內外發行散布報紙、刊 promote and support e.g. the production and distribution of

物或其他出版品。 student newspapers or bulletins or other publications in and

outside schools.

集會結社及和平集會自由(第 15 The right to freedom of association and to

條) freedom of peaceful assembly (art.15)

35 委員會關切未滿 20 歲的兒少及青年無法

The Review Committee notes with concern that children and 內政部 1. 第 12 號一般

自行成立團體,只能在父母或監護人同意 young people below the age of 20 cannot establish their own 性意見

下加入現存團體。此與兒少結社自由權不 association and can only become a member of an existing (協辦:教育

association if they have the permission of their parents or 部) 2. 第 17 號一般

符,也缺少對兒少發展能力的尊重。

guardians. This position is not consistent with the child’s 性意見

right to freedom of association and fails to respect the 3. 第 20 號一般

evolving capacities of the child.

委員會建議政府採取立法及其他必要的 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 性意見

36

措施,確保兒少依據其年齡、成熟度及發 take the necessary legislative and other measures to ensure

展能力,享有不受任何歧視的結社自由、 that children, in accordance with their age, maturity and

和平集會的自由並包括和平抗議的自由。 evolving capacities, can fully enjoy, without any

discrimination, their right to freedom of association and to

freedom of peaceful assembly, including the right to

peaceful protest

隱私權(第 16 條) The right to privacy (art. 16)

37 委員會關切有報告提到,老師以不是法律 The Review Committee notes with concern reports that 教育部 兒少報告(台少

所規定的理由,搜查學生個人物品,甚而 teachers have carried out searches of students’ personal 盟)兒少觀點-我

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洩漏學生的秘密。委員會建議政府採取一 belongings for reasons other than those stipulated by law, 們在校園中受到

切必要措施,避免學生隱私受到非法、恣 and have released children’s confidential information. The 的權利侵犯

意的侵犯。老師們應該被告知這類保障隱 Review Committee recommends that the Government take

all necessary measures to protect children from such

私的法令,而且當老師們違反法令時,必

unlawful and arbitrary interference with their right to

須受到懲處。 privacy. Teachers should be informed of the relevant

regulations and be subject to disciplinary proceedings when

they violate these regulations.

不受酷刑或其他形式殘忍、不人道 The right not to be subjected to torture or other

或有辱人格待遇或處罰之權利(第 cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment (art. 37

37 條第 1 項(a)款) (a))

38 委員會亦關切在矯正機構及其他住宿型 The Review Committee also expresses concern about the use 1. 法務部 聯合國保護被剝

單位中,使用單獨監禁和身體約束措施, of solitary confinement and restraints in correctional and 2. 教育部 奪自由少年規則

並建議政府確保規定單獨監禁的實施及 other residential facilities. It recommends that the 3. 衛福部(社 (《 哈 瓦 那 規

要件的法令,符合公約第 37 條及《聯合 Government ensure that the regulations governing the use of

solitary confinement and the conditions under which it is 家署) 則》)

國保護被剝奪自由少年規則》 (《哈瓦那規 carried out are in full conformity with article 37 of the

則》)

(第 67 段)

,並採取一切遵守規範的 Convention and the UN Rules on the Protection of Juveniles

必要措施。此外,委員會建議政府檢視身 Deprived of Liberty (‘Havana Rules’) (para 67) and to take

體約束措施的相關法令,以確保符合《哈 all necessary measures to guarantee respect for those

瓦那規則》(第 63 段和第 64 段)的標準。 regulations. Furthermore, it recommends that the

Government review the regulations governing use of

restraints to ensure that they correspond to standards set out

in the Havana Rules (paras 63 & 64).

五、家庭環境與替代性照顧(第 5

條、第 9 至第 11 條、第 18 條 E. Family environment and alternative care

(arts. 5, 9 – 11, 18, para 1 and 2. 20, 21, 25 and 27

第 1 及 2 項、第 20 條、第 21

b, para 6)

條、第 25 條及第 27 條第 4 項)

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家庭支持 Family support

39 委員會樂見有各種支持父母履行扶養責 While welcoming the various measures in place to support 1. 衛福部(社 1. 台 灣 兒 童 權

任的措施,包括經濟及其他面向的支持, parents in their childrearing responsibilities, financially and 家署) 利公約聯盟

但也注意到報告指出,單親家庭(包括離 otherwise, the Review Committee notes reports that single-

parent households (including following a divorce) and some 2. 衛福部(社 報告

婚後)和一些低收入、高風險家庭可能無

low-income, high-risk households may not be able to access 工司) 2. 財 團 法 人 台

法獲得足夠支持。委員會敦促政府採取一 adequate support. The Review Committee urges the

切可行措施,擴大這些家庭取得適當和必 Government to take all feasible measures to widen access to 灣兒童暨家

要支持服務的管道。 appropriate and necessary support to include all such (協辦:教育 庭扶助基金

households. 部) 會報告

3. 兒 童 權 利 公

約民間監督

聯報告

非法移置兒少或使其無法返國返家

Illicit transfer and non-return (art. 11)

(第 11 條)

40 委員會指出關於非法移置兒少的通報並 The Review Committee notes the information that reporting 衛福部(社家 1. 台 灣 兒 童 權

非強制性,且通報可能只反映非法移置受 of illicit transfer of a child is not mandatory and that the 署) 利公約聯盟

害兒少的部分數量。此外,現行相關法條 number of reports may reflect only part of the number of

children who are victims of illicit transfer. Furthermore, the 報告

似乎不足以防止這種移置。

legislative provisions seem insufficient for preventing such (協辦:司法 2. 國 際 兒 童 拐

transfers. 院、內政部、 帶公約

41 委員會建議臺灣政府接受 1980 年《國際 The Review Committee recommends that Taiwan adopt The

法務部、外交

兒童拐帶公約》,作為處理非法移置和 Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child

(不)返回兒少案件的約束性文件。 Abduction (1980) as a binding document for dealing with 部)

cases of illicit transfer and (non-) return of children.

14

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無法在家庭環境中成長的兒少及替

Children deprived of family environment and

代性照顧(第 9 條第 1 項及第 20

alternative care (art. 9, para.1 and 20)

條)

42 委員會對於安置機構的使用及其組織方 The Review Committee is concerned about the use of 1. 衛福部(社 1. 聯 合 國 兒 童

式表達關切,並注意到政府已採取措施, residential care and the way it is organised. It notes that 家署) 替代性照顧

降低因為已經或者必須與父母/家人分 measures have been taken by the Government to reduce the 2. 衛福部(保 準則

開,而被安置在機構裡之人數。委員會同 placement in residential care facilities of children who are or 護司)

have to be separated from their parents/family. It also notes 2. 兒 童 權 利 公

時注意到,在接受機構安置的兒少人數並 that the number of children in residential care is not falling

沒有顯著下降情形下,被安置在非公立機 significantly while the number of non-State residential care 約民間監督

構的人數卻持續增長。委員會擔心,根據 providers continues to grow. The Review Committee is 聯盟報告

目前的設立許可、查核及評鑑制度,可能 concerned that quality assurance may not be effectively 3. 台 灣 兒 童 權

無法有效保障服務品質。委員會了解目前 carried out under the present system of authorisation, 利公約聯盟

提供給私立機構的資源,可能無法使其招 inspection and audits. The Review Committee understands 報告

聘和保留足夠數量的合格工作人員。委員 that resources currently made available to private facilities

may not enable the latter to recruit and retain qualified staff

會擔心,過剩的機構數可能誘發兒少被安

in adequate numbers. The Review Committee is concerned

置在機構中,而不是接受家庭照顧。委員 that overcapacity may create an incentive to place children

會建議政府檢視其原因,並確保資源有效 in residential care facilities instead of family based care. The

分配,並依據《聯合國兒童替代性照顧準 Review Committee recommends that the Government

則》,給予需要替代性照顧之兒少最適當 examine the reasons for this overcapacity and allocate

的安置。 resources in ways that ensure the most appropriate

placement of children in need of alternative care, consistent

with the UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children.

43 委員會樂見政府設定目標,提高兒少接受 The Review Committee welcomes the Government’s target

正式親屬照顧之比率。委員會建議政府評 of increasing the proportion of children in formal kinship

估能否透過放寬親屬照顧者的申請資格 care. The Review Committee suggests that the Government

examine the extent to which an ongoing increase in kinship

及補助門檻,促進親屬照顧持續增加。

care can be facilitated by alleviating certain onerous

requirements regarding eligibility and access to subsidies for

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potential kinship carers.

44 委員會樂見政府促進寄養政策,包括對有 The Review Committee also welcomes the Government’s 1. 衛福部(社 聯合國兒童替代

特殊需求兒少的照顧,以及對寄養家庭的 policy to promote foster care, including in relation to caring 家署) 性照顧準則

培訓和支持,並建議政府持續及加強這項 for children with special needs and the increased training and 2. 衛福部(保

support for foster carers that this implies. The Review

政策。 護司)

Committee recommends that the Government continue and

strengthen this policy.

45 委員會建議政府依據《聯合國兒童替代性 The Review Committee recommends that, in line with the 1. 衛福部(社 聯合國兒童替代

照顧準則》,制定全面且划算的策略,將 UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children, the 家署) 性照顧準則

替代性照顧體系去機構化。其策略諸如支 Government draw up a comprehensive and costed strategy

to deinstitutionalise the alternative care system by, among 2. 衛福部(保

持及強化家庭功能降低安置需求、推動提

other things, supporting and strengthening families in order 護司)

倡以家庭環境為主的替代性照顧,特別是 to prevent the need for placements, and promoting and

親屬照顧。 facilitating the use of family-based alternative care, in

particular kinship care, for these children.

46 委員會並建議政府立法確保所有替代性 Furthermore, the Review Committee recommends that the 1. 衛福部(社 1. 聯 合 國 兒 童

照顧的兒少安置均由家事法庭裁定之、安 Government take the necessary legislative measures to 家署) 替代性照顧

置期限由法律規定、延長安置由法院依照 ensure that all placements of children in alternative care are 2. 司法院 準則

based on a decision of the family court, that the term of such

法定標準裁定之。委員會特別關注在沒有 3. 衛福部(保 2. 財 團 法 人 台

placement is set by law and that extending the duration of

法院介入評估安置是否必要及是否符合 護司) 灣兒童暨家

the placement should be a decision of the court and meet

兒少最佳利益下,卻允許父母可自行安置 criteria set by law. A particular concern of the Review 庭扶助基金

子女。 Committee is that parents can arrange the placement of their 會報告

children without any involvement of the court in assessing

whether the placement is necessary and in the best interests

of the child.

47 委員會指出,受到不當對待、立即面臨嚴 The Review Committee notes that children who are 衛福部(保護 1. 聯 合 國 兒 童

重風險的兒少可以進行長達 72 小時的保 maltreated and face imminent and serious risk can be put in 司) 替代性照顧

護安置,且經法院裁定後,可以重複延長 protective placement for up to 72 hours, and that this 準則

placement can be extended repeatedly for 3 months by a

3 個月。委員會也關切主管機關只有在兒 2. 兒 童 權 利 公

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少於緊急安置機構停留 2 年仍無法返家 decision of the court. The Review Committee is concerned 約民間監督

時,才會制訂長期處遇計畫。 that only after a stay of 2 years in an emergency residential 聯盟報告

facility are the authorities required to make a long-term

treatment plan if the child cannot return to her/his family.

48 委員會建議政府依據《CRC》第 25 條及 The Review Committee recommends the Government 1. 衛福部(社 1. 聯 合 國 兒 童

《聯合國兒童替代性照顧準則》,建立有 establish an effective system of regular review of all 家署) 替代性照顧

效體系,定期審查所有替代性照顧之兒少 placements of children in alternative care in accordance with 2. 衛福部(保 準則

article 25 of the CRC and the UN Guidelines for the

安置。應該特別注意緊急安置和機構安 2. 兒 童 權 利 公

Alternative Care for Children. Special attention should be 護司)

置,至少每年一次,以兒少最佳利益為考 given to the review of placements in emergency centres and 約民間監督

量,評估兒少是否仍有必要安置,及/或能 residential facilities by assessing, at least every year, 聯盟報告

否將兒少安置於以家庭環境為主的替代 whether the placement is still necessary in the best interests

性照顧。政府也應採取必要措施,防止兒 of the child and/or whether the child can be placed in a

少頻繁轉換安置處所。 family-based form of alternative care. The Government

should also take the necessary measures to prevent the

frequent moving of children from one alternative care setting

to another.

49 最後,依據《聯合國兒童替代性照顧準 Finally, in line with the UN Guidelines for the Alternative 1. 衛福部(社 1. 聯 合 國 兒 童

則》,委員會強調為準備離開替代性照顧 Care of Children, the Review Committee emphasises the 家署) 替代性照顧

體系的兒少設定有效且適當的計畫及方 importance of having in place an effective and suitable 2. 衛福部(保 準則

policy and programme for children leaving the alternative

案至關重要,這些計畫與方案協助兒少 護司) 2. 財 團 法 人 台

care system, preparing them (and, where applicable, their

(適當時,包含家屬)做好離開替代性照 families) for the leaving care process and providing all 灣兒童暨家

顧體系的準備,且在適當時期內提供所有 necessary after-care support for an appropriate period. 庭扶助基金

必要的支持性服務。 會報告

國內及跨國境收養(第 21 條) Domestic and intercountry adoption (art. 21)

50 委員會注意到,內國兒少收養之年度人數 The Review Committee notes that the annual number of 衛福部(社家 1. 跨國收養方

低於外國收養臺灣兒少之人數,也注意到 domestic adoptions is lower than that of adoptions of 署) 面保護兒童

近親及繼親收養終止比率偏高。委員會建 Taiwanese children abroad, but notes with concern the high

rate of terminations of intra-familial and step-parent 及合作公約

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議政府分析上述終止收養的原因,採取降 adoptions. The Review Committee recommends that the 2. 兒童權利公

低比率的補救措施,致力確保所有兒少獲 causes of these terminations be analysed, that remedial 約民間監督

得適當照顧。委員會瞭解國內收養人通常 action be taken so as to reduce their rate, and that all

necessary efforts be made to ensure appropriate care for any 聯盟報告

不願意承擔照顧有特殊需要兒少(包括身

child involved. While the Review Committee recognises that

心障礙兒少和年齡較大的兒少)的責任, domestic adopters may often be unwilling to take

因而唯有尋求跨國收養,但仍敦促政府提 responsibility for children with special needs (including

高問題意識,倡導內國收養。 those with disabilities and older children) and that

intercountry adoption may therefore be seen as the only

solution for the latter, it urges the Government to raise

awareness and promote the adoption of these children

domestically.

51 委員會關切政府監看跨國收養程序層級 The Review Committee is concerned about the level and

及成效的不足,包括對私立收養機構的權 effectiveness of the Government’s oversight of the

限和監督。委員會建議臺灣採用海牙會議 intercountry adoption procedure, including the authorisation

and monitoring of private adoption agencies. It recommends

《跨國收養合作及兒童保護公約》(1993

that Taiwan adopt The Hague Convention on Protection of

年)作為具法律效力之文件,以處理臺灣 Children and Cooperation in Intercountry Adoption (1993)

跨國收養案件。 as a binding document for dealing with cases of intercountry

adoption from and into Taiwan.

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六、暴力侵害兒童(第 19 條,第 24

條第 3 項,第 28 條第 2 項,第 F. Violence against children (art. 19, 24, para. 3,

34 條,第 37 條(a)項和第 39 28 para. 2, 34, 37 (a) and 39)

條)

52 委員會樂見政府為防範對兒少施暴所採 The Review Committee welcomes the various actions taken 1. 衛福部(保 第 13 號一般性意

取的各種措施,特別是體罰及霸凌,也樂 by the Government to address violence against children, in 護司) 見

見政府為高風險兒少及 6 歲以下弱勢兒 particular related to corporal punishment and bullying, and 2. 教育部

the programmes providing service to high-risk children and

童提供之服務方案。 3. 衛福部(社

youth and to disadvantaged children aged 6 or under.

家署)

53 委員會建議政府: The Review Committee recommends that the Government:

4. 勞動部

(1)參考聯合國兒童權利委員會第 13 (a) continue and strengthen these and other activities and

develop and implement, taking into account the 5. 法務部

號一般性意見(2011 年)提出的指

guidance and recommendations of the CRC Committee 6. 內政部

針及建議,繼續加強現行及其他措

in its General Comment No 13 (2011), a multi-year

施,並制定及施行一個預防及保護 comprehensive national plan of action for the

兒少在所有環境(包含家庭)免受 prevention of and the protection of children against all

一切形式暴力的長期性國家綜合 forms of violence in all settings, including the family;

行動計畫; and

(2)為有助於達成聯合國永續發展目標 (b) provide the necessary human and financial resources for

(目標 16.2)所列在 2030 年前結 the implementation of this plan of action which include

束對兒少一切形式暴力的國家、地 national and local and NGO activities that contribute to

ending all forms of violence against children by 2030, a

方及 NGO 行動計劃提供必要的人

goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (target

力和財力資源。 16.2.).

54 委員會樂見政府施行《校園霸凌防制準 The Review Committee welcomes the Guidelines for 教育部

則》,但關切欠缺實施情形、受害者等人 Prevention of Bullying on Campus, however it is concerned

無效力通報及後續處理機制的具體資訊。 at the lack of concrete information about their

implementation and the ineffective reporting by victims or

委員會因此建議政府:

others and follow-up mechanisms. The Review Committee

(1)經由徵詢兒少意見,重新檢視監督

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機制和通報程序,以確保其成效; recommends that the Government:

(2)提高師生對「霸凌在受害兒少及學 (a) review its monitoring and reporting processes in

校社群所生負面影響」的認知和意 consultation with children to ensure they are effective;

(b) enhance the understanding and awareness of both

識;

teachers and students of the negative impact of bullying

(3)加強教師建構安全教室的能力,鼓 on the child victim and the school community;

勵被害人和目擊者通報霸凌案件; (c) reinforce teachers’ ability to create safe classrooms and

並且 encourage victims and witnesses to report incidents of

(4)為霸凌案件的被害人、加害人及其 bullying; and

他受霸凌影響的兒少,提供有效的 (d) provide effective counselling and restorative practices

輔導及修復。 for children who are victims, perpetrators, and other

children who may be affected by bullying.

55 在網路霸凌方面,委員會建議政府應督促 In relation to cyberbullying the Review Committee 通傳會

平台供應商發展及強化合宜的預防及申 recommends that the Government urge platform operators to

訴服務及機制。 develop and strengthen appropriate services and (協辦:衛福

mechanisms for handling prevention and cyberbullying 部(保護司)、

complaints.

內政部、教育

部、法務部)

56 委員會樂見已經立法禁絕在學校和機構 The Review Committee welcomes the information that 1. 法務部 第 8 號一般性意

內有體罰兒少之情事。然而家內體罰並未 corporal punishment has been prohibited by law in schools 2. 教育部 見

被禁止,且學校內仍持續發生體罰的情 and institutions. However corporal punishment in the family 3. 衛福部(社

setting has not been prohibited and the use of corporal

事。

punishment in schools continues. 家署)

57 委員會建議政府: The Review Committee recommends that the Government: 4. 衛福部(保

(1)依據《CRC》第 8 號一般性意見, (a) adopt an explicit prohibition on corporal punishment in

the home, consistent with the CRC Committee’s 護司)

明文禁止家內體罰;

General Comment No 8;

(2)倡導體罰與任何羞辱人格對遇所生

(b) conduct awareness-raising and educational campaigns

負面影響的認知及教育活動並提 on the negative impact of corporal punishment and other

供足以替代體罰之正面積極作為 forms of degrading and humiliating treatment and

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的資訊; provide information on alternative methods for

(3)採取一切適當措施,確保公私立學 promoting positive behaviour;

校及機構所有的工作人員不使用 (c) take all appropriate measures to ensure that all people

working in public and private schools and institutions

體罰;

refrain from the use of corporal punishment; and

(4)教育所有從事兒少服務的專業人 (d) educate all professionals working with or for children

員,使其了解向主管機關通報疑似 on the importance of reporting all suspected incidents of

對兒少施暴案件的重要性。 violence against children to the appropriate authorities.

七、身心障礙、基本健康與福利

(第 6 條、第 18 條第 3 項、

G. Disability, basic health and welfare (arts. 6,

第 23 條、第 24 條、第 26

18, para.3, 23, 24, 26, 27, paras. 1-3 and 33)

條、第 27 條第 1 至第 3 項和

第 33 條)

身心障礙兒少權利(第 23 條) The rights of children with a disability (art.23)

58 委員會敦促政府執行《身心障礙者權利公 The Review Committee urges the Government to implement 衛福部(社家 1. 第 7 號一般性

約》審查委員會的建議。並進一步建議政 the recommendations of the Review Committee for the 署) 意見

府確保身心障礙兒少準確分解數據的蒐 Convention on the Rights of Persons with a Disability. It

further recommends that the Government ensure the 2. 第 9 號一般性

集,以並採取適當措施使身心障礙兒少:

collection of accurate disaggregated data on children with a (協辦:教育 意見

(1)可在鄉村獲得適當的教育; disability and take appropriate measures to ensure that such

(2)完成學業後從事具有意義的工作; children: 部、勞動部、 3. 第 17 號一般

(3)有機會享受具有意義的遊戲、休閒 (a) can access appropriate schooling in rural areas; 內政部、文化 性意見

和娛樂,如建造共融遊樂場; (b) transition into meaningful employment after the 部、經濟部、

(4)自己及家人受到適當的支持服務。 completion of their schooling; 衛福部(食藥

(c) enjoy access to meaningful play, leisure and recreation

署、醫事司)、

opportunities by, for example, the development of all-

abilities playgrounds; and 交通部、農委

(d) receive appropriate support services for themselves and 會、退輔會)

their families.

