2022 全國家長團體聯盟 CRC 第 2 次審查影子報告

民間影子報告 · CRC 第二次審查 (2022)

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兒童權利公約

替代報告

民間團體

全國家長團體聯盟

National Alliance of Parents Organization

壹、對應點次兒童權利公約第 24 條 ......................................... 2

主題：停課是防制學生新冠傳播的有效的策略 ............................... 2

貳、對應點次兒童權利公約第 24 條 ......................................... 6

主題：新冠停課對經濟弱勢兒少家長及不同性別之影響-追蹤調查 .............. 6

附件 1 ...........................................................................................................................9

電郵： napo16866@gmail.com

傳真：02-27327805

電話： 02-27333230

會址：臺北市文山區興隆路三段 207 巷 6 弄 2 號 3 樓

報告：可公開

2022/03/31

壹、對應點次兒童權利公約第 24 條

1.締約國確認兒童有權享有最高可達水準之健康與促進疾病治療以及恢復

健康之權利。締約國應努力確保所有兒童享有健康照護服務之權利不遭

受剝奪

主題：停課是防制學生新冠傳播的有效的策略

現況

1.背景說明

臺灣在 2021 年 5 月初次面臨新冠肺炎 COVID-19 感染人數激增的狀況。由

於新病例迅速增加，家長們呼籲停課。全國家長團體聯盟設計了一項調查，收

集家長對停課的意見，並於 2021 年 5 月 17 日當日下午啟動線上調查，收集了

家長對教育單位是否應停課的意見。這項調查包括所有受訪者的意見結果，並

統計台灣停課後的病毒傳播學童人數消長情況。

2. 調查結果

共分析了 8703 名參與者的數據，大多數受訪者（74.2%）為家長（n = 6457）

52.5%的人認為應由中央政府做出決定停課， 39.1%的人認為這應該由地方政府

決定停課 (圖 1)。只有 730 名參與者（8.4%）認為應該由父母決定。直轄市與

否及社會經濟評分高低不同，與停課關係間並無顯著差異。

圖 1 「該由誰決定停課」比例圖

3 停課後學生之感染人數消長

全國停課有助於防止 COVID-19 在校園與同儕間傳播。教育部於 2021 年 5

月 18 日宣布全國停課。2021 年 5 月 19 日，全國實施三級警戒措施，並無全國

全面封鎖。大約 21 天後，全國病例開始顯著下降（2021 年 6 月 6 日左右），

如圖 2 所示，停課對病毒校園內傳播的確診數下降。5 月 27 日，學生中新診斷

的 COVID-19 病例從最初每天 10 多例增加到 47 例。然而，到 2021 年 6 月 6

日，新病例徘徊在每天 15 例左右，在停課 50 天後的 7 月 5 日之後沒有學生新

病例（圖 3）。大多數感染 COVID-19 的學生是大學生（4 月 20 日至 7 月 9 日有

205 例，佔 30.7%）。

圖 2 全國本土病例及死亡病例數

圖 3 新冠學生確診病例數

結論及建議

本調查為家長對於新冠疫情決定停課的意見。調查結果本擬送交教育部做

為停課的參考；但是，教育部在調查結果正式公佈之前即已做出全國停課的決

策 (圖 2)。雖然全國停課無法阻止家庭內部的傳播，但這種介入措施可以減少

COVID-19 爆發期間學生之間的傳播，這可能對預防從兒童傳播到家庭產生間接

影響。

停課帶來了高昂的社會和經濟成本，對最弱勢和特殊需求兒童及其家庭的

影響甚巨。學校相關配套對兒童的學習、健康、安全和福祉至關重要。外國學

者指出，停課後的教育落差等長期影響，可能持續數十年，並導致更廣泛的不

平等，特別是對女孩。當學校停課，在職父母更有可能因照顧孩子而無法上

班，導致經濟損失，並可能失業。未來的研究應該收集資訊，以估計停課期間

學習落後和經濟損失的影響。

以上資料已投稿並獲刊登於 Front. Public Health (附件 1)

Chao K-Y, Hsiao T-Y and Cheng W(2022) Survey Responses of School

Closures During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Taiwan.

Front. Public Health 10:726924.doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.726924

貳、對應點次兒童權利公約第 24 條

1.締約國確認兒童有權享有最高可達水準之健康與促進疾病治療以及恢復

健康之權利。締約國應努力確保所有兒童享有健康照護服務之權利不遭

受剝奪

主題：新冠停課對經濟弱勢兒少家長及不同性別之影響-追蹤調查

現況

背景說明

因為疫情的關係，2021 年 5 月 17 日台北與新北宣布停課後， 5 月 18 日全

台灣其他縣市由教育部宣布開始停課。所有到校學習改為線上學習或停課，

造成學生學習上及生活上嚴重衝擊。全家盟在停課 2 週及 10 週進行網路問

卷調查。停課 2 週問卷共收到 4005 份。填答問卷者以家長(68.24%) 及生理

女性為大宗。停課 10 週問卷樣本數 5361 份，家長 4700 人(87.7%)及生理女

性為大宗。

2.家庭與學生衝擊程度

學生在生活作息變得不正常、學習狀況嚴重落後及動機不足明顯惡化，其中分

數最高為疫情停課後，子女在家學習動機不足，由 2 週的 6.93 分提升到 10 週

的 7.27 分，達統計上的顯著差異（t=5.56，p=0.000）顯示學生因為防疫在

家，社會互動性不足，也降低了自身學習的動機。但全國整體親子關係與照顧

壓力並無惡化的統計關係(但經濟弱勢族群有差異，詳述於後面編號四段落)。

3、經濟弱勢地區家庭與學生衝擊程度

根據行政院主計處家庭收支調查

(https://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/mean.xls) ，將平均每戶可支配所得，