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59 委員會關切住在機構內身心障礙兒少的 The Review Committee is concerned at the high number of 1. 衛福部(社 1. 第 7 號一般性

數量居高不下。委員會樂見政府採取 5 年 children with disabilities living in residential facilities. It 家署) 意見

策略(計畫),增加身心障礙兒少在社區 welcomes the fact that the Government has adopted a 5 year

strategy to increase the number of children with disabilities 2. 教育部 2. 第 9 號一般性

生活的人數,並提供身心障礙兒少進入主

living in community based settings and having access to 意見

流學校接受融合教育的機會。 mainstream inclusive schools. 3. 第 15 號一般

性意見

健康權(第 24 條) The right to health (art 24)

60 委員會關切兒少不論能力如何,均須徵得 The Review Committee is concerned that all children must 衛福部(醫事 1. 第 12 號一般

父母同意才能接受醫療的情況,此與聯合 obtain the consent of their parents in order to receive medical 司) 性意見

國兒童權利委員會的觀點不一致。兒童權 treatment, irrespective of their capacity. This position is

inconsistent with the view of the Committee on the Rights 2. 第 15 號一般

利委員會認為,凡是具備充分理解能力之 (協辦:衛福

of the Child which has explained that a child of sufficient

部(心口司、 性意見

兒少,縱使父母不同意,仍可以自主接受 understanding is capable of providing consent to medical

醫療。 treatment including in circumstances where her/his parents 國健署))

are unwilling to provide consent.

61 委員會建議政府修改相關法律,使兒少接 The Review Committee recommends that the Government

受醫療所需同意之規定符合《CRC》,特 amend the relevant laws to ensure that the consent required

別是第 5 條和第 12 條。亦建議政府實施 for medical treatment of a child is consistent with the CRC,

especially articles 5 and 12. It also recommends that the

聯合國兒童權利委員會第 12 號一般性意

Government consider the implementation of the

見(第 102 段)之制度,規定兒少取得同 recommendation of the CRC Committee in its General

意權的特定年齡。 Comment No 12 (para 102) that states adopt legislation

which provides for a fixed age at which the right to consent

transfers to the child.

62 委員會樂見政府努力為兒少提供專家們 The Review Committee welcomes efforts by the 1. 衛福部(心 1. 第 4 號一般

的心理健康服務,包括社區心理健康門 Government to provide specialist mental health services for 口司)(彙 性意見

診、心理健康專科和熱線服務。不過,委 children, including the provision of community mental 整)

health clinics, specialist mental health professionals and 2. 第 15 號一般

員會關切因為兒少心理健康所產生的意 2. 教育部

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外事故,特別是高自殺率以及所提供服務 hotlines for children. However, the Committee is concerned 性意見

的實效性。 about the incidence of children experiencing problems with (協辦:衛福

their mental health, especially the high suicide rate and the 部(保護司、

effectiveness of the services provided. 國健署、疾管

63 委員會建議政府: The Review Committee recommends that the Government: 署))

(1)持續蒐集有關兒少心理健康情況和 (a) continue to collect data on children with mental health

少年自殺的數據,在可行且適切的 conditions and youth suicide which, where possible and

appropriate, is disaggregated according to the nature of

前提下,根據性質、年齡、性別、

the condition, age, gender, rural/urban location,

城鄉分布、原住民身分和性傾向等 indigenous status, and sexual orientation;

項目分類; (b) monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the services

(2)監測和評估所提供給兒少服務的實 provided to children, including data on the referral rate

效性,包括兒少轉介率的資料以及 and outcomes of children who access helplines;

兒童尋求協助的最後成果; (c) ensure mental health services, including child-friendly

(3)確保心理健康服務(包含對兒少友 preventative services, are available, accessible,

善的預防性服務)可以被使用、可 acceptable and of appropriate quality consistent with

General Comment No 15 on the Right to Health of the

以被親近並且可以被接受,且服務

CRC Committee; and

品質符合聯合國兒童權利委員會 (d) actively seek the views of children, consistent with

有關健康權利的第 15 號一般性意 article 12 of the CRC, to assist with the development,

見; implementation and monitoring of mental health

(4)根據《CRC》第 12 條,積極徵詢兒 services for children.

少意見,以協助發展、實施及監測

兒少心理健康服務。

64 委員會樂見政府為解決兒童肥胖問題所 The Review Committee welcomes the range of initiatives 1. 衛福部(國 1. 第 4 號一般性

採取的一系列措施,但建議: adopted by the Government to address the issue of childhood 健署)(彙 意見

(1)政府評估及監測這些措施的成效; obesity. However, it recommends that: 整) 2. 第 15 號一般

(2)在學校量測兒童體重時應審慎進 (a) the Government evaluate and monitor the effectiveness

of such initiatives; and 2. 教育部 性意見

行,確保過程保護兒童隱私且不會

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使兒童受到羞辱。 (b) exercise caution when weighing children in schools, to

ensure that this process is undertaken in a way that

protects a child’s right to privacy and does not subject a

child to humiliation.

65 委員會指出,政府自 2011 年起採行進步 The Review Committee notes that, since 2011, the 1. 教育部(彙 1. 全國媽媽護

的兒少性教育及生育保健教材。委員會亦 Government has adopted a progressive programme to 整) 家護兒聯

指出,多個 NGO 對該教材成效及合宜性 deliver education on sexual and reproductive health to 2. 衛福部(國

children. It also notes that significant concerns are held by 盟、臺灣性

表達強烈關切,性傳染病發生率仍高、部 健署)

various groups with respect to the effectiveness and 別人權維護

分疾病發生率正在增加,且仍有相當比例 appropriateness of this programme; that the incidence of

的青少年懷孕。 (協辦:法務 促進協會、

sexually transmitted diseases remains high and is increasing

for some diseases and that there are still a significant number 部、內政部、 中華兒少愛

of teenage pregnancies. 衛福部(疾管 滋關懷防治

66 委員會建議政府檢討現行課程內容,評估 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 署、社家署)) 協會報告

是否需修訂以改善其成效及確保其合宜 review the current programme to evaluate whether any

2. 第 4 號一般

性。檢討過程應諮詢所有利害關係人,包 amendments are required to improve its effectiveness and

ensure its appropriateness. This review should consult all 性意見

括兒少、家長團體、衛生專業人員和教育

interested parties including children and adolescents, parent 3. 第 12 號一般

工作者。 groups, health professionals and educators.

性意見

67 委員會進一步建議審查評估現行的性健 The Review Committee further recommends that the review

assess whether the current sexual and reproductive health 4. 第 15 號一般

康和生育保健課程是否:

(1)與經濟社會和文化權利委員會第 programme: 性意見

(a) is consistent with the recommendations of the 5. 第 20 號一般

22 號一般性意見(關於少年性健康

Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights

與生育保健)、聯合國兒童權利委 性意見

regarding adolescents in its General Comment 22 on

員會第 4 號一般性意見(關於少年 Sexual and Reproductive Health and the 6. 經社文公約

健康與發展)及第 20 號一般性意 recommendations of the CRC Committee in its General 第 22 號一般

見(關於兒少權利)的內容一致; Comments on Adolescent Health and Development

性意見

(2)適齡且具有實證證據的基礎; (GC 4) and the Rights of Adolescents (GC 20);

(3)旨在保護所有兒少的性健康和生育 (b) is age appropriate and evidence based;

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保健權,包括 LGBTI 兒少及身心障 (c) is designed to protect the right to sexual and

礙兒少; reproductive health of all children, including children

(4)符合《CRC》第 12 條規定,於方案 who identify as LGBTI and children with a disability;

(d) accommodates the views of children in the design,

設計、實施及評估時納入兒少意

delivery and evaluation of the programme, consistent

見; with article 12 of the CRC;

(5)在兒少發生性行為之前,提供兒少 (e) includes information on respectful relationships and

親密關係應互相尊重等相關資訊, measures to empower children before they engage in

並培養兒少對於性行為的正確觀 sexual activity;

念; (f) provides appropriate information and support services

(6)為懷孕少女提供適當的資訊及支持 to a girl who becomes pregnant; and

服務; (g) educates parents to understand a child’s right to sexual

and reproductive health.

(7)教導父母瞭解兒少的性健康及生育

保健相關權利。

68 委員會聽到兒少代表對環境品質以及可 The Review Committee heard concerns from children with 1. 行 政 院 環 第 15 號一般性意

能損害其健康的擔憂。委員會建議政府採 respect to the quality of the environment and the potential 保署(彙 見

取措施監測環境對兒少健康的影響,也建 for this to harm their health, and recommends that the

Government take measures to monitor the impact of the 整)

議政府建立相關制度或流程,使兒少得以

environment on children’s health. The Review Committee 2. 衛福部(國

向政府表達對環境或其他兒少健康議題 also recommends that the Government develop systems or

之關切,並參考聯合國兒童權利委員會繼 健署)

processes that enable children to express their concerns to

2016 年關於兒少權利與環境之一般性討 the Government regarding the environment or other matters

論所提出的建議,將兒少所表示的意見納 relevant to children’s health, and address these concerns with

入適當的立法或行動中。 adequate legislative and other actions, taking into account

the recommendations of the UN CRC Committee following

its 2016 Day of General Discussion on Children’s Rights and

the Environment.

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八、教育休閒與文化活動(第 28

H. Education, leisure and cultural activities (art. 28 – 31)

條至第 31 條)

教育權(第 28 條、第 29 條) The right to education (art 28-29)

改善就學負擔差距 Closing the gap

69 委員會樂見 6 至 15 歲的義務教育免收學 The Review Committee welcomes the fact that compulsory 教育部

費。然而,委員會關切越來越多私立高中 education between the ages of 6 and 15 is free of tuition fees.

職學生須申請貸款才能負擔學費、其他學 Nevertheless, the Review Committee is concerned with the

growing need of students at private vocational and senior

習費用及生活開支。

high schools to apply for loans to pay tuition and other

learning costs and living expenses.

70 委員會建議教育部全面檢視私立高中職 The Review Committee recommends that the Ministry of

收費情形,並建立審查機制,以保護經濟 Education (‘MOE’) undertake an overall review of the

弱勢學生免受私立學校過度收費。委員會 tuition rates of private vocational and senior high schools,

and establish a review system in this regard to protect

進一步建議政府推行適當計劃,協助無力

economically disadvantaged students from being charged

償還貸款的學生。 excessively by private schools. The Review Committee

further recommends that the Government introduce

appropriate programmes to assist students who experience

difficulties in the repayment of their debt.

學前教育 Preschools

71 委員會對於公立和非營利幼兒園不足、就 The Review Committee is concerned at the shortage of 教育部

讀私立幼兒園帶給家長的沉重經濟負擔 public and non-profit preschools and the high financial

表達關切。委員會亦關切地方主管機關需 burden for parents enrolling their children in private

preschools. The Committee is also concerned by the need of

要額外的人力和經費,才能落實《幼兒教

local authorities for additional human and financial

育及照顧法》第 7 條。 resources to enable them to comply with Article 7 of the

Early Childhood Education and Care Act.

72 委員會樂見《擴大幼兒教保公共化計畫 The Review Committee welcomes the Maximizing the

(2017 年至 2020 年)》的實施,協助地 Public Education and Care Services Project (2017-2020) to

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方政府增設更多公立幼兒園,為更多家長 assist local governments to establish more public preschools

提供平價優質的教保服務。 enabling more parents to access high-quality education and

care for their children at a fair cost.

73 委員會鼓勵政府根據以下項目評估實施 The Review Committee encourages the Government to

前述計畫的成效:公立幼兒園數量增加、 evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of this

受過專業訓練的幼教老師等比增加,並修 project with regard to the increase in the number of public

preschools and the proportional increase in the number of

訂工資以改善高流動率。委員會建議政府

trained preschool teachers, and to revise their wages to

以公立幼兒園免學費、私立幼兒園收費可 address the high staff turnover rate. The Review Committee

負擔為目標。 recommends that the Government aim to achieve free tuition

for public preschools and affordable tuition for private

preschools.

Budget allocation for education in remote and rural

偏鄉地區教育經費分配 areas

74 委員會肯定政府為偏鄉兒少分配更多教 The Review Committee acknowledges that the Government 教育部 第 1 號一般性意

育資源的決心。然而,委員會仍然關切目 is committed to allocating additional resources to the 見

前分配資源尚不足以確保偏鄉兒少的教 education of children in remote and rural areas. However,

育品質。委員會建議政府持續為偏鄉教育 the Review Committee remains concerned that the allocation

of these resources may not always be sufficient to ensure a

提供額外資源,並採取措施以監測偏鄉兒 quality education for children in these areas. The Review

少享有《CRC》第 28 條和第 29 條所訂教 Committee recommends that the Government continue to

育權的程度。 provide additional resources for rural and remote education

and adopt measures to monitor the extent to which children

enjoy their right to education, consistent with articles 28 and

29 of the CRC.

兒童權利與公民教育 Children’s rights and civic education

75 委員會建議無論何種形式或層級的教育 The Review Committee recommends that human rights and, 教育部 第 1 號一般性意

課程(包含國民教育),均須納入人權(尤 in particular, the rights of the child be made a mandatory part 見

其是兒童權利)教育。委員會進一步建議, of the curriculum in all forms and at all levels of education, (協辦:法務

including the National Curriculum. The Review Committee 部)

應為各年齡層和不同能力的兒少製作適

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宜教材,教師亦須接受兒童權利的知識和 further recommends that accessible materials be produced

培訓。委員會另建議,教育部應支持公民 for all ages and abilities of children, and that knowledge and

教育中培力兒少的相關活動。 training in children’s rights be a prerequisite for teachers.

The Review Committee further recommends that the MOE

support activities concerning children’s empowerment in

civic and citizenship education.

學生參與校務 Student representation in school affairs

76 委員會肯定《高級中等教育法》催生學生 The Review Committee acknowledges that the High School 教育部

自治組織的貢獻,但關切該法未被有效落 Education Act provides for the creation of self-governing

實。委員會建議教育部監督所有學校(包 students organizations, but it is concerned that the Act is not

effectively implemented. The Review Committee

括私立學校)的學生自治組織,確保沒有

recommends that the MOE monitor the establishment of

學校人員介入該組織的選舉或功能行使。 self-governing student organizations in all schools,

委員會進一步建議,學生自治組織應有效 including private schools, without the intervention of school

參與學校所有處理校務及攸關學生受教 personnel in their elections or functions. The Review

利益的委員會。 Committee further recommends that self-governing

organizations be effectively represented in all school

committees dealing with school affairs and students’

educational interests.

課綱改革 Reform of the curricula guidelines

77 委員會關注考試導向、過分強調學業表現 The Review Committee is concerned about the stress caused 教育部

造成學生壓力,加上課程缺乏彈性,學生 to students as a result of the pressure for high academic

難以追求個人的學習興趣。委員會樂見教 attainment, where a strong emphasis is placed on

examinations and the curriculum lacks flexibility, leaving

育部正在進行課綱審查,期使課綱更具彈

students with limited scope to pursue their own educational

性,更符合學生興趣並減輕學生壓力。委 interests. The Review Committee welcomes the ongoing

員會鼓勵教育部在學生的有效參與下繼 review by the MOE of the curricula with a view to making

續審查課綱。 it more flexible, more compatible with students’ interests

and less stressful for students. The Review Committee

encourages the MOE to continue this review process with

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the effective participation of students.

中輟生 Dropout students

78 委員會擔心協助中輟生的相關服務未經 The Review Committee is concerned that not all services for 教育部

整合,建議政府整合所有服務,確保中輟 students who drop out of school are integrated. The Review

生得以分配到足夠資源。 Committee recommends that the Government integrate these (協辦:衛福

services and ensure the sufficient allocation of resources to 部(保護司))

support such students.

懲處措施 Disciplinary measures

79 委員會擔心各校自行制定學生懲處規定, The Review Committee notes that schools can draw up their 教育部 1. 第 8 號一般

可能使兒少遭受連坐罰等不當和違法的 own guidelines for the discipline of students and is 性意見

懲罰。委員會建議政府公開並提供學校相 concerned that this could expose children to arbitrary and

2. 第 13 號一般

關指引,明列合乎兒童權利的懲處措施。 unlawful disciplinary measures such as collective

punishment. The Review Committee recommends that the 性意見

Government provide and publicise a directive to schools

which outlines those disciplinary measures which are

compatible with children’s rights.

80 委員會關切並建議軍訓教官應盡快全面 The Review Committee is concerned at the employment of 教育部

退出校園。 military training officers in schools and recommends that

this practice be phased out as expeditiously as possible. (協辦:國防

部)

體罰 Corporal punishment

81 委員會關切校園禁止體罰之規定未獲徹 The Review Committee is concerned that the ban on 教育部 第 8 號一般性意

底執行,亦未經妥適監督。委員會建議教 corporal punishment in schools is not adequately monitored 見

育部採取一切必要措施,確保有效執行禁 and enforced. It recommends that all necessary measures be

taken by the MOE to ensure the effective implementation of

令,並適當懲戒使用體罰的教師。

the ban, and that teachers who use this measure be

appropriately sanctioned.

申訴機制 Mechanism of appeals

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82 委員會關注現行申訴程序處理學生申訴 The Review Committee is concerned with the effectiveness 1. 教育部(彙 問題清單 7.9

的成效,並建議政府建立一套獨立、保密 of the existing appeal procedures for students’ complaints. It 整)

且安全的申訴通報機制,個別處理針對各 recommends that the Government set up an independent 2. 法務部

mechanism providing a confidential and safe reporting

類學校不當行政決策或措施的申訴案件,

process to address individual appeals on wrongful

包括私立學校、輔育院、矯正學校及中途 administrative decisions or measures taken by all schools, (協辦:勞動

學校。學生應有權在此種申訴評議委員會 including private, reform, correctional, and transition 部、衛福部(保

中陳述意見,並選任包括非政府組織在內 schools. Students should be entitled to be heard in such 護司))

的獨立代表。 hearings and receive independent representation. including

from NGOs.

兒少休息、遊戲、休閒權(第 31 條) The child’s right to rest, play, leisure (art. 31)

83 委員會深切關心兒少留在學校裡或留在 The Review Committee is deeply concerned about the very 教育部 第 17 號一般性意

學校外的其他樣式化教育機構的時間極 long hours that children spend at school or in other formal 見

長,也注意到政府已對國家考試制度進行 educational settings outside school. It notes that the

Government has reformed the state examination system in

改革,希望可以減輕兒少的學業壓力。

the hope that this may reduce the pressure on children in

relation to academic attainment.

84 委員會建議政府檢視學生上學的結構並 The Review Committee recommends that the Government

且明白加以規定,確保學校提供兒少適當 review and regulate the structure of the school day in order

且規律的自由活動時間。此外,建議政府 to ensure that schools provide children with adequate and

regular periods of free time. Furthermore, it recommends

教育家長和老師,睡眠、遊戲及休閒時間

that the Government undertake measures to educate parents

不足,對兒少的學習、發展及身心健康均 and teachers about the harmful effects of a lack of adequate

有不良影響。 sleep and of access to play and leisure on children’s learning

and development and physical and mental health.

85 委員會讚賞政府努力提供兒少安全的遊 The Review Committee commends the Government’s 1. 文化部 第 17 號一般性意

樂場所,增加都市兒少的遊樂場域,並強 efforts to increase children’s access to play space in urban 2. 內政部 見

調政府應確保包括身心障礙兒少在內的 environments through the provision of safe playgrounds. It

stresses that the Government should ensure that all children, 3. 衛福部(社

所有兒少都能參與遊戲,且均有享受自然

including children with disabilities, have access to play and 家署)

環境的權利。參考第 17 號一般性意見

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(2013,兒少享有休息和休閒、從事遊戲 that children should be able to enjoy that right in the natural

和娛樂活動、參加文化生活和藝術活動的 environment. With reference to General Comment No. 17 (協辦:教育

權利),委員會建議政府(含地方政府) (2013) on the right of the child to rest, leisure, play,

recreational activities, cultural life and the arts, the Review 部、經濟部、

採取措施以確保兒少享有休息、休閒與參

Committee recommends that the Government, as well as 衛福部(食藥

與適齡遊戲及娛樂活動之權利,包括持續 local authorities, implement measures to guarantee the right

投入充足資源,推行遊戲與休閒相關政 of the child to rest and leisure and to engage in play and 署、醫事司)、

策。委員會建議政府在規劃、設計及監督 recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child, 交通部、農委

社區、地方、國家層級的遊戲與休閒相關 including by adopting and implementing play and leisure 會、退輔會)

政策和活動執行時,應讓兒少充分參與。 policies with sufficient and sustainable resources. The

Review Committee recommends that Government fully

involve children in planning, designing and monitoring the

implementation of play policies and activities relevant to

play and leisure, at the community, local and national levels.