每年約 80 萬上下的家庭縣市，與高於 80 萬以上的進行比較。家庭收入每年約

80 萬上下的家庭共有五個縣市，分別為南投縣、雲林縣、屏東縣、花蓮縣與台

東縣。結果顯示，經濟弱勢學生與家庭的衝擊與其他縣市比較，在每個項目及

總分上，均達統計上的顯示差異。顯示經濟弱勢在疫情衝擊下，對學生及家長

造成的衝擊，比非經濟弱勢大，造成嚴重的影響。

在全國性的調查發現，雖然學生的衝擊由 2 週到 10 週，衝擊度有提

升，但家長似乎找到可以適應的方法，但值得注意的是在經濟相對弱勢地區，2

週到 10 週，照顧子女的工作讓家長變得壓力更大，達統計上的顯示差異。且在

學童學習動機的部分，分數高達 7.64 分（SD=2.63），防疫生活已嚴重影響弱

勢學生。

4、家庭與學生衝擊程度-依性別

在 2 週的調查中，女性的總分明顯高於男性（t=2.887，p=0.004），尤其是 4-6

題“對父母的影響”（t=3.974-6.519，p=0.000）。然而，在 10 週的調查中，

女性和男性之間沒有顯著差異。

在女性中，停課 2 週和 10 週的數值沒有顯著差異。且對父母影響的兩項得分下

降（t=2.57-5.08，p=0.010-0.000）。然而，10 週調查的男性總分高於 2 週

（t=-3.79，p=0.000），尤其是在「疫情停課後，照顧子女(或課業)讓我壓力很

大。」（t=-3.45，p=0.001），以及「疫情停課後，我忙到沒有足夠時間可以

休息。」（t=-2.05，p=0.041）。

簡而言之，女性在學校停課開始時可能會感到壓力，但在停課持續期間她們可

以調整自己。相比之下，男性在停課之初可能不會受到影響，但隨著停課持

續，他們的壓力變大。

總結與建議

1. 學生與家長停課 10 週的衝擊，學生在生活作息變得不正常、學習狀況嚴重

落後及動機不足較 2 週前明顯惡化，但親子關係與照顧壓力並無惡化的統計

關係。顯示雖然停課衝擊對學生持續帶來影響，但暑假期間家長似暫已能找

到適應的方法。

2. 經濟弱勢學生與家庭的衝擊與其他縣市比較，在每個項目及總分上，均達統

計上的顯示差異。顯示經濟弱勢在疫情衝擊下，對學生及家長造成的衝擊，

比非經濟弱勢大，造成嚴重的影響。經濟相對弱勢地區，2 週到 10 週，照

顧子女的工作讓家長變得壓力更大，防疫生活已嚴重影響弱勢學生。

3. 男性會隨著停課持續及疫情出現壓力增加的現象。紓困方案及諮詢專線需能

傳達至男性民眾相關社群，盼能減輕男性因疫情及停課而來之心理壓力。

4. 新冠流行期間，人們返回家庭尋求安全和支持。許多孩子受益於更多與父

母在一起的時間，父母為孩子提供了安全、穩定和健康的家庭環境。此外，

學校停課，兒童留在家中可以阻止學生之間新冠的傳播。因此，家庭在社

會穩定和流行病控制中發揮著重要作用。然而，在新冠流行期間，父母可

能會暫時或永久失去工作，這將損害家庭的穩定和安全。政府應經由補貼

或相關措施幫助這些家庭渡過難關。

附件1 第9頁

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

published: 16 March 2022

doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.726924

Survey Responses of School

Closures During the COVID-19

Outbreak in Taiwan

Kuo-Yu Chao 1,2† , Tung-Yuan Hsiao 3† and Wei Cheng 4,5,6*

Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 2 Division of Colon and Rectal

Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital–Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 3 National Alliance of Parents Organization, Taipei, Taiwan,

Department of Pathology, Kee-Lung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Kee-Lung, Taiwan, 5 School of Nursing,

National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, 6 Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of

Management and Health, Kee-Lung, Taiwan

Background: Taiwan faced a surge of COVID-19 infections in May 2021. Because new

cases were quickly increasing, parents called for school closures. A national parent group

used an online survey to collect opinions about upcoming school closings planned by the

Edited by: Ministry of Education. This study evaluated the results of the survey for all respondents

Paulo Jorge Nogueira,

University of Lisbon, Portugal

and investigated the level of viral transmission following school closures among students

Reviewed by:

in Taiwan.