86 委員會注意到政府在確保所有兒少都能 The Review Committee notes the existing efforts to ensure 1. 教育部(彙

學習多元文化(包括原住民文化和語言) that all children can learn about diverse cultures, including 整)

上所做的努力,並鼓勵政府諮詢兒少、家 indigenous cultures and languages. It encourages the 2. 文化部

Government to review and extend these activities in

長和少數群體,以檢討成效並擴大推廣相

consultation with children, their families and minority 3. 原民會

關活動。 communities. 4. 客委會

九、特別保護措施(第 22 條、第

30 條、第 32 條、第 33 條、

I. Special protection measures (arts. 22, 30, 32,

第 35 條、第 36 條、第 37 條

33, 34, 35, 36, 37 (b), (d) and 38 – 40)

(b)至(d)項、第 38 條和第 38

至第 40 條)

原住民兒少(第 30 條) Indigenous children (art. 30)

87 委員會樂見政府為保護原住民兒少權利 The Review Committee welcomes the numerous measures 原民會 第 11 號一般性意

採取的許多措施,以及原住民族委員會扮 taken by the Government to protect the rights of indigenous 見

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演的重要角色。 children and the important role played by the National (協辦:衛福

Council of Indigenous Peoples. 部(國健署)、

88 委員會建議政府持續與原住民族(包括兒 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 教育部)

少)合作,共同執行、監督和評估原住民 continue to implement, monitor and evaluate the

兒少權利特別保護措施的成效。委員會並 effectiveness of special measures to protect the rights of

indigenous children in collaboration with indigenous

建議政府應:

communities including children from such communities.

(1)推動降低原住民嬰兒死亡率的措 The Review Committee further recommends that the

施; Government pay special attention to:

(2)提供合格師資教授原住民兒少原住 (a) measures to reduce the infant mortality rate among

民語言; indigenous children;

(b) the ability of indigenous children to receive instruction

(3)提供原住民兒少從偏鄉至都市求學 in their indigenous language by appropriately qualified

所需的協助; teachers;

(4)與部落合作創辦幼兒園,包括適切 (c) the assistance provided to indigenous children when

分配資源以及讓原住民參與幼兒園 they move from rural to urban areas to undertake

的建設、人力配置與營運; education;

(d) measures to support the development of preschools by

(5)在原住民社區安排符合文化慣習的

tribal co-operatives, including the allocation of

替代性照顧; adequate resources and the involvement of indigenous

(6)提供符合原住民文化的親職教育和 community members in the development, staffing and

支持服務。 operation of such preschools;

(e) supporting customary alternative care arrangements in

indigenous communities; and

(f) the provision of culturally appropriate parenting

education and support services.

童工(第 32 條) Child labour (art. 32)

89 委員會注意到部分報告指出,兒少(包含 The Review Committee notes with concern reports that 勞動部 1. 最低年齡公

幼童)經常長時間工作,且/或處於可能對 children, including younger children, are working in 約(第 138

其健康與發展有害的工作環境。委員會建 conditions that often involve long hours and/or may be

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議政府: harmful to their health and development. The Review 號)

(1)調查從事勞動的兒少人數,並依據 Committee recommends that the Government: 2. 最惡劣形式

(a) collect data on the number of children working,

工作性質、年齡、性別、是否具原 的童工勞動

disaggregated according to the nature of the work, age,

住民身分及城鄉背景分類統計; gender and whether the child comes from an 公約(第 182

(2)採取適當措施以保護這些兒少的權 indigenous, rural or urban background; and 號)

利。 (b) take appropriate measures to protect the rights of such

children.

藥物濫用(第 33 條) Drug abuse (art. 33)

90 委員會樂見政府已採取各種防止藥物濫 The Review Committee welcomes the various measures 1. 法務部(彙

用的措施,例如地方政府設立毒品危害防 taken to prevent drug abuse, such as the establishment of 整)

制中心、辦理「向毒品說不」(反毒健康 local Abuse Prevention Centres and the project “say-no-to- 2. 教育部

drugs”, and the designation of medical treatment institutions

小學堂題庫教學)計畫,並指定醫療機構

for the treatment of children addicted to drugs. However, the 3. 衛福部(心

治療吸毒兒少。然而,委員會關切目前缺 Review Committee is concerned at the lack of information

乏數據證明這些措施的成效。 口司)

on the effectiveness of these measures.

委員會建議政府定期評估這些措施是否 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 4. 衛福部(保

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有效落實,並讓吸毒兒少參與,以便在必 regularly conduct evaluations of the implementation of these 護司)

要時調整或加強措施力度。此外,委員會 measures and their effectiveness with the involvement of 5. 內政部

child and adolescent drug users, in order to adjust or

建議政府視使用毒品為健康問題而非犯 6. 司法院)

strengthen these measures where necessary. In addition, the

罪。 Review Committee recommends that the Government treat

the use of drugs as a health problem and not as a crime.

性剝削及性虐待(第 34 條) Sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (art. 34)

92 委員會樂見 2015 年通過《兒童及少年性 The Review Committee welcomes the adoption in 2015 of 衛福部(保護 聯合國經濟及社

剝削防制條例》 , the Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act,

(2017 年 1 月 1 日生效) 司) 會理事會關於兒

以及防制兒少性交易與強化性犯罪調查 which entered into force on 1 January 2017, and the related 童被害人兼證人

plans for the prevention of sex trade involving children and

的相關計畫。不過,委員會擔心,針對性 之司法問題的第

for the reinforcement of sex crimes investigations. However, (協辦:司法

剝削或性虐待受害兒少的緊急安置可以 the Review Committee is concerned that an emergency 2005/20 號決議

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延長很長一段時間,但不清楚延長的理由 placement of a child victim of sexual exploitation or sexual 院、內政部、

是什麼。此外,委員會關切在性虐待受害 abuse can be extended for a long period of time while it is 法務部)

兒少作證指控犯罪嫌疑人的司法(刑事) not clear what the grounds for the extension are.

Furthermore, the Review Committee is concerned that the

程序中,相關保護措施並不總是完全符合

protection of a child victim of sexual abuse as a witness in a

國際人權標準及建議。 judicial (criminal) proceedings against the alleged

perpetrator is not always in full compliance with

international human rights standards and recommendations.

93 委員會建議政府以法律明定延長性剝削 The Review Committee recommends that the Government

或性虐待受害兒少緊急安置的理由,並於 specify by law the grounds for the extension of an

必要時審查及修正保護受害兒少於司法 emergency placement of a child victim of sexual exploitation

or sexual abuse, and that it review and amend, where

程序作證的現行規定,以符合《關於買賣

necessary, the existing provisions on the protection of child

兒童、兒童賣淫和兒童色情問題任擇議定 victims as witnesses in judicial proceedings in order to

書》第 8 條及聯合國經濟及社會理事會關 comply with the rules set in article 8 Optional Protocol on

於兒童被 害人兼 證人 之司法問 題的第 the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child

2005/20 號決議。 Pornography and the recommendations in Resolution

2005/20 of the UN Economic and Social Council on Justice

in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime.

拘留條件(第 37 條) Conditions of detention (art. 37)

94 委員會對被剝奪自由的兒少遭受不當對 The Review Committee is concerned by reports of the 1. 法務部(彙 《聯合國保護被

待的報告感到關切,並建議政府採取有效 mistreatment of children while deprived of their liberty and 整) 剝奪自由少年規

措施,以確保: recommends that the Government take effective measures to

ensure: 2. 內政部 則》(《哈瓦那規

(1)完全遵守公約第 37 條和《聯合國保 (a) full compliance with article 37 of the Convention and 則》)

護被剝奪自由少年規則》(《哈瓦那 the UN Rules on the Protection of Juveniles Deprived (協辦:衛福

規則》); of their Liberty;

部(保護司))

(2)教育所有與被剝奪自由兒少工作者 (b) that all staff working with children deprived of their

是類兒少應有的權利;以及 liberty are informed about the rights of such children;

and

(3)充分調查所有被剝奪自由兒少遭受

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不當對待之指控。 (c) that all allegations of mistreatment of children deprived

of their liberty are fully investigated.

少年司法(第 40 條) Juvenile justice (art. 40)

95 委員會表達讚賞並注意到政府為防止少 The Review Committee notes with appreciation the 司法院

年犯罪所採取的措施,並根據《少年事件 measures taken by the Government to prevent juvenile

處理法》建立結構良好的少年司法體系。 delinquency and the establishment, based on the Juvenile

Delinquency Act, of a well-structured juvenile justice

然而委員會關切的是:

system. However, the Review Committee is concerned with:

(1)《少年事件處理法》使用不同的年 (a) the use of different age limits and categories in the

齡限制和類別,導致少年(犯罪) Juvenile Delinquency Act which lead to the appearance

司法統計數據出現 7-12 歲的兒童, of children aged 7 to 12 in the juvenile (criminal) justice

且因最低刑事責任年齡(MACR) statistics, and the lack of clarity regarding children aged

為 14 歲,使 12 歲和 13 歲的少年 12 and 13 due to the fact that the minimum age of

統計數據不明確; criminal responsibility (MACR) is set at 14;

(b) criminalizing problematic behaviour of children by

(2)將兒少偏差行為視為犯罪,使其在 including such behaviour in the criminal law as status

刑法中成為虞犯,並且; offences; and

(3)對觸犯刑罰法令的兒少在整個少年 (c) the de facto lack of legal or other assistance to children

司法程序中缺乏事實上所需要法律 and juveniles in conflict with the criminal law

或其他協助,此乃導因於法律上的 throughout the juvenile justice proceedings, due to the

協助,在大多數情況下,都是需要 fact that legal assistance has to be paid for in most

instances.

付費的。

96 根據聯合國兒童權利委員會第 10 號一般 In light of the CRC Committee’s General Comment No 10 1. 司法院 1. 第 10 號一般

性意見,有關司法兒少之權利,委員會建 on Children’s Rights in Juvenile Justice, the Review 2. 衛福部(保 性意見

議政府將少年司法系統與《CRC》及其他 Committee recommends that the Government bring the 護司、心口 2. 第 20 號一般

juvenile justice system fully into line with the CRC and other

相關標準充分一致。委員會特別建議政

relevant standards. In particular, the Review Committee 司、社家 性意見

府: recommends that the Government: 署)

(1)依《兒童及少年福利與權益保障 (a) deal with children below the age of 14 who have been

alleged as, accused of or recognized as having infringed 3. 教育部

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法》 、而非《少年事件處理法》處理 the criminal law, under the Protection of Children and 4. 內政部

14 歲以下觸犯刑罰法令的兒少,並 Youth Welfare and Rights Act and not under the 5. 法務部

通過必要的立法程序讓其生效; Juvenile Delinquency Act, and undertake the necessary

legislative and other measures to that effect;

(2)廢除虞犯,並透過《兒童及少年福 (b) abolish status offences and provide children with

利與權益保障法》提供有偏差行為 problematic behaviour with the necessary support and

之兒童必要的支持與保護; protection in the context of the Protection of Children

(3)確保觸犯刑罰法令之兒少從司法程 and Youth Welfare and Rights Act;

序一開始就獲得合格和具有獨立性 (c) ensure the provision of qualified and independent legal

保障的法律協助; aid to children in conflict with the criminal law from the

beginning, and throughout the legal proceedings;

(4)由法律規定法院/法官必須定期檢 (d) require by law that pre-trial detention is reviewed

視審前拘留,以兩週審查一次為佳, regularly by a court/judge, preferably every two weeks,

以確保審前拘留不會超過絕對必要 in order to ensure that pre-trial detention does not last

的期間; any longer than is strictly necessary; and

(5)確保剝奪自由之刑罰為最後手段。 (e) ensure that sentences involving deprivation of liberty

are a measure of last resort.

97 委員會注意到少年司法體系缺乏修復式 The Review Committee notes that no restorative justice 司法院

司法機制,且轉向措施有限。委員會建議 mechanism is in place within the juvenile justice system and

政府研討引進修復式司法措施以及審前 there are limited diversionary measures. The Review

Committee recommends that the Government explore the

轉向措施的可能性。

possibility of introducing restorative justice measures and

promote genuine diversionary measures which occur before

court proceedings.

十、宣傳 J. Dissemination

98 委員會建議以國內各種語言廣為宣傳首 The Review Committee recommends that the initial report, 衛福部(社家

次國家報告、問題清單書面回應及本結論 the written replies to the list of issues and the present 署)

性意見。 concluding observations be made widely available in the

languages of the country.

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中華民國(臺灣)兒童權利公約首次國家報告結論性意見各點次權責機關分工(定稿版)

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壹 前言 I. Introduction

1 中華民國(臺灣)立法院於 2014 年 6 月 In June 2014, the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China 無

通過《兒童權利公約施行法》 (下稱《CRC (Taiwan) passed the Implementation Act of the Convention

施行法》),並於同年 11 月 20 日開始施 on the Rights of the Child (‘Implementation Act’). The Act

came into force on 20 November 2014 and provides the

行,作為《CRC》在臺灣實施之國內法化

framework for domestic harmonization of the CRC. On 22

架構;2016 年 4 月 22 日立法院通過加入 April 2016 Taiwan’s Legislative Yuan passed a Bill to

《CRC》條約案,總統於 2016 年 5 月簽 support the adoption of the CRC paving the way for the

署加入書。 President to sign the Instrument of Accession to the CRC in

May 2016.

2 行政院依據《CRC 施行法》,於 2016 年 The Executive Yuan, according to the Implementation Act, 無

11 月發表首次國家報告,並於 2017 年 3 published the initial State report in November 2016 and its

月完成英文版。中華民國(臺灣)政府邀 English version was made available in March 2017. In order

請 5 位獨立國際兒權專家組成國際審查 to review its initial State report, the Government of Taiwan

invited five independent international children’s rights

委員會(下稱委員會)審查首次國家報告。 experts to form an International Review Committee

5 位專家分別為 Jaap Doek(主席) (荷蘭) , (‘Review Committee’). They were Jaap Doek (Chairperson)

Judith Karp(以色列) ,Nigel Cantwell(英 (The Netherlands), Judith Karp (Israel), Nigel Cantwell

國/瑞士) ;Laura Lundy(北愛爾蘭)以及 (United Kingdom/Switzerland); Laura Lundy (Northern

John Tobin(澳洲)。 Ireland) and John Tobin (Australia).

3 委員會審查了臺灣於 2017 年 3 月提交之 The Review Committee examined the initial report of 無

首次國家報告,並收到來自包含兒童團體 Taiwan which was submitted to the Review Committee in

組織等公民組織團體的替代報告及兒少 March 2017. The Review Committee received reports from

civil society organizations including children’s

報告。委員會於 2017 年 6 月提出問題清

organizations and groups of children. The Review

單,於同年 9 月收到書面詳細回復。委員 Committee submitted a List of Issues to Taiwan in June 2017

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會也收到公民組織對於問題清單之意見 and received detailed written replies in September 2017. The

以及政府回應。 Review Committee also received a number of additional

reports from civil society in response to the List of Issues

and the State’s replies to the List of Issues.

4 委員會於 2017 年 11 月 20 日與公民組織 As part of the review on 20 November 2017, the Review 無

成員兒少舉行列入審查會議之不公開會 Committee held private meetings with children and

議。另於 2017 年 11 月 21 日及 22 日與政 members from civil society. On 21 and 22 November 2017,

the Review Committee engaged in a public dialogue with the

府代表舉行公開會議,於 2017 年 11 月

Government delegation. The Review Committee adopted

24 日通過並發表本結論性意見。 the present Concluding Observations and presented them on

24 November 2017.

5 委員會了解臺灣政府認真且努力的實踐 The Review Committee acknowledges the serious and 無

《CRC》,並相當感謝相關部會及政府機 sincere efforts of the Government of Taiwan to implement

構派員出席會議,與委員會進行建設性對 the CRC. The Review Committee greatly appreciates the

constructive dialogue with the Government during the

話。公民組織之積極參與,尤其是兒少參

review, which was attended by representatives from all

與,亦對審查過程至關重要。 relevant Ministries and government bodies. The active

participation of civil society and in particular children was

also essential to the review process.

6 委員會感謝衛生福利部(特別是《CRC》 The Review Committee expresses its appreciation to the 無

幕僚單位)提供實質協助與後勤支援。 Ministry of Health and Welfare, and particularly its CRC

team, for providing the Review Committee with substantive

and logistical support.

II. Recognition of International Human

貳 承認之國際人權公約

Rights Treaties

7 委員會欣見臺灣除《CRC》外,亦接受下 The Review Committee welcomes the decision of Taiwan to 無

列國際人權公約: adopt not only the CRC but also the following international

(1)《經濟社會文化權利國際公約》; human rights treaties:

(a) International Covenant on Economic, Social and

(2)《公民與政治權利國際公約》;

Cultural Rights;

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(3)《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》

; (b) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;

(4)《身心障礙者權利公約》。 (c) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women; and

(d) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

III. Main areas of concern and

參 關切重點與建議

recommendations

一、一般執行措施(第 4、42、44 A. General measures of implementation (arts. 4,

(6)條) 42 and 44 (6))

立法 Legislation

8 委員會讚賞中華民國(臺灣)毫無保留地 The Review Committee notes with appreciation that the 衛福部(社家 兒少權利影響評

接受《CRC》 。 CRC was accepted without reservations and that a special 署)

,且制定特別法施行《CRC》 估(Children’s

委員會建議政府於檢視國內法律是否與 Act was adopted for the implementation of the CRC. The Rights in Impact

Review Committee recommends that the Government Assessments)

《CRC》規定一致時,應進行兒少權利影

undertake a process of child rights impact assessment as it

響評估。 continues to review its domestic laws with a view to

harmonizing them with the provisions of the CRC.

9 委員會建議應修正《CRC 施行法》

,明定 The Review Committee recommends that the 衛福部(社家 第 5 號一般性意

國內法律與《CRC》牴觸時,優先適用 Implementation Act should be amended to provide a clear 署) 見

《CRC》。 statement that the provisions of the CRC prevail in the case

of a conflict with domestic legal provisions.

10 委員會鼓勵政府接受《關於兒童捲入武裝 The Review Committee encourages the Government to 1. 國防部 兩任擇議定書

衝突問題之兒童權利公約任擇議定書》及 adopt the Optional Protocols to the CRC on the Involvement 2. 衛福部(保

《關於買賣兒童、兒童賣淫和兒童色情問 of Children in Armed Conflict and on the Sale of Children, 護司)(彙

Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.

題之兒童權利公約任擇議定書》。 整)

3. 內政部

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全面性國家行動計畫 Comprehensive national plan of action

11 委員會建議政府制定並實施全面性國家 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 衛福部(社家 第 5 號一般性意

行動計畫以實踐《CRC》,且納入地方政 develop and implement a national and comprehensive plan 署) 見

府、公民組織、相關專家、兒少及家長之 of action for the implementation of the CRC, with the

involvement of regional and local authorities, civil society

參與。

organisations, relevant professionals, children and parents.

協調 Coordination

12 委員會欣見設立協調與推動兒少福利及 The Review Committee welcomes the establishment of the 衛福部(社家

權益保障政策的團隊,也欣見行政院設立 Promotional Team for Children and Youth Welfare and 署)

兒童及少年福利與權益促進小組。委員會 Rights tasked with coordination and promotion of policies

regarding the rights and welfare of children and youth, and

建議政府確保上開團隊以及小組具有充

of the Executive Yuan’s promotional group for Child and

分的權力,並配有足夠的人力和財力資 Youth Welfare and Rights. The Review Committee

源,以執行職務。 recommends that the Government ensure that these groups

have sufficient power to execute their tasks and are provided

with adequate human and financial resources.

13 委員會建議立法院應成立兒童委員會。並 The Review Committee recommends that a children’s 立法院

於制定影響兒少及其人權之法案時,由委 committee be established in the Legislative Yuan. This

員會諮詢兒少、專業團體和公民團體的意 committee should consult with children, relevant

professional bodies and civil society in the development of

見。

proposals for legislation that affects children and their

human rights.

獨立監督 Independent monitoring

14 委員會注意到且關心中華民國(臺灣)尚 The Review Committee notes with concern that Taiwan has 1. 法務部(彙 1. 第 2 號一般性

未成立獨立國家人權機構。 not yet established an independent National Human Rights 整) 意見

Institution (‘NHRI’).

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15 委員會建議應儘速依照聯合國兒童權利 The Review Committee recommends the establishment 2. 監察院 2. 巴黎原則

委員會第 2 號一般性意見(2002),成立 without delay of either an NHRI with a dedicated division 3. 第 5 號一般性

國家人權機構並內設監督兒童權利的專 for the monitoring of the rights of the child or a children’s

ombudsman’s office or children’s rights commissioner, in 意見

責單位;或是成立兒童監察使辦公室;或

accordance with the recommendations made by the CRC

是設置兒童權利委員。該組織應依循巴黎 Committee in its General Comment No 2 (2002). This body

原則設立,特別是以一種使申訴兒童感受 should comply with the Paris Principles and, in particular, be

到隱私不受侵害並能受到保護的方式下, able to receive, investigate and address complaints notified

受理、調查、處理針對所有公私部門的兒 by or on behalf of children, relating to the public and private

童權利申訴事件。 sector, in a child-sensitive manner, ensuring the privacy and

protection of complainants.

申訴程序 Complaints procedures

16 委員會讚賞並注意到在教育、社會福利、 The Review Committee notes with appreciation the 1. 教育部

醫療以及少年司法領域事項,皆有提供兒 information provided on the opportunities for children to 2. 衛福部(醫

少申訴機會的資訊。 make complaints in the settings of education, social welfare,

health and juvenile justice. 事司、國健

17 委員會建議讓所有兒少都能得知申訴管 The Review Committee recommends that all children 署、疾管

道以及申訴程序的資訊。政府應確保該程 receive information about the opportunities and procedures 署、社家

序對兒少友善,提供兒少適足的支持(在 for making complaints. The Government should ensure that 署)

the procedures are child-friendly, that the child is provided

適當情形下包括家長或 NGO 的支持)

with adequate support (including where appropriate by 3. 司法院

並保護兒少隱私。委員會進一步建議,政 parents or competent NGOs) and that the privacy of the child

4. 法務部

府應採取必要措施,保護提出申訴之兒少 is protected. Furthermore, it recommends that the

或代表兒少申訴者,免於報復、恐嚇或其 Government take the necessary measures to protect children

他負面影響。申訴程序應為獨立審查。 who make complaints, and those who do so on behalf of a

child, from retaliation, intimidation or other negative

repercussions. The complaints procedure must be subject to

independent review.