Donatella Rita Petretto, Methods: An online survey titled “Survey of Opinions of School Closures during

University of Cagliari, Italy

Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, the Current COVID-19 Outbreak” (SOSC-COVID-19) was designed by the national

New University of Lisbon, Portugal parent association and then distributed to members of the community throughout

Andreia Silva Costa,

ISAMB & ESEL, Portugal

Taiwan via local parent groups from May 17 to 18, 2021. The survey included an

*Correspondence:

open-ended respondents’ opinions about school closures. Differences among regions

Wei Cheng and socioeconomic scores (SES) were analyzed with chi-square tests.

kln8301@kln.mohw.gov.tw

Results: A total of 8,703 completed survey forms data were analyzed. Nearly all

† These authors have contributed

respondents (7,973, 91.6%) approved of school closures; there were no differences

equally to this work and share first

authorship of opinions inside and outside municipalities or by regional SES scores. Only 8.4%

of respondents were opposed to any type of school closure, believing parents should

Specialty section: decide whether their child attended school, which also did not vary with region or SES

This article was submitted to

Public Health Policy,

score. Qualitative feedback from parent and teacher responders indicated students’

a section of the journal health and economic impacts were additional concerns that influenced their choice

Frontiers in Public Health

of whether the government or parents should decide about school closures. On the

Received: 17 June 2021

afternoon of May 18, 2021, the government of Taiwan closed all schools. Although a

Accepted: 28 January 2022

Published: 16 March 2022 spike in new cases of COVID-19 occurred among students 10 days after school closures,

Citation: over the next 40 days new cases declined, falling to zero by July 5th.

Chao K-Y, Hsiao T-Y and Cheng W

(2022) Survey Responses of School

Conclusions: Despite the inability of nationwide school closures to completely halt

Closures During the COVID-19 transmission of the virus within families during the COVID-19 outbreak, school closures

Outbreak in Taiwan. helped to impede transmission between students.

Front. Public Health 10:726924.

doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.726924 Keywords: school closures, survey, COVID-19, parents, outbreak

Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 1 March 2022 | Volume 10 | Article 726924

Chao et al. Survey of Taiwan School Closures

INTRODUCTION Participants

The internet survey was dependent upon a convenience sample

On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) of participants to gather opinions of parents with school-aged

declared severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the virus children, and other individuals in Taiwan about school closures.

known as SARS-CoV-2 to be a pandemic (1). Many countries In Taiwan, 85–90% people over 16 years-old have access to mobile

attempted to control this pandemic disease, now referred to phones and the Internet (6). The only inclusion criteria were

as COVID-19, by imposing nationwide school closures, which access to the Internet via a smartphone or computer. Because

several countries continue to enforce. School closures can be responding to the survey required the ability to read, those who

a useful intervention during a pandemic, based on experiences were unable to read Chinese were unable to participate.

with influenza (2). However, no data are available on the

effectiveness of school closures specifically because they were part Ethical Considerations

of a broad range of quarantine and social distancing measures This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Taipei

to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Studies have concluded that Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare (TH-IRB-0021-0017).

the combination of quarantine and social distancing was effective All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of

in controlling the epidemic in mainland China (3) and Hong this committee and the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later

Kong (4), but the relative contribution of school closures was amendments or comparable ethical standards.

not assessed.

Taiwan has Mostly been spared from the impact of COVID-19 The Survey

infections with an infection rate of <10 cases per week since the The National Alliance of Parents Organization in Taiwan

beginning of the pandemic in 2020. The alpha variant of SARS- developed an online survey, titled “Survey of Opinions of School

CoV-2 in Taiwan was first reported for two cases on December Closures during the Current COVID-19 Outbreak” (SOSC-

31, 2021. Then, on April 20, 2021, a small outbreak occurred, COVID-19), which was designed on May 17, 2021, and asked the

which became worse during the week of May 17, 2021, with a question, “Who should decide about school closures in Taiwan

surge of new cases, most were the alpha variant. The infection during the current COVID-19 outbreak?” (Figure 1). This was a

rate increased to more than 900 cases per week, during which critical time point at which a record high of 333 new COVID-

time the COVID-19 vaccination rate was only 0.93 per 100 people 19 cases were reported (which were corrected to 535 cases later).

(5). Most of the cases were centered in Taipei and New Taipei; National Alliance of Parents Organization disseminated the

therefore, the mayors of these cities announced the closing of SOSC-COVID-19 from May 17 to 18, intending to unofficially

all kindergartens, elementary schools, and junior and senior high send the survey results to the central government (Figure 2).

schools on May 17 and most universities also closed. Respondents also had the option of indicating if they were a

However, parents elsewhere in the country were also parent, teacher, student, or other. In addition, they had the option

concerned about the rising number of cases. Although local of responding to an open-ended question, “Do you have any

areas had the option to close schools, there were no nationwide opinions you would like to share about why you made your

criteria. To determine if parents would support a decision by decision about school closures?”

the Ministry of Education (MOE) to close schools nationwide,

a national parent group designed a survey to collect parents’ School Closures and Viral Transmission

opinions of school closures, which was distributed on May Among Students

17, 2021. To investigate the effects of the school closures in reducing

The primary aim of this study was to determine if there further viral transmission among students, data were obtained for

were regional differences in parents’ opinions regarding school locally acquired new cases of COVID-19 for students in Taiwan

closures during the outbreak of COVID-19 in May 2021. This between May 11 and July 9, 2021. These data were available from

study also investigated the effects of the school closures in the Ministry of Education of Taiwan.

reducing further viral transmission among students. The parental

opinions of school closures and the effect of school closures on Data Analysis

transmission of COVID-19 in Taiwan could be used to guide Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 28.0 for

school systems in other countries, especially as outbreaks of the Windows (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Descriptive statistics

new variants of the virus occur. were used for frequency (n, %). Chi-square tests assessed the

differences between participants’ opinions. Statistical significance

METHODS was set to p < 0.05 for all statistical comparisons.

Because the survey only asked who should decide school

Design closures, qualitative data were collected about what influenced

The SOSC-COVID-19 was a cross-sectional survey sent to the choice made by the responders. The use of open-ended

regional parent organizations in 20 districts throughout Taiwan. questions provides data that is more diverse than is possible

Regional leaders promoted the survey through social media, with a forced response as respondents have an opportunity to

which provided a link to the online survey. The link was available offer more authentic opinions (7). The authors read through the

to anyone in the community and was active between 5:00 p.m. on opinions and sorted them according to support for government

May 17, 2021, and 10:00 a.m. on May 18, 2021. school closures or support for parental choice. Opinions

Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 2 March 2022 | Volume 10 | Article 726924

Chao et al. Survey of Taiwan School Closures

FIGURE 1 | The survey designed by the National Alliance of Parents Organization in Taiwan, “Survey of Opinions of School Closures during the Current COVID-19

Outbreak” (SOSC-COVID-19). † If participants selected “parents” as well as “teacher” or “student”, they were given the status of parent.

were read and categorized by weighting which opinions most incomplete, and six respondents completed the survey more than

frequently fell into a category, which was based on the reason once. Thus, data were analyzed for 8,703 participants. The sample

given for their decision. loss rate was 0.1%.

The geographical and economic distribution of respondents to

the survey is shown in Table 1. The largest groups of respondents

RESULTS

were from the inner municipalities of Taichung City (n = 2,013,

Participant Characteristics 23.1%), Taoyuan City (n = 1,352, 15.5%) and Kaohsiung City (n

A total of 8,712 participants filled in the online SOSC-COVID- =1,173, 13.5%) and the outer municipality of Changua County

19 survey from May 17 to 18, 2021. However, three surveys were (n = 1,774, 20.4%). The two cities where school closures were

Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 3 March 2022 | Volume 10 | Article 726924

Chao et al. Survey of Taiwan School Closures

FIGURE 2 | Number of new daily local acquired COVID-19 cases and the timing of the survey of SOSC-19. Data excludes 1–10 imported cases per day (Ministry of

Health and Welfare).

already announced (Taipei City and New Taipei), are inner affected students’ health, economic impacts to families, and

municipalities and only a small number of surveys were received why they did or did not support school closures. Categories,

(n = 150, 1.7% and n = 169, 1.9%, respectively). descriptions, and opinions are summarized in Table 3.

The socioeconomic status (SES) scores reported by the

National Development Council were calculated by the incomes Concerns About Students’ Health

and employment opportunities for each region (8) (see Table 1). Many respondents mentioned they were worried children would

A total of 7,992 participants (91.8%) lived in areas with SES scores be infected with the virus if the schools were not closed. One

above 40. All inner municipalities have SES scores > 41. A total of parent from the Changhua district wrote, “New cases of COVID-

711 participants (8.2%) lived in areas with SES scores ≤ 40 (with 19 increased rapidly in the last several days, and it will be too

income <NT800,000/USD 28,500 per family annually and less late if the school is not closed now. The students can go back to

employment opportunity); these respondents represented 19.8% school when the pandemic subsides.” Both teachers and parents

of the outer municipalities. supported school closures because they were concerned COVID-

19 would be transmitted during classroom sessions or when

Quantitative Survey Results students were eating without masks. A Taoyuan teacher wrote,

Most respondents (74.2%) indicated they were parents (n = “Children will not tolerate wearing masks in hot weather and will

6,457); 1,494 were teachers (17.2%); 377 were students (4.3%); be at risk of infection. We should avoid gathering in classrooms to

4.3% responded “none of the above”. Table 2 shows the responses reduce the risk of infection.” A parent from Taichung City said,

to the survey grouped by all participants, inner and outer regional “Children spend a long time in school. They take off their masks

municipalities, and according to SES scores ≤40 and >41. when eating lunch, which will increase the risk of infection.”