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資源分配 Resource allocation

18 委員會建議政府提出第一份兒少預算,並 The Review Committee commends the Government for 衛福部(社家 第 19 號一般性意

建議兒少預算應依據聯合國兒童權利會 introducing its first Child Budget. It recommends that, in line 署) 見

關 於 公 共 預 算 的 第 19 號 一 般 性 意 見 with the Committee on the Rights of the Child’s General

Comment No. 19 on Public Budgeting (2016), the (協辦:主計

(2016),以一種與包含兒少在內公開對

Government ensure transparent and participatory budgeting

話,確保透明及參與的方式編製,並建立 總處)

through public dialogue, including with children, and

監督與評估各級政府資源分配及使用適 establishes mechanisms to monitor and evaluate the

切性、有效性和公平性的機制。 adequacy, efficacy and equitability of the distribution and

use of resources, including at the level of local authorities.

數據蒐集 Data collection

19 委員會讚揚政府提供家庭環境與替代性 The Review Committee appreciates the provision of 衛福部(社家 第 5 號一般性意

照顧、健康與福利、教育及特別保護措施 statistical information regarding the implementation of the 署、統計處) 見

等方面落實兒童權利的統計資料。 rights of the child in areas such as family environment and

alternative care, health and welfare, education and special (協辦:主計

protective measures. 總處)

20 依據聯合國兒童權利委員會關於一般執 In the light of the Committee on the Rights of the Child’s

行措施的第 5 號一般性意見,委員會建議 General Comment No. 5 on General Measures of

政府進一步改善數據蒐集系統,並考慮增 Implementation, the Review Committee recommends that

the Government further improves its system of data

設中央數據蒐集單位。所蒐集的資料應涵

collection and considers establishing a central data

蓋公約所有層面,依性別、年齡、城鄉、 collection unit. The information collected should cover all

原住民及種族背景分類數據,在相關及適 areas of the Convention and be disaggregated by gender, age,

當的情形下,並依身心障礙、國籍和性取 urban/rural, and indigenous and ethnic backgrounds, as well

向分類。 as, where relevant and appropriate, disability, nationality and

sexual orientation.

認知提升與教育訓練 Awareness-raising and training

21 委員會注意到中央政府各部會和地方政 The Review Committee notes the training on children’s 1. 衛福部(社

府均有辦理兒童權利教育訓練。然而,委 rights provided at the central level by various ministries and 家署)

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員會關切缺乏訓練品質及成效的資訊,且 at the local level. However, the Review Committee is 2. 教育部

訓練似乎主要集中於公務人員。 concerned at the lack of information on the quality and

effectiveness of training and that the focus appears to be (協辦:司法

mainly on civil servants. 院、內政部、

22 委員會建議政府確保所有從事兒少工作 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 法務部、人事

的專業人員,如教師、社會工作人員、醫 ensure training in children’s rights for all professionals 總處、衛福部

療專業人員、住宿型單位與寄養照顧專業 working with or for children such as teachers, social (社工司、醫

workers, medical professionals, professionals working in

人員,以及兒少特別保護措施領域的警 事司、照護司、

residential and foster care and in the field of special

察、法官、檢察官及其他少年司法工作人 protective measures for children, police, judges and 保護司)

員等,均接受兒童權利教育訓練,所有訓 prosecutors and others working in the field of juvenile

練中,應特別著重《CRC》的一般性原則, justice. In all training, special attention should be given to

包括禁止歧視、優先考量兒少最佳利益、 the general principles of the CRC, the right to non-

生命、生存及發展權、兒少表意權,以及 discrimination, the best interests of the child as a primary

符合各發展階段能力原則。所有訓練均應 consideration, the right to life, survival and development,

持續監測及評估。父母亦應透過學校、地 and the right to be heard, as well as the principle of evolving

capacities. All training should be monitored and evaluated

方政府、福利機構、醫療院所及媒體,了

on an ongoing basis. Parents should also receive information

解兒童權利。 about children’s rights through schools, local government,

welfare and health services, and through the media.

Cooperation with civil society and the business

與公民社會及商業部門合作

sector

23 委員會讚揚政府與公民團體組織的正向 The Review Committee commends the positive 1. 勞動部 1. 第 16 號一般

關係和開放式對話,並鼓勵此種合作,以 relationships and open dialogue between the government 2. 通傳會 性意見

進一步落實臺灣兒少權利。 and civil society organisations. It encourages this

cooperation as a means of furthering the realisation of 3. 行 政 院 環 2. 兒 少 權 利 影

children’s rights in Taiwan. 保署 響評估

24 參考聯合國兒童權利委員會第 16 號一般 With reference to the CRC Committee’s General Comment 4. 經濟部(彙

性意見(2013)所提示商業部門對兒童權 No. 16 (2013) on State Obligations Regarding the Impact of

整)

利之影響及國家義務,委員會建議政府制 Business on Children’s Rights, the Review Committee

7

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定和實施相關規定,確保商業部門遵守兒 recommends that the Government establish and implement

童權利,特別是在兒少就業和工作條件、 regulations to ensure that the business sector complies with (協辦:教育

媒體(包括社群媒體與網路)以及環境保 the rights of the child, particularly in the area of children’s

employment and working conditions, media (including 部、文化部、

護方面。

social media and the internet) and protection of the 衛福部(保護

environment. 司)、內政部)

二、兒少之定義 B. The definition of the child

25 委員會注意到臺灣的成年年齡是 20 歲, The Review Committee notes that the age of majority in 法務部 第 4 號一般性意

而委員會審查對象僅限於未滿 18 歲之兒 Taiwan is 20. The Review Committee’s mandate is restricted 見

少。惟仍需提醒,《CRC》於臺灣施行, to persons under the age of 18. However, it wishes to

highlight the fact that the implementation of the CRC in

可能產生是否適用於 18 歲或 19 歲青年

Taiwan may generate some inconsistencies and confusion on

的一些不一致和混淆的問題。 the applicability of rights to youth 18 or 19 years old.

26 委員會表達讚賞並注意到,政府承諾啟動 The Review Committee notes with appreciation that the

修法,使目前的最低結婚年齡一致,並依 Government has committed to enacting legislation which

據國際條約機構的建議,男女均以 18 歲 will harmonize the current minimum ages for marriage,

setting them for both boys and girls at 18 in accordance with

為準。

the recommendations of international treaty bodies.

三、一般性原則 C. General Principles

禁止歧視(第 2 條) Non-discrimination (art. 2)

27 委員會注意到並讚賞政府針對弱勢兒少, The Review Committee notes with appreciation the 1. 教育部 1. 第 6 號一般性

如原住民兒少、LGBTI 兒少、身心障礙兒 information provided on various legal provisions for the

2. 原民會 意見

少和無國籍兒少,已訂有預防及保護其不 prevention and protection against discrimination of 3. 衛福部(社 2. 第 9 號一般性

especially vulnerable children such as indigenous children,

受歧視的相關法規。然而,委員會關注,

LGBTI children, children with disabilities and stateless 家署) 意見

上述法規落實缺乏實際成效資訊及針對 children. However, the Review Committee is concerned at

《性別平等教育法》執行阻力缺乏因應方 the lack of information on the effectiveness of the policies 3. 第 11 號一般

案。 and programmes to ensure the implementation of these 性意見

provisions and to address resistance to the implementation

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of the Gender Equity Education Act. 4. 第 20 號一般

性意見

28 委員會建議政府持續諮詢兒少、從事兒少 The Review Committee recommends that the State continue,

in on-going consultation with children, professionals 5. 第 22 號一般

工作之專業人員及公民團體,提倡並支持

禁止歧視弱勢兒少之意識提升活動,並採 working with or for children and civil society, to promote 性意見

and support awareness-raising campaigns on the right to 6. 第 23 號一般

取必要措施落實各項禁止歧視兒少的法

non-discrimination of especially vulnerable children, and to

規。 性意見

take the necessary measures to ensure the full

implementation of the various legal provisions prohibiting 7. 兒少報告(台

discrimination of children. 少盟)

-跨性別學生

與教育

-我們在校園

中受到的權利

侵犯

兒少最佳利益為優先考量(第 3 條 The best interests of the child as a primary

第 1 項) consideration (art. 3, para.1)

29 委員會注意到,有關保護兒少之立法和民 The Review Committee notes that legislation related to the 衛福部(社家 第 14 號一般性意

法,皆要求法院或其他單位的決定應以兒 protection of children and the Civil Code requires that 署) 見

少最佳利益為基礎。委員會建議此權利如 decisions by courts or other authorities should be based on

the best interests of the child. The Review Committee

下:

recommends that the Government ensure that this right is: (協辦:司法

(1)符合聯合國兒童權利委員會第 14 號 (a) interpreted consistently with the Committee’s General 院、法務部、

一般性意見有關兒少最佳利益的解 Comment No 14 on the best interests of the child; and 內政部、衛福

釋; (b) integrated and applied consistently in all legislative, 部(保護司)

(2)在所有立法、行政和司法訴訟程序 administrative and judicial proceedings and decisions

與決定,以及和兒童相關並對其產生 and in all policies, programmes and projects that are

影響的所有政策、方案和計畫,包括

9

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移民和少年司法的法律、法規中,整 relevant to and have an impact on children, including

全性並一貫地落實。 immigration and juvenile justice laws and regulations.

The right to life, survival and development

生命、生存及發展權(第 6 條)

(art.6)

30 委員會注意到國家承認兒少的高自殺率 The Review Committee notes that the State acknowledges 1. 衛福部(心 1. 第 4 號一般性

及自殺企圖,並建議政府評估及處理導致 the high rate of suicides and attempted suicides among 口司)(彙 意見

兒少自殺的因素,且加強現行降低兒少高 children and recommends that it assess and address the 整)

causes of suicide among children and youth and extend its 2. 教育部 2. 第 15 號一般

自殺率的努力。

current efforts to reduce the very high levels of child suicide. 性意見

3. 第 20 號一般

性意見

兒少表意權(第 12 條) The right of the child to be heard (art. 12)

31 委員會欣見學校及地方政府委員會納入 The Review Committee welcomes the steps that have been 1. 衛福部(社 第 12 號一般性意

兒少代表,尤其讚賞課綱審議會納入兒少 taken to include children as members of school and local 家署) 見

參與。然而,委員會關注持續限制兒少在 government committees and commends in particular the

inclusion of children in the review of the National 2. 教育部

家庭、學校及社區自由、安全地發聲的社

Curriculum guidelines. However, the Review Committee 3. 司法院

會文化氛圍。 expresses its concern that sociocultural attitudes continue to

restrict children from freely and safely expressing their

views in the home, in schools and in the wider community. (協辦:人事

32 委員會摯盼政府關注聯合國兒童權利委 The Review Committee draws the Government’s attention 總處、法務部、

員會第 12 號一般性意見所列兒少陳述意 to the CRC Committee’s General Comment No. 12 on the 內政部、衛福

見的權利,並建議政府依據第 12 條公約 right of the child to be heard and recommends that it take

部(社工司、

measures to strengthen the implementation of this right in

採取措施,以加強落實該權利。委員會建 心口司、醫事

accordance with article 12 of the Convention. It recommends

議政府: that the Government: 司、照護司、

(1)進行研究,確認對於兒少最重要之 (a) undertake research to identify the issues that are most

議題,以及在各種場合如何使兒少 保護司))

important to children and how their views might be best

意見被聽取; heard on those issues in all settings;

10

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(2)針對父母、教師、社工、法官及其 (b) undertake training programmes and awareness-raising

他從事兒少工作者,辦理教育訓練 activities with parents, teachers, social workers, judges

及認知提升活動,以有效促進兒少 and others working with or for children, to promote the

meaningful and empowered participation of all children

在家庭、學校及社區的參與;

within the family, schools and community;

(3)於立法決策階段建立兒少表意機 (c) strengthen the participation of children at the national

制,藉此強化國家層級的兒少參 level by establishing a mechanism that will allow for the

與; views of children to be heard in the legislative and

(4)採取有效的法規措施,包含告知兒 policy making process; and

少有陳述意見的權利、保障兒少有 (d) take measures to ensure the effective implementation of

意義地行使該權利等,以確保兒少 legislation, recognizing the right of the child to be heard

於行政及立法程序陳述意見之權 in relevant administrative and legal proceedings,

including by ensuring that children are informed of their

利。

right to be heard and are supported to exercise it

meaningfully.

四、公民權與自由 D. Civil rights and freedoms

取得國籍權(第 7 條第 1 項) The right to acquire a nationality (art. 7, para.1)

33 委員會欣見政府作出努力,讓更多未被收 The Review Committee welcomes the efforts of the 1. 內政部 1. 第 6 號一般性

養的無國籍兒童取得中華民國(臺灣)國 government to enable more stateless children who are not 2. 教育部 意見

籍。委員會關注到在某些報告中,提及生 adopted to acquire the nationality of the Republic of

3. 勞動部 2. 第 22 號一般

父不詳且外籍生母已返回原屬國之兒少 China/Taiwan. The Review Committee has noted in

particular reports of problems associated with the 4. 衛福部(國 性意見

的權利及身分問題,並建議政府採取適當 entitlements and status of children born to migrant mothers

措施,確保這些兒少不會淪為無國籍人, and unknown fathers when the mother returns to her home 健署、健保 3. 第 23 號一般

也不會無法享有與臺灣兒童相同的社福 country without the child. The Review Committee 署、疾管 性意見

利益。 recommends that the Government take all appropriate 署、社家

measures to ensure that these children are not left stateless 署)

or deprived of any services and benefits to which other

children in Taiwan are entitled.

11

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表現自由(第 13 條) The right to freedom of expression (art. 13)

34 委員會關注部分報告提及表現自由在實 The Review Committee is concerned at reports that exercise 教育部 1. 第 12 號一般

踐上可能受到限制,尤其在校園中,因為 of the right to freedom of expression may be restricted in 性意見

成人對此抱持消極態度且兒少害怕受到 practice, particularly in schools, due to negative attitudes on

the part of adults and the children’s fear of punishment. It 2. 第 20 號一般

懲罰。委員會建議政府確保兒少在所有情

recommends that the Government ensure that children can 性意見

形下都能享有表現自由,並促進支持之, enjoy their right to freedom of expression in all settings, and

例如促進支持在校內外發行散布報紙、刊 promote and support e.g. the production and distribution of

物或其他出版品。 student newspapers or bulletins or other publications in and

outside schools.

集會結社及和平集會自由(第 15 The right to freedom of association and to

條) freedom of peaceful assembly (art.15)

35 委員會關切未滿 20 歲的兒少及青年無法

The Review Committee notes with concern that children and 內政部 1. 第 12 號一般

自行成立團體,只能在父母或監護人同意 young people below the age of 20 cannot establish their own 性意見

下加入現存團體。此與兒少結社自由權不 association and can only become a member of an existing (協辦:教育

association if they have the permission of their parents or 部) 2. 第 17 號一般

符,也缺少對兒少發展能力的尊重。

guardians. This position is not consistent with the child’s 性意見

right to freedom of association and fails to respect the 3. 第 20 號一般

evolving capacities of the child.

委員會建議政府採取立法及其他必要的 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 性意見

36

措施,確保兒少依據其年齡、成熟度及發 take the necessary legislative and other measures to ensure

展能力,享有不受任何歧視的結社自由、 that children, in accordance with their age, maturity and

和平集會的自由並包括和平抗議的自由。 evolving capacities, can fully enjoy, without any

discrimination, their right to freedom of association and to

freedom of peaceful assembly, including the right to

peaceful protest

隱私權(第 16 條) The right to privacy (art. 16)

37 委員會關切有報告提到,老師以不是法律 The Review Committee notes with concern reports that 教育部 兒少報告(台少

所規定的理由,搜查學生個人物品,甚而 teachers have carried out searches of students’ personal 盟)兒少觀點-我

12

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洩漏學生的秘密。委員會建議政府採取一 belongings for reasons other than those stipulated by law, 們在校園中受到

切必要措施,避免學生隱私受到非法、恣 and have released children’s confidential information. The 的權利侵犯

意的侵犯。老師們應該被告知這類保障隱 Review Committee recommends that the Government take

all necessary measures to protect children from such

私的法令,而且當老師們違反法令時,必

unlawful and arbitrary interference with their right to

須受到懲處。 privacy. Teachers should be informed of the relevant

regulations and be subject to disciplinary proceedings when

they violate these regulations.

不受酷刑或其他形式殘忍、不人道 The right not to be subjected to torture or other

或有辱人格待遇或處罰之權利(第 cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment (art. 37

37 條第 1 項(a)款) (a))

38 委員會亦關切在矯正機構及其他住宿型 The Review Committee also expresses concern about the use 1. 法務部 聯合國保護被剝

單位中,使用單獨監禁和身體約束措施, of solitary confinement and restraints in correctional and 2. 教育部 奪自由少年規則

並建議政府確保規定單獨監禁的實施及 other residential facilities. It recommends that the 3. 衛福部(社 (《 哈 瓦 那 規

要件的法令,符合公約第 37 條及《聯合 Government ensure that the regulations governing the use of

solitary confinement and the conditions under which it is 家署) 則》)

國保護被剝奪自由少年規則》 (《哈瓦那規 carried out are in full conformity with article 37 of the

則》)

(第 67 段)

,並採取一切遵守規範的 Convention and the UN Rules on the Protection of Juveniles

必要措施。此外,委員會建議政府檢視身 Deprived of Liberty (‘Havana Rules’) (para 67) and to take

體約束措施的相關法令,以確保符合《哈 all necessary measures to guarantee respect for those

瓦那規則》(第 63 段和第 64 段)的標準。 regulations. Furthermore, it recommends that the

Government review the regulations governing use of

restraints to ensure that they correspond to standards set out

in the Havana Rules (paras 63 & 64).

五、家庭環境與替代性照顧(第 5

條、第 9 至第 11 條、第 18 條 E. Family environment and alternative care

(arts. 5, 9 – 11, 18, para 1 and 2. 20, 21, 25 and 27

第 1 及 2 項、第 20 條、第 21

b, para 6)

條、第 25 條及第 27 條第 4 項)

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家庭支持 Family support

39 委員會欣見有各種支持父母履行扶養責 While welcoming the various measures in place to support 1. 衛福部(社 1. 台 灣 兒 童 權

任的措施,包括經濟及其他面向的支持, parents in their childrearing responsibilities, financially and 家署) 利公約聯盟

但也注意到報告指出,單親家庭(包括離 otherwise, the Review Committee notes reports that single-

parent households (including following a divorce) and some 2. 衛福部(社 報告

婚後)和一些低收入、高風險家庭可能無

low-income, high-risk households may not be able to access 工司) 2. 財 團 法 人 台

法獲得足夠支持。委員會敦促政府採取一 adequate support. The Review Committee urges the

切可行措施,擴大這些家庭取得適當和必 Government to take all feasible measures to widen access to 灣兒童暨家

要支持服務的管道。 appropriate and necessary support to include all such (協辦:教育 庭扶助基金

households. 部) 會報告

3. 兒 童 權 利 公

約民間監督

聯報告

非法移轉兒少或使其無法返國返家

Illicit transfer and non-return (art. 11)

(第 11 條)

40 委員會指出關於非法移轉兒少的通報並 The Review Committee notes the information that reporting 衛福部(社家 1. 台 灣 兒 童 權

非強制性,且通報可能只反映非法移轉受 of illicit transfer of a child is not mandatory and that the 署) 利公約聯盟

害兒少的部分數量。此外,現行相關法條 number of reports may reflect only part of the number of

children who are victims of illicit transfer. Furthermore, the 報告

似乎不足以防止這種移轉。

legislative provisions seem insufficient for preventing such (協辦:司法 2. 國 際 兒 童 拐

transfers. 院、內政部、 帶公約

41 委員會建議臺灣政府接受 1980 年《國際 The Review Committee recommends that Taiwan adopt The

法務部、外交

兒童拐帶公約》,作為處理兒少遭非法移 Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child

轉和(無法)返國返家案件的約束性文件。 Abduction (1980) as a binding document for dealing with 部)

cases of illicit transfer and (non-) return of children.

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無法在家庭環境中成長的兒少及替

Children deprived of family environment and

代性照顧(第 9 條第 1 項及第 20

alternative care (art. 9, para.1 and 20)

條)

42 委員會對於安置機構的使用及其組織方 The Review Committee is concerned about the use of 1. 衛福部(社 1. 聯 合 國 兒 童

式表達關切,並注意到政府已採取措施, residential care and the way it is organised. It notes that 家署) 替代性照顧

降低因為已經或者必須與父母/家人分 measures have been taken by the Government to reduce the 2. 衛福部(保 準則

開,而被安置在機構裡之人數。委員會同 placement in residential care facilities of children who are or 護司)

have to be separated from their parents/family. It also notes 2. 兒 童 權 利 公

時注意到,在接受機構安置的兒少人數並 that the number of children in residential care is not falling

沒有顯著下降情形下,被安置在非公立機 significantly while the number of non-State residential care 約民間監督

構的人數卻持續增長。委員會擔心,根據 providers continues to grow. The Review Committee is 聯盟報告

目前的設立許可、查核及評鑑制度,可能 concerned that quality assurance may not be effectively 3. 台 灣 兒 童 權

無法有效保障服務品質。委員會了解目前 carried out under the present system of authorisation, 利公約聯盟

提供給私立機構的資源,可能無法使其招 inspection and audits. The Review Committee understands 報告

聘和保留足夠數量的合格工作人員。委員 that resources currently made available to private facilities

may not enable the latter to recruit and retain qualified staff

會擔心,過剩的機構數可能誘發兒少被安

in adequate numbers. The Review Committee is concerned

置在機構中,而不是接受家庭照顧。委員 that overcapacity may create an incentive to place children

會建議政府檢視其原因,並確保資源有效 in residential care facilities instead of family based care. The

分配,並依據《聯合國兒童替代性照顧準 Review Committee recommends that the Government

則》,給予需要替代性照顧之兒少最適當 examine the reasons for this overcapacity and allocate

的安置。 resources in ways that ensure the most appropriate

placement of children in need of alternative care, consistent

with the UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children.