Respondents overwhelmingly agreed that the government should Parents also worried about infection during transportation to

be allowed to make the decision about school closures (91.6%). schools and the sequelae of CPVID-19. A New Taipei parent

52.5% felt the decision should be made by the central government wrote, “Some students take the bus and Taipei Mass Rapid

and 39.1% felt it should be a local government decision. Only 730 Transit (MRT), and they could be infected by COVID-19-infected

participants (8.4%) felt parents should be allowed to make the classmates. It would be good to suspend classes as soon as possible.”

choice about school attendance (χ 2 = 4.011, p = 0.001). Figure 3 A Taichung parent said, “Children can develop severe pulmonary

shows the distribution of responses to the three statements in the fibrosis from a COVID-19 infection, and then they will have no

survey for all participants. There were no significant differences future at all! Please suspend classes as soon as possible!”

in responses on school closures between respondents inside and

outside municipalities (χ 2 = 4.184, p = 0.123) or by SES scores Economic Impacts

(χ 2 = 3.93, p = 0.14) (Table 2). School closures carry high social and economic costs for

communities. Employed parents are more likely to miss work

Qualitative Survey Results when schools close to take care of their children. A Taichung

After reading through all responses voiced in the open-ended parent wrote, “Not every parent can take care of children

question, most opinions involved concerns about how closures during school closures. There should be supporting measures.” A

Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 4 March 2022 | Volume 10 | Article 726924

Chao et al. Survey of Taiwan School Closures

Changhua parent wrote, “Schools should provide help to children score (Hualien County) said, “Some single-parent families cannot

without support, because not every family can take care of children provide computers or smartphones. It is not good for children to

during school closures, and this will cause problems.” be alone at home during school closures. Instead, it causes social

Parents from areas with SES scores > 41 had concerns about problems.” A Taipei parent, who did not support nationwide

the economic impact and challenges that low-income families school closures, was opposed due to concern about families for

(≤40) would face, which was expressed by a parent from New whom online teaching equipment was not affordable.

Taipei who wrote, “Please provide more support to low-income

families. If the parents take care of children and cannot go to Reasons for Who Should Make the Decision About

work during school closures, they will lose their jobs and have School Closures

no income.” A Single parent from an area with a low SES Most respondents believed school closures should be decided by

the central government because of the nationwide impact of the

COVID-19 outbreak. A teacher from Hsinchu County wrote, “A

decision by either the central or local government to close schools is

TABLE 1 | Geographic and economic distribution of respondents to the online acceptable.” A parent from Kaohsiung City wrote, “There should

SOSC-COVID-19 survey in Taiwan (N = 8,703). be a unified standard by the central government. There will be

inconsistent actions if school closures are not announced by the

Region SES scorea n (%)

central government.” However, a parent in Changhua County

commented, “The central government should provide standards of

Inner municipality

school closures, and the local government should make decisions

Taichung city > 41 2,013 (23.1%)

according to the standards.” Parents from the inner municipality

Taoyuan city > 41 1,352 (15.5%)

of Taipei City (SES > 41) and the outer municipality of Yunlin

Kaohsiung city > 41 1,173 (13.5%)

County (SES ≤ 40) reported school closures should be decided

Tainan city > 41 246 (2.8%)

by the local government because they were better able to address

New taipei city > 41 169 (1.9%)

issues specific to each region, whereas the central government

Taipei city > 41 150 (1.7%)

had multiple interests to juggle. One parent from Yunlin County

Outer municipality

said, “It would be too late if the school closures were decided by the

Changhua county >41 1,774 (20.4%)

central government. The chief of the local government can judge

Hsinchu county/city >41 734 (8.4%)

and decide when to close the school in time [to halt the spread of

Chiayi county/city >41 114 (1.3%)

the virus].”

Penghu, lianjiang and kinmen county >41 88 (1.0%)

The reason respondents believed parents should make the

Yilan county >41 73 (0.8%) decision was explained by a teacher from the inner municipality

Miaoli county >41 67 (0.8%) of Taoyuan City who wrote, “Every family situation is different”.

Keelung city >41 39 (0.4%) A parent from the outer municipality of Yilan County wrote,

Pingtung county ≤40 486 (5.6%) “Even if school closures are not announced by the government,

Nantou county ≤40 88 (1.0%) the parents should make the decision themselves. Do not overthink

Yunlin county ≤40 78 (0.9%) the situation.”

Taitung county ≤40 31 (0.4%)

Hualien county ≤40 28 (0.3%) School Closures and Viral Transmission

SES, socioeconomic status.

Among Students

a SES ≤ 40 = income <NT800,000/USD 28,500 per family annually and less Nationwide school closures are useful in preventing the spread

employment opportunity. of COVID-19 among students. MOE announced the closing of

TABLE 2 | Responses to the SOSC-COVID-19 survey about initiating school closures by group: all respondents, regional municipalities, and SES scores above or

below 40.