43 委員會欣見政府設定目標,提高兒少接受 The Review Committee welcomes the Government’s target

正式親屬照顧之比率。委員會建議政府評 of increasing the proportion of children in formal kinship

估能否透過放寬親屬照顧者的申請資格 care. The Review Committee suggests that the Government

examine the extent to which an ongoing increase in kinship

及補助門檻,促進親屬照顧持續增加。

care can be facilitated by alleviating certain onerous

requirements regarding eligibility and access to subsidies for

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potential kinship carers.

44 委員會欣見政府促進寄養政策,包括對有 The Review Committee also welcomes the Government’s 1. 衛福部(社 聯合國兒童替代

特殊需求兒少的照顧,以及對寄養家庭的 policy to promote foster care, including in relation to caring 家署) 性照顧準則

培訓和支持,並建議政府持續及加強這項 for children with special needs and the increased training and 2. 衛福部(保

support for foster carers that this implies. The Review

政策。 護司)

Committee recommends that the Government continue and

strengthen this policy.

45 委員會建議政府依據《聯合國兒童替代性 The Review Committee recommends that, in line with the 1. 衛福部(社 聯合國兒童替代

照顧準則》,制定全面且划算的策略,將 UN Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children, the 家署) 性照顧準則

替代性照顧體系去機構化。其策略諸如支 Government draw up a comprehensive and costed strategy

to deinstitutionalise the alternative care system by, among 2. 衛福部(保

持及強化家庭功能降低安置需求、推動提

other things, supporting and strengthening families in order 護司)

倡以家庭環境為主的替代性照顧,特別是 to prevent the need for placements, and promoting and

親屬照顧。 facilitating the use of family-based alternative care, in

particular kinship care, for these children.

46 委員會並建議政府立法確保所有替代性 Furthermore, the Review Committee recommends that the 1. 衛福部(社 1. 聯 合 國 兒 童

照顧的兒少安置均由家事法庭裁定之、安 Government take the necessary legislative measures to 家署) 替代性照顧

置期限由法律規定、延長安置由法院依照 ensure that all placements of children in alternative care are 2. 司法院 準則

based on a decision of the family court, that the term of such

法定標準裁定之。委員會特別關注在沒有 3. 衛福部(保 2. 財 團 法 人 台

placement is set by law and that extending the duration of

法院介入評估安置是否必要及是否符合 護司) 灣兒童暨家

the placement should be a decision of the court and meet

兒少最佳利益下,卻允許父母可自行安置 criteria set by law. A particular concern of the Review 庭扶助基金

子女。 Committee is that parents can arrange the placement of their 會報告

children without any involvement of the court in assessing

whether the placement is necessary and in the best interests

of the child.

47 委員會指出,受到不當對待、立即面臨嚴 The Review Committee notes that children who are 衛福部(保護 1. 聯 合 國 兒 童

重風險的兒少可以進行長達 72 小時的保 maltreated and face imminent and serious risk can be put in 司) 替代性照顧

護安置,且經法院裁定後,可以重複延長 protective placement for up to 72 hours, and that this 準則

placement can be extended repeatedly for 3 months by a

3 個月。委員會也關切主管機關只有在兒 2. 兒 童 權 利 公

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少於緊急安置機構停留 2 年仍無法返家 decision of the court. The Review Committee is concerned 約民間監督

時,才會制訂長期處遇計畫。 that only after a stay of 2 years in an emergency residential 聯盟報告

facility are the authorities required to make a long-term

treatment plan if the child cannot return to her/his family.

48 委員會建議政府依據《CRC》第 25 條及 The Review Committee recommends the Government 1. 衛福部(社 1. 聯 合 國 兒 童

《聯合國兒童替代性照顧準則》,建立有 establish an effective system of regular review of all 家署) 替代性照顧

效體系,定期審查所有替代性照顧之兒少 placements of children in alternative care in accordance with 2. 衛福部(保 準則

article 25 of the CRC and the UN Guidelines for the

安置。應該特別注意緊急安置和機構安 2. 兒 童 權 利 公

Alternative Care for Children. Special attention should be 護司)

置,至少每年一次,以兒少最佳利益為考 given to the review of placements in emergency centres and 約民間監督

量,評估兒少是否仍有必要安置,及/或能 residential facilities by assessing, at least every year, 聯盟報告

否將兒少安置於以家庭環境為主的替代 whether the placement is still necessary in the best interests

性照顧。政府也應採取必要措施,防止兒 of the child and/or whether the child can be placed in a

少頻繁轉換安置處所。 family-based form of alternative care. The Government

should also take the necessary measures to prevent the

frequent moving of children from one alternative care setting

to another.

49 最後,依據《聯合國兒童替代性照顧準 Finally, in line with the UN Guidelines for the Alternative 1. 衛福部(社 1. 聯 合 國 兒 童

則》,委員會強調為準備離開替代性照顧 Care of Children, the Review Committee emphasises the 家署) 替代性照顧

體系的兒少設定有效且適當的計畫及方 importance of having in place an effective and suitable 2. 衛福部(保 準則

policy and programme for children leaving the alternative

案至關重要,這些計畫與方案協助兒少 護司) 2. 財 團 法 人 台

care system, preparing them (and, where applicable, their

(適當時,包含家屬)做好離開替代性照 families) for the leaving care process and providing all 灣兒童暨家

顧體系的準備,且在適當時期內提供所有 necessary after-care support for an appropriate period. 庭扶助基金

必要的支持性服務。 會報告

國內及跨國境收養(第 21 條) Domestic and intercountry adoption (art. 21)

50 委員會注意到,國內兒少收養之年度人數 The Review Committee notes that the annual number of 衛福部(社家 1. 跨國收養方

低於外國收養臺灣兒少之人數,也注意到 domestic adoptions is lower than that of adoptions of 署) 面保護兒童

近親及繼親收養終止比率偏高。委員會建 Taiwanese children abroad, but notes with concern the high

rate of terminations of intra-familial and step-parent 及合作公約

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議政府分析上述終止收養的原因,採取降 adoptions. The Review Committee recommends that the 2. 兒童權利公

低比率的補救措施,致力確保所有兒少獲 causes of these terminations be analysed, that remedial 約民間監督

得適當照顧。委員會瞭解國內收養人通常 action be taken so as to reduce their rate, and that all

necessary efforts be made to ensure appropriate care for any 聯盟報告

不願意承擔照顧有特殊需要兒少(包括身

child involved. While the Review Committee recognises that

心障礙兒少和年齡較大的兒少)的責任, domestic adopters may often be unwilling to take

因而唯有尋求跨國收養,但仍敦促政府提 responsibility for children with special needs (including

高問題意識,倡導內國收養。 those with disabilities and older children) and that

intercountry adoption may therefore be seen as the only

solution for the latter, it urges the Government to raise

awareness and promote the adoption of these children

domestically.

51 委員會關切政府監看跨國收養程序層級 The Review Committee is concerned about the level and

及成效的不足,包括對私立收養機構的權 effectiveness of the Government’s oversight of the

限和監督。委員會建議臺灣採用海牙會議 intercountry adoption procedure, including the authorisation

and monitoring of private adoption agencies. It recommends

《跨國收養合作及兒童保護公約》(1993

that Taiwan adopt The Hague Convention on Protection of

年)作為具法律效力之文件,以處理臺灣 Children and Cooperation in Intercountry Adoption (1993)

跨國收養案件。 as a binding document for dealing with cases of intercountry

adoption from and into Taiwan.

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六、暴力侵害兒童(第 19 條,第 24

條第 3 項,第 28 條第 2 項,第 F. Violence against children (art. 19, 24, para. 3,

34 條,第 37 條(a)項和第 39 28 para. 2, 34, 37 (a) and 39)

條)

52 委員會欣見政府為防範對兒少施暴所採 The Review Committee welcomes the various actions taken 1. 衛福部(保 第 13 號一般性意

取的各種措施,特別是體罰及霸凌,也欣 by the Government to address violence against children, in 護司) 見

見政府為高風險兒少及 6 歲以下弱勢兒 particular related to corporal punishment and bullying, and 2. 教育部

the programmes providing service to high-risk children and

童提供之服務方案。 3. 衛福部(社

youth and to disadvantaged children aged 6 or under.

家署)

53 委員會建議政府: The Review Committee recommends that the Government:

4. 勞動部

(1)參考聯合國兒童權利委員會第 13 (a) continue and strengthen these and other activities and

develop and implement, taking into account the 5. 法務部

號一般性意見(2011 年)提出的指

guidance and recommendations of the CRC Committee 6. 內政部

引及建議,繼續加強現行及其他措

in its General Comment No 13 (2011), a multi-year

施,並制定及施行一個預防及保護 comprehensive national plan of action for the

兒少在所有環境(包含家庭)免受 prevention of and the protection of children against all

一切形式暴力的長期性國家綜合 forms of violence in all settings, including the family;

行動計畫; and

(2)為有助於達成聯合國永續發展目標 (b) provide the necessary human and financial resources for

(目標 16.2)所列在 2030 年前結 the implementation of this plan of action which include

束對兒少一切形式暴力的國家、地 national and local and NGO activities that contribute to

ending all forms of violence against children by 2030, a

方及 NGO 行動計畫提供必要的人

goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (target

力和財力資源。 16.2.).

54 委員會欣見政府施行《校園霸凌防制準 The Review Committee welcomes the Guidelines for 教育部

則》,但關切欠缺實施情形、受害者等人 Prevention of Bullying on Campus, however it is concerned

無效力通報及後續處理機制的具體資訊。 at the lack of concrete information about their

implementation and the ineffective reporting by victims or

委員會因此建議政府:

others and follow-up mechanisms. The Review Committee

(1)經由徵詢兒少意見,重新檢視監督

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機制和通報程序,以確保其成效; recommends that the Government:

(2)提高師生對「霸凌在受害兒少及學 (a) review its monitoring and reporting processes in

校社群所生負面影響」的認知和意 consultation with children to ensure they are effective;

(b) enhance the understanding and awareness of both

識;

teachers and students of the negative impact of bullying

(3)加強教師建構安全教室的能力,鼓 on the child victim and the school community;

勵被害人和目擊者通報霸凌案件; (c) reinforce teachers’ ability to create safe classrooms and

(4)為霸凌案件的被害人、加害人及其 encourage victims and witnesses to report incidents of

他受霸凌影響的兒少,提供有效的 bullying; and

輔導及修復。 (d) provide effective counselling and restorative practices

for children who are victims, perpetrators, and other

children who may be affected by bullying.

55 在網路霸凌方面,委員會建議政府應督促 In relation to cyberbullying the Review Committee 通傳會

平台供應商發展及強化合宜的預防及申 recommends that the Government urge platform operators to

訴服務及機制。 develop and strengthen appropriate services and (協辦:衛福

mechanisms for handling prevention and cyberbullying 部(保護司)、

complaints.

內政部、教育

部、法務部)

56 委員會欣見已經立法禁絕在學校和機構 The Review Committee welcomes the information that 1. 法務部 第 8 號一般性意

內有體罰兒少之情事。然而家內體罰並未 corporal punishment has been prohibited by law in schools 2. 教育部 見

被禁止,且學校內仍持續發生體罰的情 and institutions. However corporal punishment in the family 3. 衛福部(社

setting has not been prohibited and the use of corporal

事。

punishment in schools continues. 家署)

57 委員會建議政府: The Review Committee recommends that the Government: 4. 衛福部(保

(1)依據《CRC》第 8 號一般性意見, (a) adopt an explicit prohibition on corporal punishment in

the home, consistent with the CRC Committee’s 護司)

明文禁止家內體罰;

General Comment No 8;

(2)倡導體罰與任何羞辱人格處遇所生

(b) conduct awareness-raising and educational campaigns

負面影響的認知及教育活動並提 on the negative impact of corporal punishment and other

供足以替代體罰之正面積極作為 forms of degrading and humiliating treatment and

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的資訊; provide information on alternative methods for

(3)採取一切適當措施,確保公私立學 promoting positive behaviour;

校及機構所有的工作人員不使用 (c) take all appropriate measures to ensure that all people

working in public and private schools and institutions

體罰;

refrain from the use of corporal punishment; and

(4)教育所有從事兒少服務的專業人 (d) educate all professionals working with or for children

員,使其了解向主管機關通報疑似 on the importance of reporting all suspected incidents of

對兒少施暴案件的重要性。 violence against children to the appropriate authorities.

七、身心障礙、基本健康與福利

(第 6 條、第 18 條第 3 項、

G. Disability, basic health and welfare (arts. 6,

第 23 條、第 24 條、第 26

18, para.3, 23, 24, 26, 27, paras. 1-3 and 33)

條、第 27 條第 1 至第 3 項和

第 33 條)

身心障礙兒少權利(第 23 條) The rights of children with a disability (art.23)

58 委員會敦促政府執行《身心障礙者權利公 The Review Committee urges the Government to implement 衛福部(社家 1. 第 7 號一般性

約》審查委員會的建議。並進一步建議政 the recommendations of the Review Committee for the

署) 意見

府確保身心障礙兒少準確分解數據的蒐 Convention on the Rights of Persons with a Disability. It

further recommends that the Government ensure the 2. 第 9 號一般性

集,以採取適當措施使身心障礙兒少:

collection of accurate disaggregated data on children with a (協辦:教育 意見

(1)可在鄉村獲得適當的教育; disability and take appropriate measures to ensure that such

(2)完成學業後從事具有意義的工作; 部、勞動部、 3. 第 17 號一般

children:

(3)有機會享受具有意義的遊戲、休閒 (a) can access appropriate schooling in rural areas; 內政部、文化 性意見

和娛樂,如建造共融遊樂場; (b) transition into meaningful employment after the 部、經濟部、

(4)自己及家人受到適當的支持服務。 completion of their schooling; 衛福部(食藥

(c) enjoy access to meaningful play, leisure and recreation

署、醫事司)、

opportunities by, for example, the development of all-

abilities playgrounds; and 交通部、農委

(d) receive appropriate support services for themselves and 會、退輔會)

their families.

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59 委員會關切住在機構內身心障礙兒少的 The Review Committee is concerned at the high number of 1. 衛福部(社 1. 第 7 號一般性

數量居高不下。委員會欣見政府採取 5 年 children with disabilities living in residential facilities. It 家署) 意見

策略(計畫),增加身心障礙兒少在社區 welcomes the fact that the Government has adopted a 5 year

strategy to increase the number of children with disabilities 2. 教育部 2. 第 9 號一般性

生活的人數,並提供身心障礙兒少進入主

living in community based settings and having access to 意見

流學校接受融合教育的機會。 mainstream inclusive schools. 3. 第 15 號一般

性意見

健康權(第 24 條) The right to health (art 24)

60 委員會關切兒少不論能力如何,均須徵得 The Review Committee is concerned that all children must 衛福部(醫事 1. 第 12 號一般

父母同意才能接受醫療的情況,此與聯合 obtain the consent of their parents in order to receive medical 司) 性意見

國兒童權利委員會的觀點不一致。兒童權 treatment, irrespective of their capacity. This position is

inconsistent with the view of the Committee on the Rights 2. 第 15 號一般

利委員會認為,凡是具備充分理解能力之 (協辦:衛福

of the Child which has explained that a child of sufficient

部(心口司、 性意見

兒少,縱使父母不同意,仍可以自主接受 understanding is capable of providing consent to medical

醫療。 treatment including in circumstances where her/his parents 國健署))

are unwilling to provide consent.

61 委員會建議政府修改相關法律,使兒少接 The Review Committee recommends that the Government

受醫療所需同意之規定符合《CRC》,特 amend the relevant laws to ensure that the consent required

別是第 5 條和第 12 條。亦建議政府實施 for medical treatment of a child is consistent with the CRC,

especially articles 5 and 12. It also recommends that the

聯合國兒童權利委員會第 12 號一般性意

Government consider the implementation of the

見(第 102 段)之制度,規定兒少取得同 recommendation of the CRC Committee in its General

意權的特定年齡。 Comment No 12 (para 102) that states adopt legislation

which provides for a fixed age at which the right to consent

transfers to the child.

62 委員會欣見政府努力為兒少提供專家們 The Review Committee welcomes efforts by the 1. 衛福部(心 1. 第 4 號一般

的心理健康服務,包括社區心理健康門 Government to provide specialist mental health services for 口司)(彙 性意見

診、心理健康專科和熱線服務。不過,委 children, including the provision of community mental 整)

health clinics, specialist mental health professionals and 2. 第 15 號一般

員會關切因為兒少心理健康所產生的意 2. 教育部

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外事故,特別是高自殺率以及所提供服務 hotlines for children. However, the Committee is concerned 性意見

的實效性。 about the incidence of children experiencing problems with (協辦:衛福

their mental health, especially the high suicide rate and the 部(保護司、

effectiveness of the services provided. 國健署、疾管

63 委員會建議政府: The Review Committee recommends that the Government: 署))

(1)持續蒐集有關兒少心理健康情況和 (a) continue to collect data on children with mental health

少年自殺的數據,在可行且適切的 conditions and youth suicide which, where possible and

appropriate, is disaggregated according to the nature of

前提下,根據性質、年齡、性別、

the condition, age, gender, rural/urban location,

城鄉分布、原住民身分和性傾向等 indigenous status, and sexual orientation;

項目分類; (b) monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the services

(2)監測和評估所提供給兒少服務的實 provided to children, including data on the referral rate

效性,包括透過專線尋求協助兒少 and outcomes of children who access helplines;

轉介率及成效; (c) ensure mental health services, including child-friendly

(3)確保心理健康服務(包含對兒少友 preventative services, are available, accessible,

善的預防性服務)可以被使用、可 acceptable and of appropriate quality consistent with

General Comment No 15 on the Right to Health of the

以被親近並且可以被接受,且服務

CRC Committee; and

品質符合聯合國兒童權利委員會 (d) actively seek the views of children, consistent with

有關健康權利的第 15 號一般性意 article 12 of the CRC, to assist with the development,

見; implementation and monitoring of mental health

(4)根據《CRC》第 12 條,積極徵詢兒 services for children.

少意見,以協助發展、實施及監測

兒少心理健康服務。

64 委員會欣見政府為解決兒童肥胖問題所 The Review Committee welcomes the range of initiatives 1. 衛福部(國 1. 第 4 號一般性

採取的一系列措施,但建議: adopted by the Government to address the issue of childhood 健署)(彙 意見

(1)政府評估及監測這些措施的成效; obesity. However, it recommends that: 整) 2. 第 15 號一般

(2)在學校量測兒童體重時應審慎進 (a) the Government evaluate and monitor the effectiveness

of such initiatives; and 2. 教育部 性意見

行,確保過程保護兒童隱私且不會

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使兒童受到羞辱。 (b) exercise caution when weighing children in schools, to

ensure that this process is undertaken in a way that

protects a child’s right to privacy and does not subject a

child to humiliation.

65 委員會指出,政府自 2011 年起採行逐步 The Review Committee notes that, since 2011, the 1. 教育部(彙 1. 全國媽媽護

全面性推動兒少性教育及生育保健教材。 Government has adopted a progressive programme to 整) 家護兒聯

委員會亦指出,多個 NGO 對該教材成效 deliver education on sexual and reproductive health to 2. 衛福部(國 盟、臺灣性

children. It also notes that significant concerns are held by

及合宜性表達強烈關切,性傳染病發生率 健署)

various groups with respect to the effectiveness and 別人權維護

仍高、部分疾病發生率正在增加,且仍有 appropriateness of this programme; that the incidence of

相當比例的青少年懷孕。 (協辦:法務 促進協會、

sexually transmitted diseases remains high and is increasing

for some diseases and that there are still a significant number 部、內政部、 中華兒少愛

of teenage pregnancies. 衛福部(疾管 滋關懷防治

66 委員會建議政府檢討現行教材內容,評估 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 署、社家署)) 協會報告

是否需修訂以改善其成效及確保其合宜 review the current programme to evaluate whether any 2. 第 4 號一般

性。檢討過程應諮詢所有利害關係人,包 amendments are required to improve its effectiveness and

性意見

括兒少、家長團體、衛生專業人員和教育 ensure its appropriateness. This review should consult all

interested parties including children and adolescents, parent 3. 第 12 號一般

工作者。 groups, health professionals and educators.

性意見

67 委員會進一步建議審查評估現行的性健 The Review Committee further recommends that the review

assess whether the current sexual and reproductive health 4. 第 15 號一般

康和生育保健課程是否:

(1)與經濟社會和文化權利委員會第 programme: 性意見

(a) is consistent with the recommendations of the 5. 第 20 號一般

22 號一般性意見(關於少年性健康

Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights

與生育保健)、聯合國兒童權利委 性意見

regarding adolescents in its General Comment 22 on

員會第 4 號一般性意見(關於少年 Sexual and Reproductive Health and the 6. 經社文公約

健康與發展)及第 20 號一般性意 recommendations of the CRC Committee in its General 第 22 號一般

見(關於兒少權利)的內容一致; Comments on Adolescent Health and Development

性意見

(2)適齡且具實證基礎; (GC 4) and the Rights of Adolescents (GC 20);

(3)旨在保護所有兒少的性健康和生育 (b) is age appropriate and evidence based;

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保健權,包括 LGBTI 兒少及身心障 (c) is designed to protect the right to sexual and

礙兒少; reproductive health of all children, including children

(4)符合《CRC》第 12 條規定,於方案 who identify as LGBTI and children with a disability;

(d) accommodates the views of children in the design,

設計、實施及評估時納入兒少意

delivery and evaluation of the programme, consistent

見; with article 12 of the CRC;

(5)在兒少發生性行為之前,提供兒少 (e) includes information on respectful relationships and

親密關係應互相尊重等相關資訊, measures to empower children before they engage in

並培養兒少對於性行為的正確觀 sexual activity;

念; (f) provides appropriate information and support services

(6)為懷孕少女提供適當的資訊及支持 to a girl who becomes pregnant; and

服務; (g) educates parents to understand a child’s right to sexual

and reproductive health.

(7)教導父母瞭解兒少的性健康及生育

保健相關權利。

68 委員會聽到兒少代表對環境品質以及可 The Review Committee heard concerns from children with 1. 行 政 院 環 第 15 號一般性意

能損害其健康的擔憂。委員會建議政府採 respect to the quality of the environment and the potential 保署(彙 見

取措施監測環境對兒少健康的影響,也建 for this to harm their health, and recommends that the

Government take measures to monitor the impact of the 整)

議政府建立相關制度或流程,使兒少得以

environment on children’s health. The Review Committee 2. 衛福部(國

向政府表達對環境或其他兒少健康議題 also recommends that the Government develop systems or

之關切,並參考聯合國兒童權利委員會繼 健署)

processes that enable children to express their concerns to

2016 年關於兒少權利與環境之一般性討 the Government regarding the environment or other matters

論所提出的建議,將兒少所表示的意見納 relevant to children’s health, and address these concerns with

入適當的立法或行動中。 adequate legislative and other actions, taking into account

the recommendations of the UN CRC Committee following

its 2016 Day of General Discussion on Children’s Rights and

the Environment.

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八、教育休閒與文化活動(第 28

H. Education, leisure and cultural activities (art. 28 – 31)

條至第 31 條)

教育權(第 28 條、第 29 條) The right to education (art 28-29)

改善就學負擔差距 Closing the gap

69 委員會欣見 6 至 15 歲的義務教育免收學 The Review Committee welcomes the fact that compulsory 教育部

費。然而,委員會關切越來越多私立高中 education between the ages of 6 and 15 is free of tuition fees.

職學生須申請貸款才能負擔學費、其他學 Nevertheless, the Review Committee is concerned with the

growing need of students at private vocational and senior

習費用及生活開支。

high schools to apply for loans to pay tuition and other

learning costs and living expenses.

70 委員會建議教育部全面檢視私立高中職 The Review Committee recommends that the Ministry of

收費情形,並建立審查機制,以保護經濟 Education (‘MOE’) undertake an overall review of the

弱勢學生免受私立學校過度收費。委員會 tuition rates of private vocational and senior high schools,

and establish a review system in this regard to protect

進一步建議政府推行適當計畫,協助無力

economically disadvantaged students from being charged

償還貸款的學生。 excessively by private schools. The Review Committee

further recommends that the Government introduce

appropriate programmes to assist students who experience

difficulties in the repayment of their debt.

學前教育 Preschools

71 委員會對於公立和非營利幼兒園不足、就 The Review Committee is concerned at the shortage of 教育部

讀私立幼兒園帶給家長的沉重經濟負擔 public and non-profit preschools and the high financial

表達關切。委員會亦關切地方主管機關需 burden for parents enrolling their children in private

preschools. The Committee is also concerned by the need of

要額外的人力和經費,才能落實《幼兒教

local authorities for additional human and financial

育及照顧法》第 7 條。 resources to enable them to comply with Article 7 of the

Early Childhood Education and Care Act.

72 委員會欣見《擴大幼兒教保公共化計畫 The Review Committee welcomes the Maximizing the

(2017 年至 2020 年)》的實施,協助地 Public Education and Care Services Project (2017-2020) to

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方政府增設更多公立幼兒園,為更多家長 assist local governments to establish more public preschools

提供平價優質的教保服務。 enabling more parents to access high-quality education and

care for their children at a fair cost.

73 委員會鼓勵政府根據以下項目評估實施 The Review Committee encourages the Government to

前述計畫的成效:公立幼兒園數量增加、 evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of this

受過專業訓練的幼教老師等比增加,並修 project with regard to the increase in the number of public

preschools and the proportional increase in the number of

訂工資以改善高流動率。委員會建議政府

trained preschool teachers, and to revise their wages to

以公立幼兒園免學費、私立幼兒園收費可 address the high staff turnover rate. The Review Committee

負擔為目標。 recommends that the Government aim to achieve free tuition

for public preschools and affordable tuition for private

preschools.

Budget allocation for education in remote and rural

偏鄉地區教育經費分配 areas

74 委員會肯定政府為偏鄉兒少分配更多教 The Review Committee acknowledges that the Government 教育部 第 1 號一般性意

育資源的決心。然而,委員會仍然關切目 is committed to allocating additional resources to the 見

前分配資源尚不足以確保偏鄉兒少的教 education of children in remote and rural areas. However,

育品質。委員會建議政府持續為偏鄉教育 the Review Committee remains concerned that the allocation

of these resources may not always be sufficient to ensure a

提供額外資源,並採取措施以監測偏鄉兒 quality education for children in these areas. The Review

少享有《CRC》第 28 條和第 29 條所訂教 Committee recommends that the Government continue to

育權的程度。 provide additional resources for rural and remote education

and adopt measures to monitor the extent to which children

enjoy their right to education, consistent with articles 28 and

29 of the CRC.

兒童權利與公民教育 Children’s rights and civic education

75 委員會建議無論何種形式或層級的教育 The Review Committee recommends that human rights and, 教育部 第 1 號一般性意

課程(包含國民教育),均須納入人權(尤 in particular, the rights of the child be made a mandatory part 見

其是兒童權利)教育。委員會進一步建議, of the curriculum in all forms and at all levels of education, (協辦:法務

including the National Curriculum. The Review Committee 部)

應為各年齡層和不同能力的兒少製作適

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宜教材,教師亦須接受兒童權利的知識和 further recommends that accessible materials be produced

培訓。委員會另建議,教育部應支持公民 for all ages and abilities of children, and that knowledge and

教育中培力兒少的相關活動。 training in children’s rights be a prerequisite for teachers.

The Review Committee further recommends that the MOE

support activities concerning children’s empowerment in

civic and citizenship education.

學生參與校務 Student representation in school affairs

76 委員會肯定《高級中等教育法》催生學生 The Review Committee acknowledges that the High School 教育部

自治組織,但關切該法未被有效落實。委 Education Act provides for the creation of self-governing

員會建議教育部監督所有學校(包括私立 students organizations, but it is concerned that the Act is not

effectively implemented. The Review Committee

學校)的學生自治組織,確保沒有學校人

recommends that the MOE monitor the establishment of

員介入該組織的選舉或功能行使。委員會 self-governing student organizations in all schools,

進一步建議,學生自治組織應有效參與學 including private schools, without the intervention of school

校所有處理校務及攸關學生受教利益的 personnel in their elections or functions. The Review

委員會。 Committee further recommends that self-governing

organizations be effectively represented in all school

committees dealing with school affairs and students’

educational interests.

課綱改革 Reform of the curricula guidelines

77 委員會關注考試導向、過分強調學業表現 The Review Committee is concerned about the stress caused 教育部

造成學生壓力,加上課程缺乏彈性,學生 to students as a result of the pressure for high academic

難以追求個人的學習興趣。委員會欣見教 attainment, where a strong emphasis is placed on

examinations and the curriculum lacks flexibility, leaving

育部正在進行課綱審查,期使課綱更具彈

students with limited scope to pursue their own educational

性,更符合學生興趣並減輕學生壓力。委 interests. The Review Committee welcomes the ongoing

員會鼓勵教育部在學生的有效參與下繼 review by the MOE of the curricula with a view to making

續審查課綱。 it more flexible, more compatible with students’ interests

and less stressful for students. The Review Committee

encourages the MOE to continue this review process with

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the effective participation of students.

中輟生 Dropout students

78 委員會擔心協助中輟生的相關服務未經 The Review Committee is concerned that not all services for 教育部

整合,建議政府整合所有服務,確保中輟 students who drop out of school are integrated. The Review

生得以分配到足夠資源。 Committee recommends that the Government integrate these (協辦:衛福

services and ensure the sufficient allocation of resources to 部(保護司))

support such students.

懲處措施 Disciplinary measures

79 委員會擔心各校自行制定學生懲處規定, The Review Committee notes that schools can draw up their 教育部 1. 第 8 號一般

可能使兒少遭受連坐罰等不當和違法的 own guidelines for the discipline of students and is 性意見

懲罰。委員會建議政府公開並提供學校相 concerned that this could expose children to arbitrary and

2. 第 13 號一般

關指引,明列合乎兒童權利的懲處措施。 unlawful disciplinary measures such as collective

punishment. The Review Committee recommends that the 性意見

Government provide and publicise a directive to schools

which outlines those disciplinary measures which are

compatible with children’s rights.

80 委員會關切並建議軍訓教官應盡快全面 The Review Committee is concerned at the employment of 教育部

退出校園。 military training officers in schools and recommends that

this practice be phased out as expeditiously as possible. (協辦:國防

部)

體罰 Corporal punishment

81 委員會關切校園禁止體罰之規定未獲徹 The Review Committee is concerned that the ban on 教育部 第 8 號一般性意

底執行,亦未經妥適監督。委員會建議教 corporal punishment in schools is not adequately monitored 見

育部採取一切必要措施,確保有效執行禁 and enforced. It recommends that all necessary measures be

taken by the MOE to ensure the effective implementation of

令,並適當懲戒使用體罰的教師。

the ban, and that teachers who use this measure be

appropriately sanctioned.

申訴機制 Mechanism of appeals

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82 委員會關注現行申訴程序處理學生申訴 The Review Committee is concerned with the effectiveness 1. 教育部(彙 問題清單 7.9

的成效,並建議政府建立一套獨立、保密 of the existing appeal procedures for students’ complaints. It 整)

且安全的申訴通報機制,個別處理針對各 recommends that the Government set up an independent 2. 法務部

mechanism providing a confidential and safe reporting

類學校不當行政決策或措施的申訴案件,

process to address individual appeals on wrongful

包括私立學校、輔育院、矯正學校及中途 administrative decisions or measures taken by all schools, (協辦:勞動

學校。學生應有權在此種申訴評議委員會 including private, reform, correctional, and transition 部、衛福部(保

中陳述意見,並選任包括非政府組織在內 schools. Students should be entitled to be heard in such 護司))

的獨立代表。 hearings and receive independent representation. including

from NGOs.

兒少休息、遊戲、休閒權(第 31 條) The child’s right to rest, play, leisure (art. 31)

83 委員會深切關心兒少留在學校裡或在其 The Review Committee is deeply concerned about the very 教育部 第 17 號一般性意

他校外教育機構時間極長,也注意到政府 long hours that children spend at school or in other formal 見

已對國家考試制度進行改革,希望可以減 educational settings outside school. It notes that the

Government has reformed the state examination system in

輕兒少的學業壓力。

the hope that this may reduce the pressure on children in

relation to academic attainment.

84 委員會建議政府檢視學生上學的結構並 The Review Committee recommends that the Government

且明白加以規定,確保學校提供兒少適當 review and regulate the structure of the school day in order

且規律的自由活動時間。此外,建議政府 to ensure that schools provide children with adequate and

regular periods of free time. Furthermore, it recommends

教育家長和老師,睡眠、遊戲及休閒時間

that the Government undertake measures to educate parents

不足,對兒少的學習、發展及身心健康均 and teachers about the harmful effects of a lack of adequate

有不良影響。 sleep and of access to play and leisure on children’s learning

and development and physical and mental health.

85 委員會讚賞政府努力提供兒少安全的遊 The Review Committee commends the Government’s 1. 文化部 第 17 號一般性意

樂場所,增加都市兒少的遊樂場域,並強 efforts to increase children’s access to play space in urban 2. 內政部 見

調政府應確保包括身心障礙兒少在內的 environments through the provision of safe playgrounds. It

stresses that the Government should ensure that all children, 3. 衛福部(社

所有兒少都能參與遊戲,且均有享受自然

including children with disabilities, have access to play and 家署)

環境的權利。參考第 17 號一般性意見

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(2013,兒少享有休息和休閒、從事遊戲 that children should be able to enjoy that right in the natural

和娛樂活動、參加文化生活和藝術活動的 environment. With reference to General Comment No. 17 (協辦:教育

權利),委員會建議政府(含地方政府) (2013) on the right of the child to rest, leisure, play,

recreational activities, cultural life and the arts, the Review 部、經濟部、

採取措施以確保兒少享有休息、休閒與參

Committee recommends that the Government, as well as 衛福部(食藥

與適齡遊戲及娛樂活動之權利,包括持續 local authorities, implement measures to guarantee the right

投入充足資源,推行遊戲與休閒相關政 of the child to rest and leisure and to engage in play and 署、醫事司)、

策。委員會建議政府在規劃、設計及監督 recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child, 交通部、農委

社區、地方、國家層級的遊戲與休閒相關 including by adopting and implementing play and leisure 會、退輔會)

政策和活動執行時,應讓兒少充分參與。 policies with sufficient and sustainable resources. The

Review Committee recommends that Government fully

involve children in planning, designing and monitoring the

implementation of play policies and activities relevant to

play and leisure, at the community, local and national levels.

86 委員會注意到政府在確保所有兒少都能 The Review Committee notes the existing efforts to ensure 1. 教育部(彙

學習多元文化(包括原住民文化和語言) that all children can learn about diverse cultures, including 整)

上所做的努力,並鼓勵政府諮詢兒少、家 indigenous cultures and languages. It encourages the 2. 文化部

Government to review and extend these activities in

長和少數群體,以檢討成效並擴大推廣相

consultation with children, their families and minority 3. 原民會

關活動。 communities. 4. 客委會

九、特別保護措施(第 22 條、第

30 條、第 32 條、第 33 條、

I. Special protection measures (arts. 22, 30, 32,

第 35 條、第 36 條、第 37 條

33, 34, 35, 36, 37 (b), (d) and 38 – 40)

(b)至(d)項、第 38 條和第 38

至第 40 條)

原住民兒少(第 30 條) Indigenous children (art. 30)

87 委員會欣見政府為保護原住民兒少權利 The Review Committee welcomes the numerous measures 原民會 第 11 號一般性意

採取的許多措施,以及原住民族委員會扮 taken by the Government to protect the rights of indigenous 見

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演的重要角色。 children and the important role played by the National (協辦:衛福

Council of Indigenous Peoples. 部(國健署)、

88 委員會建議政府持續與原住民族(包括兒 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 教育部)

少)合作,共同執行、監督和評估原住民 continue to implement, monitor and evaluate the

兒少權利特別保護措施的成效。委員會並 effectiveness of special measures to protect the rights of

indigenous children in collaboration with indigenous

建議政府應:

communities including children from such communities.

(1)推動降低原住民嬰兒死亡率的措 The Review Committee further recommends that the

施; Government pay special attention to:

(2)提供合格師資教授原住民兒少原住 (a) measures to reduce the infant mortality rate among

民族語言; indigenous children;

(b) the ability of indigenous children to receive instruction

(3)提供原住民兒少從偏鄉至都市求學 in their indigenous language by appropriately qualified

所需的協助; teachers;

(4)與部落合作創辦幼兒園,包括適切 (c) the assistance provided to indigenous children when

分配資源以及讓原住民參與幼兒園 they move from rural to urban areas to undertake

的建設、人力配置與營運; education;

(d) measures to support the development of preschools by

(5)在原住民社區安排符合文化民情的

tribal co-operatives, including the allocation of

替代性照顧; adequate resources and the involvement of indigenous

(6)提供符合原住民文化的親職教育和 community members in the development, staffing and

支持服務。 operation of such preschools;

(e) supporting customary alternative care arrangements in

indigenous communities; and

(f) the provision of culturally appropriate parenting

education and support services.

童工(第 32 條) Child labour (art. 32)

89 委員會注意到部分報告指出,兒少(包含 The Review Committee notes with concern reports that 勞動部 1. 最低年齡公

幼童)經常長時間工作,且/或處於可能對 children, including younger children, are working in 約(第 138

其健康與發展有害的工作環境。委員會建 conditions that often involve long hours and/or may be

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議政府: harmful to their health and development. The Review 號)

(1)調查從事勞動的兒少人數,並依據 Committee recommends that the Government: 2. 最惡劣形式

(a) collect data on the number of children working,

工作性質、年齡、性別、是否具原 的童工勞動

disaggregated according to the nature of the work, age,

住民身分及城鄉背景分類統計; gender and whether the child comes from an 公約(第 182

(2)採取適當措施以保護這些兒少的權 indigenous, rural or urban background; and 號)

利。 (b) take appropriate measures to protect the rights of such

children.

藥物濫用(第 33 條) Drug abuse (art. 33)

90 委員會欣見政府已採取各種防止藥物濫 The Review Committee welcomes the various measures 1. 法務部(彙

用的措施,例如地方政府設立毒品危害防 taken to prevent drug abuse, such as the establishment of 整)

制中心、辦理「向毒品說不」(反毒健康 local Abuse Prevention Centres and the project “say-no-to- 2. 教育部

drugs”, and the designation of medical treatment institutions

小學堂題庫教學)計畫,並指定醫療機構

for the treatment of children addicted to drugs. However, the 3. 衛福部(心

治療吸毒兒少。然而,委員會關切目前缺 Review Committee is concerned at the lack of information

乏數據證明這些措施的成效。 口司)

on the effectiveness of these measures.

委員會建議政府定期評估這些措施是否 The Review Committee recommends that the Government 4. 衛福部(保

91

有效落實,並讓吸毒兒少參與,以便在必 regularly conduct evaluations of the implementation of these 護司)

要時調整或加強措施力度。此外,委員會 measures and their effectiveness with the involvement of 5. 內政部

child and adolescent drug users, in order to adjust or

建議政府視使用毒品為健康問題而非犯 6. 司法院)

strengthen these measures where necessary. In addition, the

罪。 Review Committee recommends that the Government treat

the use of drugs as a health problem and not as a crime.

性剝削及性虐待(第 34 條) Sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (art. 34)

92 委員會欣見 2015 年通過《兒童及少年性 The Review Committee welcomes the adoption in 2015 of 衛福部(保護 聯合國經濟及社

剝削防制條例》 , the Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act,

(2017 年 1 月 1 日生效) 司) 會理事會關於兒

以及防制兒少性交易與強化性犯罪調查 which entered into force on 1 January 2017, and the related 童被害人兼證人

plans for the prevention of sex trade involving children and

的相關計畫。不過,委員會擔心,針對性 之司法問題的第

for the reinforcement of sex crimes investigations. However, (協辦:司法

剝削或性虐待受害兒少的緊急安置可以 the Review Committee is concerned that an emergency 2005/20 號決議

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延長很長一段時間,但不清楚延長的理由 placement of a child victim of sexual exploitation or sexual 院、內政部、

是什麼。此外,委員會關切在性虐待受害 abuse can be extended for a long period of time while it is 法務部)

兒少作證指控犯罪嫌疑人的司法(刑事) not clear what the grounds for the extension are.

Furthermore, the Review Committee is concerned that the

程序中,相關保護措施並不總是完全符合

protection of a child victim of sexual abuse as a witness in a

國際人權標準及建議。 judicial (criminal) proceedings against the alleged

perpetrator is not always in full compliance with

international human rights standards and recommendations.

93 委員會建議政府以法律明定延長性剝削 The Review Committee recommends that the Government

或性虐待受害兒少緊急安置的理由,並於 specify by law the grounds for the extension of an

必要時審查及修正保護受害兒少於司法 emergency placement of a child victim of sexual exploitation

or sexual abuse, and that it review and amend, where

程序作證的現行規定,以符合《關於買賣

necessary, the existing provisions on the protection of child

兒童、兒童賣淫和兒童色情問題任擇議定 victims as witnesses in judicial proceedings in order to

書》第 8 條及聯合國經濟及社會理事會關 comply with the rules set in article 8 Optional Protocol on

於兒童被 害人兼 證人 之司法問 題的第 the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child

2005/20 號決議。 Pornography and the recommendations in Resolution

2005/20 of the UN Economic and Social Council on Justice

in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime.

拘留條件(第 37 條) Conditions of detention (art. 37)

94 委員會對被剝奪自由的兒少遭受不當對 The Review Committee is concerned by reports of the 1. 法務部(彙 《聯合國保護被

待的報告感到關切,並建議政府採取有效 mistreatment of children while deprived of their liberty and 整) 剝奪自由少年規

措施,以確保: recommends that the Government take effective measures to

ensure: 2. 內政部 則》(《哈瓦那規

(1)完全遵守公約第 37 條和《聯合國保 (a) full compliance with article 37 of the Convention and 則》)

護被剝奪自由少年規則》(《哈瓦那 the UN Rules on the Protection of Juveniles Deprived (協辦:衛福

規則》); of their Liberty;

部(保護司))

(2)教育所有與被剝奪自由兒少工作者 (b) that all staff working with children deprived of their

是類兒少應有的權利; liberty are informed about the rights of such children;

and

(3)充分調查所有被剝奪自由兒少遭受

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不當對待之指控。 (c) that all allegations of mistreatment of children deprived

of their liberty are fully investigated.