Group Closure initiated by government No closure χ2 p

Centrally Locally Parental choice

n (%) n (%) n (%)

All respondents (N = 8,703) 4,573 (52.5%) 3,400 (39.1%) 730 (8.4%) 4.011 0.001

Regional municipalities

Inner (N = 5,103) 2,701 (52.9%) 1,955 (38.3%) 447 (8.8%) 4.184 0.123

Outer (N = 3,600) 1,872 (52.0%) 1,445 (40.1%) 283 (7.9%)

SES scores

≤40 (N = 711) 350 (49.2%) 302 (425%) 59 (8.3%) 3.93 0.14

>41 (N = 7,992) 4,223 (52.8%) 3,098 (38.8%) 671 (8.4%)

Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 5 March 2022 | Volume 10 | Article 726924

Chao et al. Survey of Taiwan School Closures

FIGURE 3 | Pie chart illustrating of who should decide about school closures obtained from the Survey of Opinions of School Closures during the Current COVID-19.

all schools on May 18, 2021. On May 19, 2021, nationwide level to have the greatest effect on families with low-income

3 epidemic prevention and control measures were implemented (9). However, in our study, respondents in areas with SES

(Supplementary Table S1), without the need to initiate a scores ≤ 40, an indicator of low-income, were as equally

nationwide full lockdown. supportive of school closures as respondents from areas

The initiation of Level 3 prevention and school closures began scoring >41. This suggests concern for reducing transmission

while the surge was increasing and there was an initial increase in and the health of the student population outweighed other

newly diagnosed cases in Taiwan. However, cases began to decline considerations of respondents, regardless of economic

significantly ∼21 days later, as shown in Figure 2 (around June 6, status, thus prompting a call for school closures. Though

2021). The impact of school closures on viral transmission also nationwide school closures cannot stop transmission within

benefited students. Cases of newly diagnosed COVID-19 among families, this intervention can reduce transmission among

students initially increased from a rate of more than 10 cases students during COVID-19 outbreaks, which could have an

per day to 47 cases on May 27. However, by June 6, 2021, new indirect effect on prevention of transmission from children

cases hovered around 15 per day with no new cases reported after to families.

July 5, 50 days after school closures (Figure 4). Most students

who contracted COVID-19 were university students (205 cases, Decisions About School Closures

30.7%, from April 20 to July 9). Nearly all respondents indicated that school closures should be

announced by central or local governments. The anonymous

DISCUSSION feedback indicated both parents and teachers supported giving

government control of this decision because of the crucial

Although the initiation of school closures to suppress nature of the COVID-19 outbreak and concern about students’

transmission of COVID-19 impacts all families, they tend health. A report proposed the implementation of a set of

Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 6 March 2022 | Volume 10 | Article 726924

Chao et al. Survey of Taiwan School Closures

public, comprehensible, and data-driven criteria for school local areas but did not have nationwide criteria for school

closures during the COVID-19 pandemic (9). The most closures (11). Thus, criteria for nationwide school closures

common measures used are new case rates and test positivity should be implemented to avoid unplanned school closures

rates, primarily at the county level in the United States during outbreaks.

(10). Taiwan implemented measures for school closures in

Nationwide School Closures Were Useful

Interventions for COVID-19 Transmission in

TABLE 3 | Summary of feedback: categories, description, and opinions. Schools

Many students infected by classmates or friends in the first

Category Description Opinions

few days of the outbreak went on to infect family members

1. Students’ Risks of COVID-19 • Schools should be and others who contacted them (12). In one notable case

health infections for children if closed immediately. that led to a cluster of outbreaks was one unknowingly

schools remain open. infected individual transmitting COVID-19 not only to a

• Children would be safer not group of friends who sang together at a karaoke parlor, but

going to schools.

also the transmission of the virus to students in an adjacent

2. Economic School closures would • Families needed financial

room (13). These infected university students subsequently

concerns impact the family support from governments.

economics. passed the virus to their roommates in university dormitories

• Children needed online learning and their families, with a total of 9 individuals ultimately

support from the governments. testing positive.

3. Reasons for Support of government • Standards to close schools Following school closures, in combination with nationwide

decisions closures should be set by the Level 3 epidemic prevention and control measures, new

central government.

COVID cases and deaths decreased (Figure 2) and control

• Decisions to close schools measures were reduced to Level 2 on July 27, 2021. Data

should be at the local level from MOE indicated the closing of schools on May 18,

because there are differences 2021, coincided with a reduction in the number of new

among school districts. cases of COVID-19 among students to zero 50 days after

Support for parental • Parents should be allowed school closures. The comparison of the decline in COVID-

choice to decide. It is not proper to

close the schools nationwide.

19 cases among the total population of Taiwan (Figure 2)

with COVID-19 cases among students over the same

• Every family situation is different, 50-day period (Figure 4), suggests the nationwide school

let parents make the decision to closures had the greatest benefit for preventing transmission

suspend school attendance.

among students.

FIGURE 4 | Number of new daily cases of COVID-19 among students in Taiwan following closures of all schools in Taiwan (Ministry of Education).

Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 7 March 2022 | Volume 10 | Article 726924

Chao et al. Survey of Taiwan School Closures

Several theoretical reasons could explain why school closures Limitations

might be less effective for preventing the spread of COVID- Our findings have some limitations. The critical surge in

19 compared with previous influenza outbreaks. Children COVID-19 cases prompted the survey to be rapidly designed

contribute more to influenza transmission than do adults (14), and processed on May 17, 2021. Therefore, the validity and

but transmission in schools was low or absent during the reliability of the survey was not analyzed. Although the survey

previous coronavirus (SARS) outbreaks (15). It was reported results were useful in transmitting the message to MOE that

school closures is predicted to be insufficient to mitigate (never 91.6% of respondents wanted schools closed immediately, the

mind suppress) the COVID-19 pandemic in isolation (16), there survey lacked demographic information. A follow-up survey

is no strong evidence available for the effectiveness of school with demographic information will be conducted in the future.

closures for COVID-19 (17). Children appear to represent a Only 3.6% participants were from Taipei and New Taipei, where

lower proportion of COVID cases than would be expected school closures had already been announced. Although 85–90%

for the size of their population, however, it might be due of Taiwanese over 16 years of age use mobile phones and have

to children largely remaining asymptomatic or having a mild access to the Internet, few respondents (8.2%) were from low-

form of the disease (18). Children who contracted COVID- income areas of Taiwan and few of these respondents provided

19 in school can easily pass the virus to other children as any personal feedback. A lack of Internet access would limit

well as to adults. A granddaughter returned to Tainan from receiving information through social media channels as well as

New Taipei, and infected her grandmother in Tainan (19). Data the ability to complete the online survey in the short period

from Taiwan support our findings that the implementation of of time.

nationwide school closures further contributes to prevention

of infection among students and lowering the risk of infection

to families.

CONCLUSIONS

The SOSC-COVID-19 was disseminated in response to the

desire of parents to close schools. The survey results were

Additional Measures to Suppress the sent to the MOE for reference; however, the decision was

Spread of COVID-19 made prior to the MOE receiving the survey results. Although

The combination of preventive measures implemented in Taiwan school closures addressed the concerns expressed by parents

suppressed the wave of COVID-19 transmission in May 2021, in the survey’s feedback, no information is available as to

even as Australia, Vietnam, and Singapore were struggling with how the closures impacted learning loss of children and

an uptick of the virus at the same time. These measures included economic stability of families, which should be examined with

strict border controls, close health monitoring, and quarantine future studies.

measures for people entering Taiwan (20). Second, Taiwan School closures carry high social and economic costs

doubled down on longstanding strategies of masking, quarantine for communities. Their impact is particularly severe for

measures, and contact tracing, and provided quarantine facilities, the most vulnerable and marginalized children and their

which significantly reduced transmission of the virus within families (23). Schools are essential for children’s learning,

families. Contact tracers leveraged activities by maintaining health, safety and wellbeing (24), and are particularly

written records or canning a QR code provided by an app from vital for children primary school age children (25). The

their phones. Third, authorities banned indoor dining in the early consequences of school closures could be felt for decades

days of the outbreak. and are contributing to even wider inequality, particularly

for girls (25). Working parents are more likely to miss

work when schools close to take care of their children,

Public Health Interventions and Effective which results in wage loss and possibly job loss (23). Future

research should collect information to estimate the scale of

Strategies Are Necessary to Help

learning loss and economic harms during school lockdowns

Parenting Difficulties moving forward.

The feedback from parents about concerns for children’s

health and economic problems, including availability of online

learning support, are similar to reports from parents in the DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

United States, who worried about the impact of closures on

their children’s daily routines, the spread of COVID-19, and The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be

demands of online schooling (21). Parents in the United States made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

also reported high levels of depression, anxiety, parental burnout,

and increased negative emotions, such as anger and worry

(22). Our findings provide additional confirmation that school ETHICS STATEMENT

closures during COVID-19 are stressful for parents. Public health

interventions should address parenting-specific stressors and The studies involving human participants were reviewed

effective strategies for managing parenting difficulties to mitigate and approved by Ethics Committee of Taipei Hospital,

their deleterious impact. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Written informed

Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 8 March 2022 | Volume 10 | Article 726924

Chao et al. Survey of Taiwan School Closures

consent for participation was not required for this study contributed to the article and approved the submitted

in accordance with the national legislation and the version.

institutional requirements.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS We thank National Alliance of Parents Organization for valuable

data collection.

T-YH designed and disseminated the survey. K-YC

collected the data and processed the analyses. WC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

conceived the study, wrote the manuscript, and took

primary responsibility for communication with the The Supplementary Material for this article can be found

journal and editorial office throughout the submission, online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.

peer review, and publication processes. All authors 2022.726924/full#supplementary-material

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兒童權利公約

2020

Alternative Report

For the Second International Review

NGO

National Alliance of Parents Organization

1. Article 24 1. ........................................................................................................... 2

Topic : School closures helped to impede transmission between students dring

the COVID-19 Outbreak in Taiwan ....................................................................... 2

2. Article 24 1. ........................................................................................................... 6

Topic : Socioeconomic Status and Gender - Leading factors of impacts during

COVID-19 School Closures in Taiwan. Families are important in the pandemic. 6

Aattachment 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8

電郵： napo16866@gmail.com

傳真：02-27327805

電話： 02-27333230

會址：臺北市文山區興隆路三段 207 巷 6 弄 2 號 3 樓

報告：可公開

2022/03/31

1. Article 24 1.

States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest

attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and

rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of

his or her right of access to such health care services.

Topic : School closures helped to impede transmission between

students dring the COVID-19 Outbreak in Taiwan

Situation

Background

Taiwan faced a surge of COVID-19 infections in May 2021. Because new cases

were quickly increasing, parents called for school closures. A national parent group

used an online survey to collect opinions about upcoming school closings planned by

the Ministry of Education. This study evaluated the results of the survey for all

respondents and investigated the level of viral transmission following school closures

among students in Taiwan.

Results

A total of 8,703 completed survey forms data were analyzed. Nearly all respondents

(7,973, 91.6%) approved of school closures (Figure 1); there were no differences of

opinions inside and outside municipalities or by regional SES scores. Only 8.4% of

respondents were opposed to any type of school closure, believing parents should

decide whether their child attended school, which also did not vary with region or

SES score.

Figure 1. Pie chart illustrating of who should decide about school closures obtained

from the Survey of Opinions of School Closures during the Current COVID-19.

Nationwide school closures are useful in preventing the spread of COVID-19

among students.

The afternoon of May 18, 2021, the government of Taiwan closed all schools. Total

cases began to decline significantly approximately 21 days later, as shown in Figure 2

(around June 6, 2021). The impact of school closures on viral transmission also

benefited students. Cases of newly diagnosed COVID-19 among students initially

increased from a rate of more than 10 cases per day to 47 cases on May 27. However,

by June 6, 2021, new cases hovered around 15 per day with no new cases reported

after July 5, 50 days after school closures (Figure 3). Most students who contracted

COVID-19 were university students (205 cases, 30.7%, from April 20 to July 9).

Figure 2. Number of new daily local acquired COVID-19 cases and the timing of the

survey of SOSC-19. Data excludes 1-10 imported cases per day (Source: Ministry of

Health and Welfare).

Figure 3 Number of new daily cases of COVID-19 among students in Taiwan

following closures of all schools in Taiwan. (Source: Ministry of Education)

Discussion and Suggestion

The SOSC-COVID-19 was disseminated in response to the desire of parents to close

schools. The survey results were sent to the MOE for reference; however, the decision

was made prior to the MOE receiving the survey results..

School closures carry high social and economic costs for communities. Their

impact is particularly severe for the most vulnerable and marginalized children and

their families. Schools are essential for children’s learning, health, safety and well-

being, and are particularly vital for children primary school age children. The

consequences of school closures could be felt for decades and are contributing to even

wider inequality, particularly for girls (28). Working parents are more likely to miss

work when schools close to take care of their children, which results in wage loss and

possibly job loss. Future research should collect information to estimate the scale of

learning loss and economic harms during school lockdowns.

This article was published in SCI journal (attachment 1)

Chao K-Y, Hsiao T-Y and Cheng W(2022) Survey Responses of School Closures

During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Taiwan.

Front. Public Health 10:726924.doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.726924

2. Article 24 1.

States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest

attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and

rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of

his or her right of access to such health care services.

Topic : Socioeconomic Status and Gender - Leading factors of

impacts during COVID-19 School Closures in Taiwan. Families are

important in the pandemic.

Situation

Background

A national parent organization explored how children and parents were impacted at 2-

weeks and 10-weeks following school closures in response to the surge in cases of

Covid-19 in Taiwan at the end of May 2021. A self-report survey questionnaire was

designed. The first survey was available 2-weeks post-closures, between May 27 and

June 5, 2021. A second survey was available 10-weeks post school closures, between

July 31 and August 6, 2021.

Results

A total of 9366 completed surveys were received and analyzed. : A total of 9366

completed surveys were received and analyzed. Mean scores at 10-weeks were

significantly higher compared with 2-weeks for total scores (t = 2.34, p < .05), and the

three components for impacts on children (all p < .001).

Impacts on parents in areas of low socioeconomic status (SES) were greater

The scores were significantly higher for parents living in areas of low socioeconomic

status (SES) at 10-weeks (t = 5.16, p < .001) compared with parents living in areas of

high SES score.

Impacts on fathers were higher than those on mothers at 10-weeks

Total scores (t = 2.89, p < .01) and all three components for impacts on parents (all p

< .001) were significantly higher for mothers compared with fathers at 2-weeks.

When scores between 2- and 10-weeks were compared for fathers and mothers, the

total score was only significantly higher at 10-weeks for fathers compared with 2-

weeks (t = -3.79, p < .001).

Impacts on parents with more kids were greater

The impact of the school closures was greater for parents with two, three, or four

children compared parents with only one child (F = 5.30, p < .01).

Discussion and Suggestion

1.School closures carry high social and economic costs for communities. Unable to

keep a regular daily routine, learning loss and lack of academic motivation got worse

when schools closed for a long period of time, and the impact is particularly severe

for the most vulnerable and marginalized children and their families. Teachers should

pay more attention to the students in low SES score areas.

2.Additional childcare responsibilities generated by school closures, and the economic

fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic impaired mental wellbeing, which may affect men

over long-term periods. Mental support for fathers should be aware.

3. Parents with more than one kid were affected more by the prolonged school

closures compared with families with only one kid.

4.Families are important factors for social stabilization during COVID-19 pandemic,

therefore government should do every effort to support families to go through

COVID-19 pandemic.

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