少年司法(第 40 條) Juvenile justice (art. 40)

95 委員會表達讚賞並注意到政府為防止少 The Review Committee notes with appreciation the 司法院

年犯罪所採取的措施,並根據《少年事件 measures taken by the Government to prevent juvenile

處理法》建立結構良好的少年司法體系。 delinquency and the establishment, based on the Juvenile

Delinquency Act, of a well-structured juvenile justice

然而委員會關切的是:

system. However, the Review Committee is concerned with:

(1)《少年事件處理法》使用不同的年 (a) the use of different age limits and categories in the

齡限制和類別,導致少年(犯罪) Juvenile Delinquency Act which lead to the appearance

司法統計數據出現 7-12 歲的兒童, of children aged 7 to 12 in the juvenile (criminal) justice

且因最低刑事責任年齡(MACR) statistics, and the lack of clarity regarding children aged

為 14 歲,使 12 歲和 13 歲的少年 12 and 13 due to the fact that the minimum age of

統計數據不明確; criminal responsibility (MACR) is set at 14;

(b) criminalizing problematic behaviour of children by

(2)將兒少偏差行為視為犯罪,使其在 including such behaviour in the criminal law as status

刑法中成為虞犯; offences; and

(3)對觸犯刑罰法令的兒少在整個少年 (c) the de facto lack of legal or other assistance to children

司法程序中缺乏事實上所需要法律 and juveniles in conflict with the criminal law

或其他協助,此乃導因於法律上的 throughout the juvenile justice proceedings, due to the

協助,在大多數情況下,都是需要 fact that legal assistance has to be paid for in most

instances.

付費的。

96 根據聯合國兒童權利委員會第 10 號一般 In light of the CRC Committee’s General Comment No 10 1. 司法院 1. 第 10 號一般

性意見,有關司法兒少之權利,委員會建 on Children’s Rights in Juvenile Justice, the Review 2. 衛福部(保 性意見

議政府將少年司法系統與《CRC》及其他 Committee recommends that the Government bring the 護司、心口 2. 第 20 號一般

juvenile justice system fully into line with the CRC and other

相關標準充分一致。委員會特別建議政

relevant standards. In particular, the Review Committee 司、社家 性意見

府: recommends that the Government: 署)

(1)依《兒童及少年福利與權益保障 (a) deal with children below the age of 14 who have been

alleged as, accused of or recognized as having infringed 3. 教育部

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法》 、而非《少年事件處理法》處理 the criminal law, under the Protection of Children and 4. 內政部

14 歲以下觸犯刑罰法令的兒少,並 Youth Welfare and Rights Act and not under the 5. 法務部

通過必要的立法程序讓其生效; Juvenile Delinquency Act, and undertake the necessary

legislative and other measures to that effect;

(2)廢除虞犯,並透過《兒童及少年福 (b) abolish status offences and provide children with

利與權益保障法》提供有偏差行為 problematic behaviour with the necessary support and

之兒童必要的支持與保護; protection in the context of the Protection of Children

(3)確保觸犯刑罰法律之兒少,從司法 and Youth Welfare and Rights Act;

程序一開始以及在整個程序中,皆 (c) ensure the provision of qualified and independent legal

受到合格且獨立的法律協助條文之 aid to children in conflict with the criminal law from the

beginning, and throughout the legal proceedings;

保障;

(d) require by law that pre-trial detention is reviewed

(4)由法律規定法院/法官必須定期檢 regularly by a court/judge, preferably every two weeks,

視審前拘留,以兩週審查一次為佳, in order to ensure that pre-trial detention does not last

以確保審前拘留不會超過絕對必要 any longer than is strictly necessary; and

的期間; (e) ensure that sentences involving deprivation of liberty

(5)確保剝奪自由之刑罰為最後手段。 are a measure of last resort.

97 委員會注意到少年司法體系缺乏修復式 The Review Committee notes that no restorative justice 司法院

司法機制,且轉向措施有限。委員會建議 mechanism is in place within the juvenile justice system and

政府研討引進修復式司法措施以及審前 there are limited diversionary measures. The Review

Committee recommends that the Government explore the

轉向措施的可能性。

possibility of introducing restorative justice measures and

promote genuine diversionary measures which occur before

court proceedings.

十、宣傳 J. Dissemination

98 委員會建議以國內各種語言廣為宣傳首 The Review Committee recommends that the initial report, 衛福部(社家

次國家報告、問題清單書面回應及本結論 the written replies to the list of issues and the present 署)

性意見。 concluding observations be made widely available in the

languages of the country.

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來源 PDF: 5934-中華民國(臺灣)兒童權利公約首次國家報告結論性意見各點次權責機關分工表.pdf

中華民國(臺灣)兒童權利公約首次國家報告結論性意見

各點次權責機關分工

108.3.20

結論性意見內容 權責機關

壹 前言

1 中華民國(臺灣)立法院於 2014 年 6 月通過《兒童權利公約施行法》(下 無

稱《CRC 施行法》),並於同年 11 月 20 日開始施行,作為《CRC》在臺灣

實施之國內法化架構;2016 年 4 月 22 日立法院通過加入《CRC》條約案,

總統於 2016 年 5 月簽署加入書

2 行政院依據《CRC 施行法》 ,於 2016 年 11 月發表首次國家報告,並於 2017 無

年 3 月完成英文版。中華民國(臺灣)政府邀請 5 位獨立國際兒權專家組

成國際審查委員會(下稱委員會)審查首次國家報告。5 位專家分別為 Jaap

Doek(主席) (荷蘭),Judith Karp(以色列) ,Nigel Cantwell(英國/瑞士)

Laura Lundy(北愛爾蘭)以及 John Tobin(澳洲)。

3 委員會審查了臺灣於 2017 年 3 月提交之首次國家報告,並收到來自包含兒 無

童團體組織等公民組織團體的替代報告及兒少報告。委員會於 2017 年 6 月

提出問題清單,於同年 9 月收到書面詳細回復。委員會也收到公民組織對

於問題清單之意見以及政府回應。

4 委員會於 2017 年 11 月 20 日與公民組織成員兒少舉行列入審查會議之不公 無

開會議。另於 2017 年 11 月 21 日及 22 日與政府代表舉行公開會議,於 2017

年 11 月 24 日通過並發表本結論性意見。

5 委員會了解臺灣政府認真且努力的實踐《CRC》 ,並相當感謝相關部會及政 無

府機構派員出席會議,與委員會進行建設性對話。公民組織之積極參與,

尤其是兒少參與,亦對審查過程至關重要。

6 委員會感謝衛生福利部(特別是《CRC》幕僚單位)提供實質協助與後勤支 無

援。

貳 承認之國際人權公約

7 委員會欣見臺灣除《CRC》外,亦接受下列國際人權公約: 無

(1)《經濟社會文化權利國際公約》;

(2)《公民與政治權利國際公約》;

(3)《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》;

(4)《身心障礙者權利公約》。

參 關切重點與建議

一、一般執行措施(第 4、42、44(6)條)

立法

8 委員會讚賞中華民國(臺灣)毫無保留地接受《CRC》

,且制定特別法施行 1. 衛福部(社家

《CRC》

。委員會建議政府於檢視國內法律是否與《CRC》規定一致時,應 署)

進行兒少權利影響評估。 2. 立法院

1

結論性意見內容 權責機關

3. 司法院

4. 監察院

5. 考試院

9 委員會建議應修正《CRC 施行法》

,明定國內法律與《CRC》牴觸時,優先 衛福部(社家署)

適用《CRC》。

(協辦:司法院)

10 委員會鼓勵政府接受《關於兒童捲入武裝衝突問題之兒童權利公約任擇議 1. 國防部

定書》及《關於買賣兒童、兒童賣淫和兒童色情問題之兒童權利公約任擇 2. 衛福部(保護

議定書》。 司)

3. 內政部

(協辦:教育部)

全面性國家行動計畫

11 委員會建議政府制定並實施全面性國家行動計畫以實踐《CRC》

,且納入地 衛福部(社家署)

方政府、公民組織、相關專家、兒少及家長之參與。

協調

12 委員會欣見設立協調與推動兒少福利及權益保障政策的團隊,也欣見行政 衛福部(社家署)

院設立兒童及少年福利與權益促進小組。委員會建議政府確保上開團隊以

及小組具有充分的權力,並配有足夠的人力和財力資源,以執行職務。

13 委員會建議立法院應成立兒童委員會。並於制定影響兒少及其人權之法案 立法院

時,由委員會諮詢兒少、專業團體和公民團體的意見。

獨立監督

14 委員會注意到且關心中華民國(臺灣)尚未成立獨立國家人權機構。 1. 法務部

2. 監察院

15 委員會建議應儘速依照聯合國兒童權利委員會第 2 號一般性意見(2002)

成立國家人權機構並內設監督兒童權利的專責單位;或是成立兒童監察使

辦公室;或是設置兒童權利委員。該組織應依循巴黎原則設立,特別是以

一種使申訴兒童感受到隱私不受侵害並能受到保護的方式下,受理、調查、

處理針對所有公私部門的兒童權利申訴事件。

申訴程序

16 委員會讚賞並注意到在教育、社會福利、醫療以及少年司法領域事項,皆 1. 教育部

有提供兒少申訴機會的資訊。 2. 衛福部(醫事

17 委員會建議讓所有兒少都能得知申訴管道以及申訴程序的資訊。政府應確 司、健康署、疾

保該程序對兒少友善,提供兒少適足的支持(在適當情形下包括家長或

管署、社家署)

NGO 的支持)

,並保護兒少隱私。委員會進一步建議,政府應採取必要措

施,保護提出申訴之兒少或代表兒少申訴者,免於報復、恐嚇或其他負面 3. 司法院

影響。申訴程序應為獨立審查。 4. 法務部

(協辦:監察院)

資源分配

2

結論性意見內容 權責機關

18 委員會建議政府提出第一份兒少預算,並建議兒少預算應依據聯合國兒童 衛福部(社家署)

權利委員會關於公共預算的第 19 號一般性意見(2016),以一種與包含兒

少在內公開對話,確保透明及參與的方式編製,並建立監督與評估各級政 ( 協 辦 : 主 計 總

府資源分配及使用適切性、有效性和公平性的機制。 處)

數據蒐集

19 委員會讚揚政府提供家庭環境與替代性照顧、健康與福利、教育及特別保 衛福部(社家署、

護措施等方面落實兒童權利的統計資料。 統計處)

20 依據聯合國兒童權利委員會關於一般執行措施的第 5 號一般性意見,委員

會建議政府進一步改善數據蒐集系統,並考慮增設中央數據蒐集單位。所 (協辦:主計總

蒐集的資料應涵蓋公約所有層面,依性別、年齡、城鄉、原住民及種族背景 處)

分類數據,在相關及適當的情形下,並依身心障礙、國籍和性取向分類。

認知提升與教育訓練

21 委員會注意到中央政府各部會和地方政府均有辦理兒童權利教育訓練。然 1. 衛福部(社家

而,委員會關切缺乏訓練品質及成效的資訊,且訓練似乎主要集中於公務 署)

人員。 2. 教育部

22 委員會建議政府確保所有從事兒少工作的專業人員,如教師、社會工作人

員、醫療專業人員、住宿型單位與寄養照顧專業人員,以及兒少特別保護 (協辦:司法院、

措施領域的警察、法官、檢察官及其他少年司法工作人員等,均接受兒童 內政部、法務部、

權利教育訓練,所有訓練中,應特別著重《CRC》的一般性原則,包括禁止 人事總處、衛福部

歧視、優先考量兒少最佳利益、生命、生存及發展權、兒少表意權,以及符 (社工司、醫事

合各發展階段能力原則。所有訓練均應持續監測及評估。父母亦應透過學 司、照護司、保護

校、地方政府、福利機構、醫療院所及媒體,了解兒童權利。 司))

與公民社會及商業部門合作

23 委員會讚揚政府與公民團體組織的正向關係和開放式對話,並鼓勵此種合 1. 勞動部

作,以進一步落實臺灣兒少權利。 2. 通傳會

24 參考聯合國兒童權利委員會第 16 號一般性意見(2013)所提示商業部門對 3. 行政院環保署

兒童權利之影響及國家義務,委員會建議政府制定和實施相關規定,確保

4. 經濟部

商業部門遵守兒童權利,特別是在兒少就業和工作條件、媒體(包括社群

媒體與網路)以及環境保護方面。

(協辦:教育部、

文化部、衛福部

(保護司)、內政

部)

二、兒少之定義

25 委員會注意到臺灣的成年年齡是 20 歲,而委員會審查對象僅限於未滿 18 法務部

歲之兒少。惟仍需提醒,《CRC》於臺灣施行,可能產生是否適用於 18 歲

或 19 歲青年的一些不一致和混淆的問題。

26 委員會表達讚賞並注意到,政府承諾啟動修法,使目前的最低結婚年齡一

致,並依據國際條約機構的建議,男女均以 18 歲為準。

三、一般性原則

3

結論性意見內容 權責機關

禁止歧視(第 2 條)

27 委員會注意到並讚賞政府針對弱勢兒少,如原住民兒少、LGBTI 兒少、身 1. 教育部

心障礙兒少和無國籍兒少,已訂有預防及保護其不受歧視的相關法規。然 2. 原民會

而,委員會關注,上述法規落實缺乏實際成效資訊及針對《性別平等教育 3. 衛福部(社家

法》執行阻力缺乏因應方案。

署)

28 委員會建議政府持續諮詢兒少、從事兒少工作之專業人員及公民團體,提

倡並支持禁止歧視弱勢兒少之意識提升活動,並採取必要措施落實各項禁

止歧視兒少的法規。

兒少最佳利益為優先考量(第 3 條第 1 項)

29 委員會注意到,有關保護兒少之立法和民法,皆要求法院或其他單位的決 1. 衛福部(社家

定應以兒少最佳利益為基礎。委員會建議此權利如下: 署)

(1) 符合聯合國兒童權利委員會第 14 號一般性意見有關兒少最佳利益 2. 司法院

的解釋; 3. 立法院

(2) 在所有立法、行政和司法訴訟程序與決定,以及和兒童相關並對其 4. 法務部

產生影響的所有政策、方案和計畫,包括移民和少年司法的法律、 5. 內政部

法規中,整全性並一貫地落實。

(協辦:衛福部

(保護司)、教育

部)

生命、生存及發展權(第 6 條)

30 委員會注意到國家承認兒少的高自殺率及自殺企圖,並建議政府評估及處 1. 衛福部(心口

理導致兒少自殺的因素,且加強現行降低兒少高自殺率的努力。 司)

2. 教育部

兒少表意權(第 12 條)

31 委員會欣見學校及地方政府委員會納入兒少代表,尤其讚賞課綱審議會納 1. 衛福部(社家

入兒少參與。然而,委員會關注持續限制兒少在家庭、學校及社區自由、安 署)

全地發聲的社會文化氛圍。 2. 教育部

32 委員會摯盼政府關注聯合國兒童權利委員會第 12 號一般性意見所列兒少

3. 司法院

陳述意見的權利,並建議政府依據第 12 條公約採取措施,以加強落實該權

利。委員會建議政府:

(1) 進行研究,確認對於兒少最重要之議題,以及在各種場合如何使兒 (協辦:人事總

少意見被聽取; 處、法務部、內政

(2) 針對父母、教師、社工、法官及其他從事兒少工作者,辦理教育訓練 部、衛福部(社工

及認知提升活動,以有效促進兒少在家庭、學校及社區的參與; 司、心口司、醫事

(3) 於立法決策階段建立兒少表意機制,藉此強化國家層級的兒少參 司、照護司、保護

與; 司))

(4) 採取有效的法規措施,包含告知兒少有陳述意見的權利、保障兒少

有意義地行使該權利等,以確保兒少於行政及立法程序陳述意見之

4

結論性意見內容 權責機關

權利。

四、公民權與自由

取得國籍權(第 7 條第 1 項)

33 委員會欣見政府作出努力,讓更多未被收養的無國籍兒童取得中華民國(臺 1. 內政部

灣)國籍。委員會關注到在某些報告中,提及生父不詳且外籍生母已返回 2. 教育部

原屬國之兒少的權利及身分問題,並建議政府採取適當措施,確保這些兒 3. 勞動部

少不會淪為無國籍人,也不會無法享有與臺灣兒童相同的服務與利益。

4. 衛福部(健康

署、健保署、疾

管署、社家署)

表現自由(第 13 條)

34 委員會關注部分報告提及表現自由在實踐上可能受到限制,尤其在校園中, 教育部

因為成人對此抱持消極態度且兒少害怕受到懲罰。委員會建議政府確保兒

少在所有情形下都能享有表現自由,並促進支持之,例如促進支持在校內

外發行散布報紙、刊物或其他出版品。

集會結社及和平集會自由(第 15 條)

35 委員會關切未滿 20 歲的兒少及青年無法自行成立團體,只能在父母或監護 內政部

人同意下加入現存團體。此與兒少結社自由權不符,也缺少對兒少發展能

力的尊重。 (協辦:教育部)

36 委員會建議政府採取立法及其他必要的措施,確保兒少依據其年齡、成熟

度及發展能力,享有不受任何歧視的結社自由、和平集會的自由並包括和

平抗議的自由。

隱私權(第 16 條)

37 委員會關切有報告提到,老師以不是法律所規定的理由,搜查學生個人物 教育部

品,甚而洩漏學生的秘密。委員會建議政府採取一切必要措施,避免學生

隱私受到非法、恣意的侵犯。老師們應該被告知這類保障隱私的法令,而

且當老師們違反法令時,必須受到懲處。

不受酷刑或其他形式殘忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或處罰之權利

(第 37 條第 1 項(a)款)

38 委員會亦關切在矯正機構及其他住宿型單位中,使用單獨監禁和身體約束 1. 法務部

措施,並建議政府確保規定單獨監禁的實施及要件的法令,符合公約第 37 2. 教育部

條及《聯合國保護被剝奪自由少年規則》(《哈瓦那規則》)(第 67 段),並 3. 衛福部(社家

採取一切遵守規範的必要措施。此外,委員會建議政府檢視身體約束措施

署)

的相關法令,以確保符合《哈瓦那規則》(第 63 段和第 64 段)的標準。

五、家庭環境與替代性照顧(第 5 條、第 9 至第 11 條、第 18 條

第 1 及 2 項、第 20 條、第 21 條、第 25 條及第 27 條第 4 項)

家庭支持

39 委員會欣見有各種支持父母履行扶養責任的措施,包括經濟及其他面向的 衛福部(社家署、

支持,但也注意到報告指出,單親家庭(包括離婚後)和一些低收入、高風 社工司)

5

結論性意見內容 權責機關

險家庭可能無法獲得足夠支持。委員會敦促政府採取一切可行措施,擴大

這些家庭取得適當和必要支持服務的管道。

非法移轉兒少或使其無法返國返家(第 11 條)

40 委員會指出關於非法移轉兒少的通報並非強制性,且通報可能只反映非法 衛福部(社家署)

移轉受害兒少的部分數量。此外,現行相關法條似乎不足以防止這種移轉。

41 委員會建議臺灣政府接受 1980 年《國際兒童拐帶公約》,作為處理兒少遭 (協辦:司法院、

非法移轉和(無法)返國返家案件的約束性文件。

內政部、法務部、

外交部)

無法在家庭環境中成長的兒少及替代性照顧(第 9 條第 1 項及第

20 條)

42 委員會對於安置機構的使用及其組織方式表達關切,並注意到政府已採取 衛福部(社家署、

措施,降低因為已經或者必須與父母/家人分開,而被安置在機構裡之人數。 保護司)

委員會同時注意到,在接受機構安置的兒少人數並沒有顯著下降情形下,

被安置在非公立機構的人數卻持續增長。委員會擔心,根據目前的設立許

可、查核及評鑑制度,可能無法有效保障服務品質。委員會了解目前提供

給私立機構的資源,可能無法使其招聘和保留足夠數量的合格工作人員。

委員會擔心,過剩的機構數可能誘發兒少被安置在機構中,而不是接受以

家庭環境為主的照顧。委員會建議政府檢視其原因,並確保資源有效分配,

並依據《聯合國兒童替代性照顧準則》 ,給予需要替代性照顧之兒少最適當

的安置。

43 委員會欣見政府設定目標,提高兒少接受正式親屬照顧之比率。委員會建

議政府評估能否透過放寬親屬照顧者的申請資格及補助門檻,促進親屬照

顧持續增加。

44 委員會欣見政府促進寄養政策,包括對有特殊需求兒少的照顧,以及對寄

養家庭的培訓和支持,並建議政府持續及加強這項政策。

45 委員會建議政府依據《聯合國兒童替代性照顧準則》 ,制定全面且划算的策

略,將替代性照顧體系去機構化。其策略諸如支持及強化家庭功能降低安

置需求、推動提倡以家庭環境為主的替代性照顧,特別是親屬照顧。

46 委員會並建議政府立法確保所有替代性照顧的兒少安置均由家事法庭裁定 1. 衛福部(社家

之、安置期限由法律規定、延長安置由法院依照法定標準裁定之。委員會 署、保護司)

特別關注在沒有法院介入評估安置是否必要及是否符合兒少最佳利益下, 2. 司法院

卻允許父母可自行安置子女。

47 委員會指出,受到不當對待、立即面臨嚴重風險的兒少可以進行長達 72 小 衛福部(社家署、

時的保護安置,且經法院裁定後,可以重複延長 3 個月。委員會也關切主 保護司)

管機關只有在兒少於緊急安置機構停留 2 年仍無法返家時,才會制訂長期

處遇計畫。

48 委員會建議政府依據《CRC》第 25 條及《聯合國兒童替代性照顧準則》,

建立有效體系,定期審查所有替代性照顧之兒少安置。應該特別注意緊急

安置和機構安置,至少每年一次,以兒少最佳利益為考量,評估兒少是否

仍有必要安置,及/或能否將兒少安置於以家庭環境為主的替代性照顧。政

6

結論性意見內容 權責機關

府也應採取必要措施,防止兒少頻繁轉換安置處所。

49 最後,依據《聯合國兒童替代性照顧準則》,委員會強調為準備離開替代性

照顧體系的兒少設定有效且適當的計畫及方案至關重要,這些計畫與方案

協助兒少(適當時,包含家屬)做好離開替代性照顧體系的準備,且在適當

時期內提供所有必要的支持性服務。

國內及跨國境收養(第 21 條)

50 委員會注意到,國內兒少收養之年度人數低於外國收養臺灣兒少之人數, 衛福部(社家署)

也注意到近親及繼親收養終止比率偏高。委員會建議政府分析上述終止收

養的原因,採取降低比率的補救措施,致力確保所有兒少獲得適當照顧。

委員會瞭解國內收養人通常不願意承擔照顧有特殊需要兒少(包括身心障

礙兒少和年齡較大的兒少)的責任,因而唯有尋求跨國收養,但仍敦促政

府提高問題意識,倡導國內收養。

51 委員會關切政府監看跨國收養程序層級及成效的不足,包括對私立收養機

構的權限和監督。委員會建議臺灣採用海牙會議《跨國收養合作及兒童保

護公約》(1993 年)作為具法律效力之文件,以處理臺灣跨國收養案件。

六、暴力侵害兒童(第 19 條,第 24 條第 3 項,第 28 條第 2 項,

第 34 條,第 37 條(a)項和第 39 條)

52 委員會欣見政府為防範對兒少施暴所採取的各種措施,特別是體罰及霸凌, 1. 衛福部(保護

也欣見政府為具有風險兒少及 6 歲以下弱勢兒童提供之服務方案。 司、社家署)

53 委員會建議政府: 2. 教育部

(1)參考聯合國兒童權利委員會第 13 號一般性意見(2011 年)提出的指 3. 勞動部

引及建議,繼續加強現行及其他措施,並制定及施行一個預防及保護 4. 法務部

兒少在所有環境(包含家庭)免受一切形式暴力的長期性國家綜合行 5. 內政部

動計畫;

(2)為有助於達成聯合國永續發展目標(目標 16.2)所列在 2030 年前結

束對兒少一切形式暴力的國家、地方及 NGO 行動計畫提供必要的人

力和財力資源。

54 委員會欣見政府施行《校園霸凌防制準則》 ,但關切欠缺實施情形、受害者 教育部

等人無效力通報及後續處理機制的具體資訊。委員會因此建議政府:

(1)經由徵詢兒少意見,重新檢視監督機制和通報程序,以確保其成效;

(2)提高師生對「霸凌在受害兒少及學校社群所生負面影響」的認知和意

識;

(3)加強教師建構安全教室的能力,鼓勵被害人和目擊者通報霸凌案件;

(4)為霸凌案件的被害人、加害人及其他受霸凌影響的兒少,提供有效的

輔導及修復。

55 在網路霸凌方面,委員會建議政府應督促平台供應商發展及強化合宜的預 通傳會

防及申訴服務及機制。

(協辦:衛福部

(保護司)、內政

部、教育部、法務

部)

7

結論性意見內容 權責機關

56 委員會欣見已經立法禁絕在學校和機構內有體罰兒少之情事。然而家內體 1. 法務部

罰並未被禁止,且學校內仍持續發生體罰的情事。 2. 教育部

57 委員會建議政府: 3. 衛福部(社家

(1)依據聯合國兒童權利委員會第 8 號一般性意見,明文禁止家內體罰;

署、保護司)

(2)倡導體罰與任何羞辱人格處遇所生負面影響的認知及教育活動並提

供足以替代體罰之正面積極作為的資訊;

(3)採取一切適當措施,確保公私立學校及機構所有的工作人員不使用體

罰;

(4)教育所有從事兒少服務的專業人員,使其了解向主管機關通報疑似對

兒少施暴案件的重要性。

七、身心障礙、基本健康與福利(第 6 條、第 18 條第 3 項、第

23 條、第 24 條、第 26 條、第 27 條第 1 至第 3 項和第 33

條)

身心障礙兒少權利(第 23 條)

58 委員會敦促政府執行《身心障礙者權利公約》審查委員會的建議。並進一 1. 衛福部(社家

步建議政府確保身心障礙兒少準確分類數據的蒐集,以採取適當措施使身 署)

心障礙兒少: 2. 教育部

(1)可在鄉村獲得適當的教育;

3. 勞動部

(2)完成學業後從事具有意義的工作;

(3)有機會享受具有意義的遊戲、休閒和娛樂,如建造共融遊樂場; 4. 內政部

(4)自己及家人受到適當的支持服務。 5. 文化部

6. 經濟部

(協辦:衛福部

(統計處、食藥

署、醫事司、健保

署)交通部、農委

會、退輔會)

59 委員會關切住在機構內身心障礙兒少的數量居高不下。委員會欣見政府採 1. 衛福部(社家

取 5 年策略(計畫)

,增加身心障礙兒少在社區生活的人數,並提供身心障 署)

礙兒少進入主流學校接受融合教育的機會。 2. 教育部

(協辦:衛福部

(照護司))

健康權(第 24 條)

60 委員會關切兒少不論能力如何,均須徵得父母同意才能接受醫療的情況, 衛福部(醫事司)

此與聯合國兒童權利委員會的觀點不一致。兒童權利委員會認為,凡是具

備充分理解能力之兒少,縱使父母不同意,仍可以自主接受醫療。 (協辦:衛福部

61 委員會建議政府修改相關法律,使兒少接受醫療所需同意之規定符合 ( 心 口 司 、 健 康

8

結論性意見內容 權責機關

《CRC》,特別是第 5 條和第 12 條。亦建議政府實施聯合國兒童權利委員 署))

會第 12 號一般性意見(第 102 段)之制度,規定兒少取得同意權的特定年

齡。

62 委員會欣見政府努力為兒少提供專家們的心理健康服務,包括社區心理健 1. 衛福部(心口

康門診、心理健康專科和熱線服務。不過,委員會關切兒少心理健康問題 司)

的發生率,特別是高自殺率以及所提供服務的實效性。 2. 教育部

63 委員會建議政府:

(1)持續蒐集有關兒少心理健康情況和少年自殺的數據,在可行且適切的 (協辦:衛福部

前提下,根據性質、年齡、性別、城鄉分布、原住民身分和性傾向等 (保護司、健康

項目分類; 署、疾管署))

(2)監測和評估所提供給兒少服務的實效性,包括透過專線尋求協助兒少

轉介率及成效;

(3)確保心理健康服務(包含對兒少友善的預防性服務)可以被使用、可

以被親近並且可以被接受,且服務品質符合聯合國兒童權利委員會有

關健康權利的第 15 號一般性意見;

(4)根據《CRC》第 12 條,積極徵詢兒少意見,以協助發展、實施及監

測兒少心理健康服務。

64 委員會欣見政府為解決兒童肥胖問題所採取的一系列措施,但建議: 1. 衛福部(健康

(1)政府評估及監測這些措施的成效; 署)

(2)在學校量測兒童體重時應審慎進行,確保過程保護兒童隱私且不會使 2. 教育部

兒童受到羞辱。

65 委員會指出,政府自 2011 年起採行逐步全面性推動整體兒少性教育及生育 1. 教育部

保健計畫(包括教材、課程、方案及活動等) 。委員會亦指出,多個 NGO 對 2. 衛福部(健康

其成效及合宜性表達強烈關切,性傳染病發生率仍高、部分疾病發生率正 署)

在增加,且仍有相當比例的青少年懷孕。

66 委員會建議政府檢討現行計畫內容,評估是否需修訂以改善其成效及確保 (協辦:法務部、

其合宜性。檢討過程應諮詢所有利害關係人,包括兒少、家長團體、衛生專 內政部、衛福部

業人員和教育工作者。 (疾管署、社家

67 委員會進一步建議審查評估現行的性健康和生育保健課程是否: 署))

(1)與經濟社會和文化權利委員會第 22 號一般性意見(關於少年性健康

與生育保健)、聯合國兒童權利委員會第 4 號一般性意見(關於少年

健康與發展)及第 20 號一般性意見(關於兒少權利)的內容一致;

(2)適齡且具實證基礎;

(3)旨在保護所有兒少的性健康和生育保健權,包括 LGBTI 兒少及身心

障礙兒少;

(4)符合《CRC》第 12 條規定,於方案設計、實施及評估時納入兒少意

見;

(5)在兒少發生性行為之前,提供兒少親密關係應互相尊重等相關資訊,

並培養兒少對於性行為的正確觀念;

(6)為懷孕少女提供適當的資訊及支持服務;

(7)教導父母瞭解兒少的性健康及生育保健相關權利。

9

結論性意見內容 權責機關

68 委員會聽到兒少代表對環境品質以及可能損害其健康的擔憂。委員會建議 1. 行政院環保署

政府採取措施監測環境對兒少健康的影響,也建議政府建立相關制度或流 2. 衛福部(健康

程,使兒少得以向政府表達對環境或其他兒少健康議題之關切,並參考聯 署)

合國兒童權利委員會繼 2016 年關於兒少權利與環境之一般性討論所提出

3. 教育部

的建議,將兒少所表示的意見納入適當的立法或行動中。

八、教育休閒與文化活動(第 28 條至第 31 條)

教育權(第 28 條、第 29 條)

改善就學負擔差距

69 委員會欣見 6 至 15 歲的義務教育免收學費。然而,委員會關切越來越多私 教育部

立高中職學生須申請貸款才能負擔學費、其他學習費用及生活開支。

70 委員會建議教育部全面檢視私立高中職收費情形,並建立審查機制,以保

護經濟弱勢學生免受私立學校過度收費。委員會進一步建議政府推行適當

計畫,協助無力償還貸款的學生。

學前教育

71 委員會對於公立和非營利幼兒園不足、就讀私立幼兒園帶給家長的沉重經 教育部

濟負擔表達關切。委員會亦關切地方主管機關需要額外的人力和經費,才

能落實《幼兒教育及照顧法》第 7 條。

72 委員會欣見《擴大幼兒教保公共化計畫(2017 年至 2020 年)》的實施,協

助地方政府增設更多公立幼兒園,為更多家長提供平價優質的教保服務。

73 委員會鼓勵政府根據以下項目評估實施前述計畫的成效:公立幼兒園數量

增加、受過專業訓練的幼教老師等比增加,並修訂工資以改善高流動率。

委員會建議政府以公立幼兒園免學費、私立幼兒園收費可負擔為目標。

偏鄉地區教育經費分配

74 委員會肯定政府為偏鄉兒少分配更多教育資源的決心。然而,委員會仍然 教育部

關切目前分配資源尚不足以確保偏鄉兒少的教育品質。委員會建議政府持

續為偏鄉教育提供額外資源,並採取措施以監測偏鄉兒少享有《CRC》第

28 條和第 29 條所訂教育權的程度。

兒童權利與公民教育

75 委員會建議無論何種形式或層級的教育課程(包含國民教育),均須納入人 教育部

權(尤其是兒童權利)教育。委員會進一步建議,應為各年齡層和不同能力

的兒少製作適宜教材,教師亦須接受兒童權利的知識和培訓。委員會另建 (協辦:法務部)

議,教育部應支持公民教育中培力兒少的相關活動。

學生參與校務

76 委員會肯定《高級中等教育法》催生學生自治組織,但關切該法未被有效 教育部

落實。委員會建議教育部監督所有學校(包括私立學校)的學生自治組織,

確保沒有學校人員介入該組織的選舉或功能行使。委員會進一步建議,學

生自治組織應有效參與學校所有處理校務及攸關學生受教利益的委員會。

課綱改革

77 委員會關注考試導向、過分強調學業表現造成學生壓力,加上課程缺乏彈 教育部

性,學生難以追求個人的學習興趣。委員會欣見教育部正在進行課綱審查,

10

結論性意見內容 權責機關

期使課綱更具彈性,更符合學生興趣並減輕學生壓力。委員會鼓勵教育部

在學生的有效參與下繼續審查課綱。

中輟生

78 委員會擔心協助中輟生的相關服務未經整合,建議政府整合所有服務,確 教育部

保中輟生得以分配到足夠資源。

(協辦:衛福部

(保護司))

懲處措施

79 委員會擔心各校自行制定學生管教規定,可能使兒少遭受連坐罰等不當和 教育部

違法的懲罰。委員會建議政府公開並提供學校相關指引,明列合乎兒童權

利的懲處措施。

80 委員會關切並建議軍訓教官應盡快全面退出校園。 教育部

(協辦:國防部)

體罰

81 委員會關切校園禁止體罰之規定未獲徹底執行,亦未經妥適監督。委員會 教育部

建議教育部採取一切必要措施,確保有效執行禁令,並適當懲戒使用體罰

的教師。

申訴機制

82 委員會關注現行申訴程序處理學生申訴的成效,並建議政府建立一套獨立、 1. 教育部

保密且安全的申訴通報機制,個別處理針對各類學校不當行政決策或措施 2. 法務部

的申訴案件,包括私立學校、輔育院、矯正學校及中途學校。學生應有權在

此種申訴評議委員會中陳述意見,並選任包括非政府組織在內的獨立代表。 (協辦:勞動部、

衛福部(保護司))

兒少休息、遊戲、休閒權(第 31 條)

83 委員會深切關心兒少留在學校裡或在其他校外教育機構時間極長,也注意 教育部

到政府已對國家考試制度進行改革,希望可以減輕兒少的學業壓力。

84 委員會建議政府檢視學生上學的結構並且明白加以規定,確保學校提供兒

少適當且規律的自由活動時間。此外,建議政府教育家長和老師,睡眠、遊

戲及休閒時間不足,對兒少的學習、發展及身心健康均有不良影響。

85 委員會讚賞政府努力提供兒少安全的遊樂場所,增加都市兒少的遊樂場域, 1. 文化部

並強調政府應確保包括身心障礙兒少在內的所有兒少都能參與遊戲,且均 2. 內政部

有享受自然環境的權利。參考第 17 號一般性意見(2013,兒少享有休息和 3. 衛福部(社家

休閒、從事遊戲和娛樂活動、參加文化生活和藝術活動的權利) ,委員會建

署)

議政府(含地方政府)採取措施以確保兒少享有休息、休閒與參與適齡遊

戲及娛樂活動之權利,包括持續投入充足資源,推行遊戲與休閒相關政策。

委員會建議政府在規劃、設計及監督社區、地方、國家層級的遊戲與休閒 (協辦:教育部、

相關政策和活動執行時,應讓兒少充分參與。 經濟部、衛福部

11

結論性意見內容 權責機關

(食藥署、醫事

司)、交通部、農

委會、退輔會)

86 委員會注意到政府在確保所有兒少都能學習多元文化(包括原住民文化和 1. 教育部

語言)上所做的努力,並鼓勵政府諮詢兒少、家長和少數群體,以檢討成效 2. 文化部

並擴大推廣相關活動。 3. 原民會

4. 客委會

九、特別保護措施(第 22 條、第 30 條、第 32 條、第 33 條、

第 35 條、第 36 條、第 37 條(b)至(d)項、第 38 條和第 38

至第 40 條)

原住民兒少(第 30 條)

87 委員會欣見政府為保護原住民兒少權利採取的許多措施,以及原住民族委 原民會

員會扮演的重要角色。

(協辦:衛福部

88 委員會建議政府持續與原住民族(包括兒少)合作,共同執行、監督和評估 ( 健 康 署 、 統 計

原住民兒少權利特別保護措施的成效。委員會並建議政府應: 處、保護司、社家

(1)推動降低原住民嬰兒死亡率的措施; 署)、教育部)

(2)提供合格師資教授原住民兒少原住民族語言;

(3)提供原住民兒少從偏鄉至都市求學所需的協助;

(4)與部落合作創辦幼兒園,包括適切分配資源以及讓原住民參與幼兒園

的建設、人力配置與營運;

(5)在原住民社區安排符合文化民情的替代性照顧;

(6)提供符合原住民文化的親職教育和支持服務。

童工(第 32 條)

89 委員會注意到部分報告指出,兒少(包含幼童)經常長時間工作,且/或處 勞動部

於可能對其健康與發展有害的工作環境。委員會建議政府:

(1)調查從事勞動的兒少人數,並依據工作性質、年齡、性別、是否具原 (協辦:教育部)

住民身分及城鄉背景分類統計;

(2)採取適當措施以保護這些兒少的權利。

藥物濫用(第 33 條)

90 委員會欣見政府已採取各種防止藥物濫用的措施,例如地方政府設立毒品 1. 法務部

危害防制中心、辦理「向毒品說不」

(反毒健康小學堂題庫教學)計畫,並 2. 教育部

指定醫療機構治療吸毒兒少。然而,委員會關切目前缺乏數據證明這些措 3. 衛福部(心口

施的成效。

司、保護司)

91 委員會建議政府定期評估這些措施是否有效落實,並讓吸毒兒少參與,以

便在必要時調整或加強措施力度。此外,委員會建議政府視使用毒品為健 4. 內政部

康問題而非犯罪。 5. 司法院

性剝削及性虐待(第 34 條)

12

結論性意見內容 權責機關

92 委員會欣見 2015 年通過《兒童及少年性剝削防制條例》

(2017 年 1 月 1 日 衛福部(保護司)

生效)

,以及防制兒少性交易與強化性犯罪調查的相關計畫。不過,委員會

擔心,針對性剝削或性虐待受害兒少的緊急安置可以延長很長一段時間, (協辦:司法院、

但不清楚延長的理由是什麼。此外,委員會關切在性虐待受害兒少作證指

內政部、法務部)

控犯罪嫌疑人的司法(刑事)程序中,相關保護措施並不總是完全符合國

際人權標準及建議。

93 委員會建議政府以法律明定延長性剝削或性虐待受害兒少緊急安置的理

由,並於必要時審查及修正保護受害兒少於司法程序作證的現行規定,以

符合《關於買賣兒童、兒童賣淫和兒童色情問題任擇議定書》第 8 條及聯

合國經濟及社會理事會關於兒童被害人兼證人之司法問題的第 2005/20 號

決議。

拘留條件(第 37 條)

94 委員會對被剝奪自由的兒少遭受不當對待的報告感到關切,並建議政府採 1. 法務部

取有效措施,以確保: 2. 內政部

(1)完全遵守公約第 37 條和《聯合國保護被剝奪自由少年規則》(《哈瓦

那規則》);

(協辦:衛福部

(2)教育所有與被剝奪自由兒少工作者是類兒少應有的權利;

(保護司))

(3)充分調查所有被剝奪自由兒少遭受不當對待之指控。

少年司法(第 40 條)

95 委員會表達讚賞並注意到政府為防止少年犯罪所採取的措施,並根據《少 1. 司法院

年事件處理法》建立結構良好的少年司法體系。然而委員會關切的是: 2. 法務部

(1)《少年事件處理法》使用不同的年齡限制和類別,導致少年(犯罪) 3. 內政部

司法統計數據出現 7-12 歲的兒童,且因最低刑事責任年齡(MACR)

4. 教育部

為 14 歲,使 12 歲和 13 歲的少年統計數據不明確;

5. 衛福部(保護

(2)將兒少偏差行為視為犯罪,使其在刑法中成為虞犯;

司、心口司、社

(3)對觸犯刑罰法令的兒少在整個少年司法程序中缺乏事實上所需要法

律或其他協助,此乃導因於法律上的協助,在大多數情況下,都是需 家署)

要付費的。 6. 勞動部

96 根據聯合國兒童權利委員會第 10 號一般性意見,有關司法兒少之權利,委

員會建議政府將少年司法系統與《CRC》及其他相關標準充分一致。委員

會特別建議政府:

(1)依《兒童及少年福利與權益保障法》 、而非《少年事件處理法》處理 14

歲以下觸犯刑罰法令的兒少,並通過必要的立法程序讓其生效;

(2)廢除虞犯,並透過《兒童及少年福利與權益保障法》提供有偏差行為

之兒童必要的支持與保護;

(3)確保觸犯刑罰法律之兒少,從司法程序一開始以及在整個程序中,皆

受到合格且獨立的法律協助條文之保障;

(4)由法律規定法院/法官必須定期檢視審前拘留,以兩週審查一次為佳,

以確保審前拘留不會超過絕對必要的期間;

13

結論性意見內容 權責機關

(5)確保剝奪自由之刑罰為最後手段。

97 委員會注意到少年司法體系缺乏修復式司法機制,且轉向措施有限。委員

會建議政府研討引進修復式司法措施以及審前轉向措施的可能性。

十、宣傳

98 委員會建議以國內各種語言廣為宣傳首次國家報告、問題清單書面回應及 衛福部(社家署)

本結論性意見。

(協辦:內政部、

衛福部(保護司)、

教育部、法務部、

客委會、原民會等

其他各部會)

14

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